1. References For Hunayn References for hunayn ibn ishaq. Biography in Dictionary of ScientificBiography (New York 19701990). Articles hunayn ibn ishaq. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Hunayn.html

References for Hunayn ibn Ishaq Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Articles: Arabica G de Young, Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Hunayn ibn Ishaq, and the third Arabic translation of Euclid's 'Elements', Historia Math. Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR November 1999 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/Hunayn.html

2. HUNAYN IBN ISHAQ hunayn ibn ishaq AL‘IBADI. (200) Abu Zayd hunayn ibn ishaq al-‘Ibadi,the celebrated physician, was the most eminent man of http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/bio-hi.htm

Almagest (it is true) (ratl) *[ If we read it as ritle it might mean four cups of wine, which is more probable-Ed.] of old wine; if he felt a desire for fruit freshly gathered, he took Syrian apples and quinces. This was his habit till the end of his life. He died on Tuesday, 7th Safar, A.H. 260 (December, A.D. 873). In the life of his son, the meaning of the word has been already given. The Yunanites were physicians who lived before the time of Islamism; they were sons of Yunan, [Yonan is most probably an altered form of Ionia.] the son of Yafith (Jephet), the son of Nuh (Noah). Islamic Philosophy home Dictionary of Islamic Philosophy Site Translator's Site E-mail

3. Hunayn Ibn Ishaq Al-Ibadi - Encyclopedia Britannica Short profile of the 9th century Christian translator reveals his influence in the development of Arab philosophy and science. APA style "hunayn ibn ishaq" Retrieved February 15, 2003, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=42449

4. Ibn Al-Nafis Likewise he wrote a commentary on hunayn ibn ishaq's book. http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/nafist.htm

IBN AL-NAFIS (1213-1288 A.D.) Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Qarshi al- Damashqi al-Misri was born in 607 A.H. of Damascus. He was educated at the Medical College-cum-Hospital founded by Nur al- Din Zangi. In medicine his teacher was Muhaththab al-Din Abd al- Rahim. Apart from medicine, Ibn al-Nafis learnt jurisprudence, literature and theology. He thus became a renowned expert on Shafi'i School of Jurisprudence as well as a reputed physician. After acquiring his expertise in medicine and jurisprudence, he moved to Cairo where he was appointed as the Principal at the famous Nasri Hospital. Here he imparted training to a large number of medical specialists, including Ibn al-Quff al-Masihi, the famous surgeon. He also served at the Mansuriya School at Cairo. When he died in 678 A.H. he donated his house, library and clinic to the Mansuriya Hospital. His major contribution lies in medicine. His approach comprised writing detailed commentaries on early works, critically evaluating them and adding his own original contribution. Hlis major original contribution of great significance was his discovery of the blood's circulatory system, which was re-discovered by modern science after a lapse of three centuries. He was the first to correctly describe the constitution of the lungs and gave a description of the bronchi and the interaction between the human body's vessels for air and blood. Also, he elaborated the function of the coronary arteries as feeding the cardiac muscle.

5. Hunayn Abu Zayd hunayn ibn ishaq alIbadi. Born 808 in al-Hirah Hunayn ibnIshaq is most famous as a translator. He was not a mathematician http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hunayn.html

Abu Zayd Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi Born: 808 in al-Hirah (near Baghdad now in Iraq) Died: 873 in Baghdad (now in Iraq) Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Hunayn ibn Ishaq is most famous as a translator. He was not a mathematician but trained in medicine and made his original contributions to the subject. However, as the leading translator in the House of Wisdom at one of the most remarkable periods of mathematical revival, his influence on the mathematicians of the time is of sufficient importance to merit his inclusion in this archive. His son Ishaq ibn Hunayn, strongly influenced by his father, is famed for his Arabic translation of Euclid 's Elements. Hunayn's father was Ishaq, a pharmacist from Hira. The family were from a group who had belonged to the Syrian Nestorian Christian Church before the rise of Islam, and Hunayn was brought up as a Christian. Hunayn became skilled in languages as a young man, in particular learning Arabic at Basra and also learning Syriac. To continue his education Hunayn went to Baghdad to study medicine under the leading teacher of the time. However, after falling out with this teacher, Hunayn left Baghdad and, probably during a period in Alexandria, became an expert in the Greek language. Hunayn returned to Baghdad and established contact with the teacher with whom he had fallen out. The two became firm friends and were close collaborators on medical topics for many years.

6. Hunayn Profiles the life of the famed translator at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad who also made contributions to mathematics and medicine. hunayn ibn ishaq is most famous as a translator. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hunayn.html

Abu Zayd Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi Born: 808 in al-Hirah (near Baghdad now in Iraq) Died: 873 in Baghdad (now in Iraq) Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Hunayn ibn Ishaq is most famous as a translator. He was not a mathematician but trained in medicine and made his original contributions to the subject. However, as the leading translator in the House of Wisdom at one of the most remarkable periods of mathematical revival, his influence on the mathematicians of the time is of sufficient importance to merit his inclusion in this archive. His son Ishaq ibn Hunayn, strongly influenced by his father, is famed for his Arabic translation of Euclid 's Elements. Hunayn's father was Ishaq, a pharmacist from Hira. The family were from a group who had belonged to the Syrian Nestorian Christian Church before the rise of Islam, and Hunayn was brought up as a Christian. Hunayn became skilled in languages as a young man, in particular learning Arabic at Basra and also learning Syriac. To continue his education Hunayn went to Baghdad to study medicine under the leading teacher of the time. However, after falling out with this teacher, Hunayn left Baghdad and, probably during a period in Alexandria, became an expert in the Greek language. Hunayn returned to Baghdad and established contact with the teacher with whom he had fallen out. The two became firm friends and were close collaborators on medical topics for many years.

7. Islamic Medical Manuscripts: Bio-Bibliographies 2347. Hubaysh ibn al-Hasan al-A‘sam al-Dimashqi (d. end of 9thcentury) Hubaysh was the nephew and pupil of hunayn ibn ishaq. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/bioH.html

Bio-Bibliographies A B C D ... G H I J K M ... Z Hadikhan See Muhammad Husayn ibn Muhammad Hadi d. For sources regarding his life, see Richter-Bernburg, "UCLA" , p. 32; and Storey PL II,2 , pp. 220-3 no. 380. see Hakim Muhammad Hadikhan see Muhammad Husayn ibn Muhammad Hadi Hakim Muhammad Sharif Khan d. 1805/1220 or 1816/1231) Mughal For his life and writings, see Storey PL II,2 , pp. 283-5 no. 494; GAL-S , vol. 2, p. 864 no. 56a Harawi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf fl. In 1518/924 Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi composed in Arabic an alphabetical medical dictionary and encyclopedia. It covered anatomical and pathological terms and concepts, medicinal substances, and prominent physicians, with all the entries arranged alphabetically. NLM has one copy of this comprephesive medical dictionary (MS. A6). Al-Harawi also wrote a lexicon titled Jawahir al-lughah , in three chapters: the first explaining terminology for parts of the body (in alphabetical order), the second on the names of simple and compound drugs (also in alphabetical order), and the third names of diseases, presented in order from head to toe according to their locations. An autograph copy of Jawahir al-lughah exists in which the author states that he completed the correction of the treatise in 898/1492 (London, Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine, MS. Arab. 143). The

8. Islamic Medical Manuscripts : Catalogue - Commentaries 2 Sharh Kitab alMasa'il fi al-tibb lil-muta‘allimin (MS A 66) Commentary on 'TheQuestions on Medicine for Beginners' by hunayn ibn ishaq by Ibn Abi Sadiq (d http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/C2.html

Catalogue - Medical Encyclopedias Commentaries (MS A 66) Commentary on 'The Questions on Medicine for Beginners' [by Hunayn ibn Ishaq by Ibn Abi Sadiq (d. after 1068/460 H) The most productive translator of Greek medical and scientific treatises into Arabic was Hunayn ibn Ishaq, who died in 873 or 877 (260 ot 264 H). Known to Europeans as Johannitius, Hunayn also composed a number of original medical writings, including the influential Questions on Medicine for Beginners ). A number of commentaries were written on Hunayn's popular introduction to medicine, one of the most important being that by Ibn Abi Sadiq, who died shortly after 1068/460 H. NLM has a copy of the commentary by Ibn Abi Sadiq on Hunayn's Questions on Medicine for Beginners . It is an important copy because of its apparent age (thirteenth-century). For other copies of the commentary by Ibn Abi Sadiq, see Dietrich, Medicinalia , p. 43-4 no. 15; Ullmann, Medizin , p. 160 note 4; GAL vol. 1 p. 484 (638) and GAL-S vol. 1, p. 886-7; and Yale, Beineke Library MS. 1506. The copy in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, (MS. Marsh 98) was copied in 1235/639H and was used for teaching purposes by a famous physician Muwaffaq al-Din Ya'qub al-Samiri (d. 1281), for it has an ijazah signed by him certifying that a pupil of his named Amin al-Dawlah Tadrus ibn Nasr ibn Malik studied and mastered its contents.

9. MOHAMMAD IBN ZAKARIYA AL-RAZI astronomy, chemistry and philosophy from a student of hunayn ibn ishaq, who was well versed in the ancient Greek, http://members.tripod.com/~wzzz/RAZI.html

Get Five DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated MOHAMMAD IBN ZAKARIYA AL-RAZI (864-930 A.D.) Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (864-930 A.D.) was born at Ray, Iran. Initially, he was interested in music but later on he learnt medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and philosophy from a student of Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, who was well versed in the ancient Greek, Persian and Indian systems of medicine and other subjects. He also studied under Ali Ibn Rabban. The practical experience gained at the well-known Muqtadari Hospital helped him in his chosen profession of medicine. At an early age he gained eminence as an expert in medicine and alchemy, so that patients and students flocked to him from distant parts of Asia. He was first placed in-charge of the first Royal Hospital at Ray, from where he soon moved to a similar position in Baghdad where he remained the head of its famous Muqtadari Hospital for along time. He moved from time to time to various cities, specially between Ray and Baghdad, but finally returned to Ray, where he died around 930 A.D. His name is commemorated in the Razi Institute near Tehran. Razi was a Hakim, an alchemist and a philosopher. In medicine, his contribution was so significant that it can only be compared to that of Ibn Sina. Some of his works in medicine e.g.

10. Thabit manuscript versions of the third translation into Arabic which was made by hunayn ibn ishaq and revised by Thabit. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Thabit.html

Al-Sabi Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani Born: 826 in Harran, Mesopotamia (now Turkey) Died: 18 Feb 901 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Click the picture above to see a larger version Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Thabit ibn Qurra was a native of Harran and a member of the Sabian sect. The Sabian religious sect were star worshippers from Harran often confused with the Mandaeans (as they are in [1]). Of course being worshipers of the stars meant that there was strong motivation for the study of astronomy and the sect produced many quality astronomers and mathematicians. The sect, with strong Greek connections, had in earlier times adopted Greek culture, and it was common for members to speak Greek although after the conquest of the Sabians by Islam, they became Arabic speakers. There was another language spoken in southeastern Turkey, namely Syriac, which was based on the East Aramaic dialect of Edessa. This language was Thabit ibn Qurra's native language, but he was fluent in both Greek and Arabic. Some accounts say that Thabit was a money changer as a young man. This is quite possible but some historians do not agree. Certainly he inherited a large family fortune and must have come from a family of high standing in the community.

11. Comparative Index To Islam : HUNAYN IBN ISHAQ hunayn ibn ishaq Lived AD 809873. Was a Nestorian Christian duringthe glory years of the Abbasid Caliphate in Iraq. He studied http://answering-islam.de/Main/Index/H/hunayn_ibn_ishaq.html

HUNAYN IBN ISHAQ Lived AD 809-873. Was a Nestorian Christian during the glory years of the Abbasid Caliphate in Iraq. He studied Greek and became known among the Arabs as the "Sheikh of the translators." He translated the Septuagint, Hippocrates, some of Plato and Aristotle, and other Greek works into Arabic, and almost all of Galen's scientific output into Syriac and Arabic. He was also a great doctor and the Caliph al-Mutawakkil appointed him as his private physician. The Caliph once offered him a large reward to concoct a poison for an enemy, but Hunayn refused and so was thrown into prison for a year. When brought again before the Caliph and threatened with death his reply was, "I have skill only in what is beneficial, and naught else." The Caliph then claimed to be only testing his integrity, and then asked him what prevented him from preparing the deadly poison. Hunayn replied: Two things: my religion and my profession. My religion decrees that we should do good even to our enemies, how much more to our friends. And my profession is instituted for the benefit of humanity and limited to their relief and cure. Besides every physician is under oath never to give anyone a deadly medicine. A modern French historian has called him "the greatest figure of the ninth century."

12. New Material On The Web Site "Answering Islam" Entries on hunayn ibn ishaq and Ibn Abbas were added to the Index to Islam. Newarticles are found also in the Dutch and Indonesian / Malaysian subsites. http://answering-islam.de/Main/new.html

Removed from "Answering Islam" What's New On "Answering Islam" ? The following pages have been added newly or substantially revised at the following dates: March 24, 2003 Message to Christians: If War Should Happen, What Should Be Done? The next zipfile to bring your Answering Islam CD up to date is now available for download March 20, 2003 The article Fully Detailed Or Incomplete? is the first addition to the section Contradictions in the Qur'an . In the second one, we give a rebuttal to a Muslim response to the earlier article Six or eight days of creation? Sam Shamoun answers to the alleged Bible contradiction Did Jesus, Mary and Joseph go to Egypt or to Nazareth? Sir William Muir's history of Islam, The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall , is now complete up to the death of Harun ar-Rashid, the most famous of the 'Abbasid Caliphs. The Chinese subsite was updated with plenty of new material. March 14, 2003 Combating porkophobia: [Part 2] and [Part 3] are concluding Sam Shamoun's " Examination of Shabir Ally's Fascination with Pigs ". Our entry page to the Shabir Ally Rebuttal Section had to be completely redone, because of Shabir Ally's

13. HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ (ibn Sulaiman Ibn Aiyub Al-Ibadi) ascribed to Hunain ibn Ishaq (809-877), 1928; - hunayn ibn ishaq The Book http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/h/hunain_i_i.shtml

Verlag Traugott Bautz www.bautz.de/bbkl Bestellmöglichkeiten des Biographisch-Bibliographischen Kirchenlexikons Zur Hauptseite des Biographisch-Bibliographischen Kirchenlexikons Abkürzungsverzeichnis des Biographisch-Bibliographischen Kirchenlexikons Bibliographische Angaben für das Zitieren ... NEU: Unser E-News Service Wir informieren Sie regelmäßig über Neuigkeiten und Änderungen per E-Mail. Helfen Sie uns, das BBKL aktuell zu halten! Band XXII (2004) Spalte in Vorbereitung Autor: Wilhelm Baum Werke: Une correspondence islamo-chrétienne entre Ibn al Munaggim, Hunayn ibn Ishaq et Qusta ibn Luqa, ed. Khalil Samir, (= Patrologia Orientalis 40/4), Tournhout 1981. Lit.: Wilhelm Baum Letzte Änderung: 29.03.2003

14. MOHAMMAD IBN ZAKARIYA AL-RAZI he was interested in music but later on he learnt medicine, mathematics, astronomy,chemistry and philosophy from a student of hunayn ibn ishaq, who was well http://www.ummah.org.uk/history/scholars/RAZI.html

15. Untitled Chair Dr. Shafiq Abouzayd (Oxford University) Dr. Sebastian Brock (Oxford University) The Syriac background of hunayn ibn ishaq's translation technique . http://users.ox.ac.uk/~aram/Abbasides.html

ARAM Past Conferences: ARAM Second International Conference (Oxford University - 23-26 September, 1991): Syriac-Arab cultural Interchange during the Abbasid era in Iraq ARAM Second International Conference (Oxford University - 23-26 September, 1991): Syriac-Arab cultural Interchange during the Abbasid era in Iraq Monday, September 23, 1991 Opening Ceremony: Rev. Dr. Shafiq AbouZayd (Chairman of ARAM - Oxford University): "Address". Inaugural talk: Prof. Sidney Griffith (Catholic University of America): "The apologetic treatise of Nonnus of Nisibis". Tuesday, September 24, 1991 Chair: Dr. Sebastian Brock (Oxford University) Prof. Michael Morony (University of California-LA): "The Aramaean population in the economic life of early Islamic Iraq". Dr. Yousif Ishaq (Sweden): "The Zuqnin chronicle (Ps. Dionysius of Tel-Mahre) as a source of study of the political and economic situation of northern Iraq during the Abbasid era". Dr. Stephanie Dalley (Oxford University): "Gilgamesh after the Cuneiform". Dr. Richard Dumbrill (London): "The Babylonian origins of Arab medieval music".

16. Users.ox.ac.uk/~aram/aram_con Dr. Samir Khalil Samir (Université St JosephBeyrouth) Un Traité Perdude hunayn ibn ishaq Retrouvé dans la Somme d'Ibn al-`Assal. Prof. http://users.ox.ac.uk/~aram/aram_con

17. Loq-Man Translations Abu Zayd hunayn ibn ishaq alIbadi (808 - 873). hunayn ibn ishaq is mostfamous as a translator. He was not a mathematician but trained http://www.loqmantranslations.com/ArabicFacts/ArabTranslators.html

ARAB TRANSLATORS Home Sitemap Company About us Services Translation Software Localization ... Consulting Translators Forum Translator's Form Translator's Help Contact Us Abu Zayd Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi (808 - 873) Hunayn ibn Ishaq is most famous as a translator. He was not a mathematician but trained in medicine and made his original contributions to the subject. However, as the leading translator in the House of Wisdom at one of the most remarkable periods of mathematical revival, his influence on the mathematicians of the time is of sufficient importance to merit his inclusion in this archive. His son Ishaq ibn Hunayn, strongly influenced by his father, is famed for his Arabic translation of Euclid's Elements. Hunayn's father was Ishaq, a pharmacist from Hira. The family were from a group who had belonged to the Syrian Nestorian Christian Church before the rise of Islam, and Hunayn was brought up as a Christian. Hunayn became skilled in languages as a young man, in particular learning Arabic at Basra and also learning Syriac. To continue his education Hunayn went to Baghdad to study medicine under the leading teacher of the time. However, after falling out with this teacher, Hunayn left Baghdad and, probably during a period in Alexandria, became an expert in the Greek language. Hunayn returned to Baghdad and established contact with the teacher with whom he had fallen out. The two became firm friends and were close collaborators on medical topics for many years.

18. Loq-Man Translations The leading personality of the 'new wave' was hunayn ibn ishaq (810877), a Christianfrom Hira who had been expelled from Jundi-Shapur after disagreeing with http://www.loqmantranslations.com/ArabicFacts/Translation.html

HISTORY OF ARABIC TRANSLATION Home Sitemap Company About us Services Translation Software Localization ... Consulting Translators Forum Translator's Form Translator's Help Contact Us The acquisition and adaptation of Greek knowledge by scientists working in the Arab empire became crucial to the rediscovery of Aristotle by Western Europe in the 12th century, and ultimately to the European Renaissance. After the 'Umayyad dynasty collapsed in the 740s and the caliphate was assumed by Abu 'l-'Abbas (founder of the 'Abbasid dynasty, in 749). The 'Abbasids received much support from Persian Muslims who had resented the dominance of the Arabs under the 'Umayyads. However, they were themselves an Arabic family, the language of government continued to be Arabic, the language of religion had to be Arabic. The most influential Persian supporters of the 'Abbasid takeover were the Barmakid family, led by Khalid ibn Barmak, who became governor of Mesopotamia under the second 'Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur. They were the sponsors of the enigmatic Jabir ibn Hayyan, who synthesized the new science of alchemy from a mixture of Pythagorean ideals and Indian and Persian mysticism. When the Barmakids fell from power in 804, Jabir fell from court favour as well. Al-Mansur founded a new capital for the caliphate at

19. Videnskabshistorisk Persongalleri - 3 s129). 873, hunayn ibn ishaq. Død år 873. Fader til Ishag ibn Hunayn. Hunaynibn Ishaq tilhørte den kristne sekt nestorianerne , som siden det 5. årh. http://home3.inet.tele.dk/skaaning/persongalleri/persongalleri3.htm

Middelalderen 1, c.400-c.1000 år emne/person 4. årh. Oversættelser af græks religiøs litteratur til syrisk og koptisk (Tra. s126). 4. årh. Calcidius oversatte Timaeus (Platon-tekst). Denne gav anledning til megen kosmologisk spekulation og talmystik (Ast. s610). ca.331-419/420 St. Jerome . Bibel-oversætter. Augustin . Sjælens selvforståelse er en refleksion af det guddommelige lys. Men også fornuft har en funktion. Hypatia , filosof og nyplatoniker myrdet i Alexandria af en kristen pøbel (Isl. s82). Aristoteles oversat til syrisk. (A his. s118) ca.480-524/526 Boethius . Euklids "Elementer" oversat til latin af Boethius (Mat. s208). Han oversatte også Phorphyrs "Isagoge" (Tra. s139) og dele af Aristoteles' logik(A his. s141). Boethius oversatte efter metoden "ord for ord". Quadrivium: musik, aritmetik, geometri og astronomi (Matematik, tysk artikel s381). Skrev "Consolations of philosophy". Boethius øvede meget stor indflydelse op gennem Middelalderen. Vurderingen af Boethius' oversættelser er lidt anderledes i Astronomy s610. Isidore af Sevilla . Død (Mat. s208). Skrev "Etymologies" som indeholder en blanding af al mulig information og misinformation. Encyklopædisk. Øvede stor autoritet i den tidl. MA (A his. s141). Cassiodorus . Død ca. 575 (Mat. s208). Boede i klosteret Vivarium som var et center for oversættelser. Deres mål var at bevare den græske arv for et vestligt publikum (Tra. s126). 6. årh.

20. Arzobispo Raimundo De Toledo Escuela De Traductores [1130-1187] hunayn ibn ishaq's versions of four of Galen's treatises De tactu pulsus,De utilitate pulsus, Se motu membrorum, De motibus liquidis. http://faculty.washington.edu/petersen/alfonso/esctra12.htm

Arzobispo Raimundo de Toledo Escuela de Traductores [1130-1187] The three greatest translators whose activities are supported by Raimundo: Iohannes Avendehut Hispanus . Hispanic Jew, translator and compiler-author ( also called Iohannes Hyspalensis, Johannes Hispanicus, Johannes Toletanus, Avendeuth, Juan Hispano . With Juan Hispano and their patron, the Archbishop, he is one of the founders of the Toledan School. His activity extends from 1130 to 1180. Unlike his friend, he limits he focusses exclusively on philosophy, translating Greek and Arabic works and the commentaries of the earlier Moslem thinkers in the peninsula. Less faithful to the original texts, he frequently eliminated passages and added his own commentary. Gundisalvo depended on Juan Hispano for the translations from Arabic until late in his career when he controlled Arabic sufficiently to translate for himself (ex. Avicenas Metaphysics Al-sifa ). As an author he, but not his Jewish co-worker, avoided neoplatonism and even attacked it. Gherardus Cremonensis According to his disciples, he came to Toledo en 1167 in search of Ptolemy's

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