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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Linji, Al-Kindi, Adi Shankara, Kūkai, Johannes Scotus Eriugena, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Candidus of Fulda, Han Yu, Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa, Li Ao, Anandavardhana. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt:(Arabic: ) (c. 801873 CE), also known to the West by the Latinized version of his name Alkindus, was an Arab Iraqi polymath: an Islamic philosopher, scientist, astrologer, astronomer, cosmologist, chemist, logician, mathematician, musician, physician, physicist, psychologist, and meteorologist. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim Peripatetic philosophers, and is known for his efforts to introduce Greek and Hellenistic philosophy to the Arab world, and as a pioneer in chemistry, medicine, music theory, physics, psychology,the philosophy of science, and is also known for being one of the fathers of cryptography. Al-Kindi was a descendant of the Kinda tribe which is a well known Arabic tribe native of Najd (present day Saudi Arabia). He was born and educated in Kufa, before pursuing further studies in Baghdad. Al-Kindi became a prominent figure in the House of Wisdom, and a number of Abbasid Caliphs appointed him to oversee the translation of Greek scientific and philosophical texts into the Arabic language. This contact with "the philosophy of the ancients" (as Greek and Hellenistic philosophy was often referred to by Muslim scholars) had a profound effect on his intellectual development, and led him to write original treatises on subjects ranging from Islamic ethics and metaphysics to Islamic mathematics and pharmacology. In mathematics, al-Kindi played an important role in introducing Indian numerals to the Islamic and Christian world. He was a pioneer in cryptanalysis and cryptology, and devised new methods of breaking ciphers, including the frequency analysis metho...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=272065 ... Read more

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Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Not illustrated. Excerpt: Hunayn ibn Ishaq (also Hunain or Hunein) (Syriac: , Arabic: , ; known in Latin as Johannitius) (809-873) was a famous and influential Assyrian Nestorian scholar, physician, and scientist, known for his work in translating scientific and medical works in Greek into Arabic and Syriac during the glory years of the Abbasid Caliphate. unayn ibn Isaq was the most productive translator of Greek medical and scientific treatises. He was originally from southern Iraq but he spent his working life in Baghdad, the center of the great ninth-century Greek-into-Arabic/Syriac translation movement. Impressively, Hunayn's translations did not require corrections at all. This perfection possibly came about because he mastered four languages: Arabic, Syriac, Greek and Persian. He studied Greek and became known among the Arabs as the "Sheikh of the translators." Hunayns method was widely followed by later translators. In the Abbasid era, a new interest has arisen in extending the studies of Greek science in the Middle East. At that time, there was a vast amount of information in Greek language pertaining to philosophy, mathematics, natural science, and medicine. However, this valuable information was at that time accessible only to a very small minority of Middle Eastern scholars who knew the Greek language. Therefore, a need for an organized translation move was imminent. Within time, Hunayn ibn Ishaq became arguably known as the chief translator of that era, beside laying out the foundations of Islamic medicine. In his lifetime, Ishaq translated 116 writings, a few of which were Platos Timaeus, Aristotles Metaphysics, and the Old Testament, into Syriac and Arabic. Additionally, Ishaq produced 36 of his own books, in which 21 covered the fields... More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1101492 ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Science and Its Times, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 435 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.The histories of science, technology, and mathematics merge with the study of humanities and social science in this interdisciplinary reference work. Essays on people, theories, discoveries, and concepts are combined with overviews, bibliographies of primary documents, and chronological elements to offer students a fascinating way to understand the impact of science on the course of human history and how science affects everyday life. Entries represent people and developments throughout the world, from about 2000 B.C. through the end of the twentieth century. ... Read more

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Chapters: Emperor Wenzong of Tang, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Emperor Jingzong of Tang. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 31. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Emperor Wenzong of Tang ( 809840), personal name Li Ang (), né Li Han (), was an emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China. He reigned from 826 to 840. Emperor Wenzong was the second son of Emperor Muzong and younger brother of Emperor Jingzong. A note of interest and a rare occurrence in Chinese history when Emperor Wenzong, along with his elder brother Emperor Jingzong and younger brother Emperor Wuzong, would reign in succession of each other from 824 to 846, as three brothers succeeding each other. Li Han was born in late 809, during the reign of his grandfather Emperor Xianzong. His father, Li You was then the Prince of Sui under Emperor Xianzong, but while Li You was considered, under Confucian principles of succession, to be the proper heir to the throne, because his mother (Li Han's grandmother) Consort Guo, was Emperor Xianzong's wife and crown princess while Emperor Xianzong was crown prince, Li You was not created crown prince for some time; his older brother Li Ning, by Emperor Xianzong's concubine Consort Ji, was. Only after Li Ning's death in 811 was Li You, whose name was then changed to Li Heng, created crown prince in 812. Li Han was Li You's second son, being born four months after his older brother Li Zhan. His mother was Li You's concubine Consort Xiao. In 820, Emperor Xianzong died, and Li Heng took the throne (as Emperor Muzong). In 821, Emperor Muzong created a large number of his brothers and sons imperial princes, and Li Han was created the Prince of Jing. In 824, Emperor Muzong died and was succeeded by Li Zhan (as Emperor Jingzong). Around the new year 827, Emperor Jingzong was assassinated by a group of imperial...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=3083598 ... Read more

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Chapters: Iraqi Surgeons, Medieval Iraqi Physicians, Alhazen, Abd-El-Latif, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Rafil A. Dhafir, Mubarak Al-Duri, Ala Bashir, Sa'ad Al-Dawla, Mohammed A.f. Al-Rawi, Saib Shawkat, Masawaiyh, Masarjawaih, Imad Sarsam, Al-Shahrazuri, Abu Haftzah Yazid, List of Iraqi Physicians, Babylonian Medicine. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 101. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt:(Arabic: , Persian: , Latinized: Alhacen or (deprecated) Alhazen) (965 in Basra - c. 1039 in Cairo) was an Arab or Persian scientist and polymath. He made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to physics, anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, psychology, visual perception, and to science in general with his early application of the scientific method. He is sometimes called al-Basri (Arabic: ), after his birthplace in the city of Basra. He was also nicknamed Ptolemaeus Secundus ("Ptolemy the Second") or simply "The Physicist" in medieval Europe. Born circa 965, in Basra, Iraq and part of Buyid Persia at that time, he lived mainly in Cairo, Egypt, dying there at age 76. Over-confident about practical application of his mathematical knowledge, he assumed that he could regulate the floods of the Nile. After being ordered by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the sixth ruler of the Fatimid caliphate, to carry out this operation, he quickly perceived the impossibility of what he was attempting to do, and retired from engineering. Fearing for his life, he feigned madness and was placed under house arrest, during and after which he devoted himself to his scientific work until his death. Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the "father of modern optics" for his influential Book of Optics which proved the intromission theory of vision and refined it into essentiall...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1645 ... Read more

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Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: 873 Births, 873 Deaths, 873 Disestablishments, Al-Kindi, Du Cong, Ivar the Boneless, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Rodulf Haraldsson, Banū Mūsā, List of State Leaders in 873, Ordoño Ii of León, Emperor Yizong of Tang, Gunther, Lethlobar Mac Loingsig, Tahirid Dynasty, Rodrigo of Castile, Vímara Peres, Ecgberht I of Northumbria, Thachulf, Duke of Thuringia, Liu Yin, Shinshō, Fujiwara No Sadakata. Excerpt:Millennium : 1st millennium 873 by topic Gregorian calendar : 873 DCCCLXXIII Events By place Europe Asia Births Deaths A hyperlinked version of this chapter is at 872 state leaders - Events of 873 - 874 state leaders - State leaders by year Africa Asia item textb... ... Read more

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Les achats comprennent une adhésion à l'essai gratuite au club de livres de l'éditeur, dans lequel vous pouvez choisir parmi plus d'un million d'ouvrages, sans frais. Le livre consiste d'articles Wikipedia sur : Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Avenzoar, Masawaih, Ibn Tufayl, Ibn Al-Thahabi, Liste Des Médecins Arabo-Chrétiens. Non illustré. Mises à jour gratuites en ligne. Extrait : 'Hunayn ibn Ishaq () ou Abou Zayd Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi (809-873) était un médecin, un scientifique syriaque, de religion chrétienne, connu pour ses traductions du grec vers l'arabe et l'araméen (sa langue maternelle). Il était surnommé « maître des traducteurs ». Originaire d'Al-Hira (Bas Euphrate), il est le fils d'un pharmacien nestorien et deviendra lui-même diacre de l'église nestorienne de Mésopotamie. Il quitte sa petite ville à son adolescence, pour s'installer dans la ville de Bagdad, où il suit des études de médecine sous Ibn Massawayh, un arabe chrétien. Il part ensuite en Grèce pour apprendre à parler grec, y reste deux ans et se met en privé à traduire des ouvrages médicaux grecs en arabe. Il traduit entre autres Dioscoride et Galien. En 830, il devient responsable des maisons de la sagesse (Bayt al Hikmah), une université abbasside, dont l'une des missions était de traduire des ouvrages grecs . Il traduit, avec l'aide de son fils Ishâq et son neveu Hubaysh et d'autres spécialistes moins connus comme Etienne ibn Bâsil, Musâ ibn Khalid et Yahyâ ibn Hârûn, une centaine de livres. Il révise les œuvres de Platon, Ménélas, Aristote, Apollonius, Alexandre d'Aphrodisie, Artémidore et Hippocrate. Son œuvre de traduction touche à tous les domaines, allant des mathématiques à l'Ancien Testament, en passant par la logique. Outre son travail de traduction, il a écrit plusieurs traités sur la médecine et les diverses matières qui s'y rapportent, comme Kitab al masa'il fî tibb (Livre des questions sur la médecine) qui était un livre de référence dans le monde...http://booksllc.net/?l=fr ... Read more

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Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Alhazen, Abd-El-Latif, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Sa'ad Al-Dawla, Masawaiyh, Masarjawaih, Al-Shahrazuri, Abu Haftzah Yazid. Excerpt:Abd-al-latif , Abd-el-latif or Abd-ul-Latif (1162 1231), also known as al-Baghdadi (Arabic ,), born in Baghdad , Iraq , was a celebrated physician , historian , Egyptologist and traveller, and one of the most voluminous writers of the Near East in his time. Biography An interesting memoir of Abdallatif, written by himself, has been preserved with additions by Ibn Abu-Osaiba (Ibn abi Usaibia), a contemporary. From that work we learn that the higher education of the youth of Baghdad consisted principally in a minute and careful study of the rules and principles of grammar , and in their committing to memory the whole of the Qur'an , a treatise or two on philology and jurisprudence , and the choicest Arabic poetry. After attaining to great proficiency in that kind of learning, Abdallatif applied himself to natural philosophy and medicine . To enjoy the society of the learned, he went first to Mosul (1189), and afterwards to Damascus . With letters of recommendation from Saladin 's vizier , he visited Egypt , where he realized his wish to converse with Maimonides , the Eagle of the Doctors . He afterwards formed one of the circles of learned men whom Saladin gathered around him at Jerusalem . He taught medicine and philosophy at Cairo and at Damascus for a number of years, and afterwards, for a shorter period, at Aleppo . His love of travel led him to visit different parts of Armenia and Asia Minor in his old age. Also, he was in the process of setting out on a pilgrimage to Mecca when he died at Baghdad. Account of Egypt Sociology in medieval Islam Abdallatif was undoubtedly a man of great knowledge and of an inquisitive and penetrating mind. Of the numerous ... ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Diophantus, Alhazen, Al-Kindi, Brethren of Purity, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Banū Mūsā, Muhammad Ibn Jābir Al-Harrānī Al-Battānī, Thābit Ibn Qurra, Ibn Yahyā Al-Maghribī Al-Samaw'al, 'abd Al-Hamīd Ibn Turk, Ibn Sahl, Abū Al-Wafā' Būzjānī, Ahmed Ibn Yusuf, Abū Sahl Al-Qūhī, Abu Nasr Mansur, Abū Ja'far Al-Khāzin, Abdul Jerri, Al-Saghani, Al-Abbās Ibn Said Al-Jawharī, Ibrahim Ibn Sinan, Abu'l-Hasan Al-Uqlidisi, Ibn Tahir Al-Baghdadi, Sinan Ibn Thabit. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt:(Arabic: , Persian: , Latinized: Alhacen or (deprecated) Alhazen) (965 in Basra - c. 1039 in Cairo) was an Arab or Persian scientist and polymath. He made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to physics, anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, psychology, visual perception, and to science in general with his early application of the scientific method. He is sometimes called al-Basri (Arabic: ), after his birthplace in the city of Basra. He was also nicknamed Ptolemaeus Secundus ("Ptolemy the Second") or simply "The Physicist" in medieval Europe. Born circa 965, in Basra, Iraq and part of Buyid Persia at that time, he lived mainly in Cairo, Egypt, dying there at age 76. Over-confident about practical application of his mathematical knowledge, he assumed that he could regulate the floods of the Nile. After being ordered by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the sixth ruler of the Fatimid caliphate, to carry out this operation, he quickly perceived the impossibility of what he was attempting to do, and retired from engineering. Fearing for his life, he feigned madness and was placed under house arrest, during and after which he devoted himself to his scientific work until his death. Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the "father...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1645 ... Read more

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Les achats comprennent une adhésion à l'essai gratuite au club de livres de l'éditeur, dans lequel vous pouvez choisir parmi plus d'un million d'ouvrages, sans frais. Le livre consiste d'articles Wikipedia sur : Rodrigue de Castille, Al-Kindi, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Ivarr Roi de Dublin, Ioané Schavliani, Ecgberht Ier de Northumbrie. Non illustré. Mises à jour gratuites en ligne. Extrait : Rodrigue (Rodrigue en castillan), est né vers 825 dans le royaume des Asturies et mort le 4 octobre 873 en Castille. Il est le premier comte de Castille de 860 à sa mort en 873. Il cumule ce titre avec le titre de comte d'Álava à partir de 868. Gouverneur d'une marche à l'est du royaume des Asturies, il réussit à devenir l'un des plus puissants seigneurs chrétiens et peut être considéré comme le fondateur de la Castille. Ordoño I met à profit la domination militaire asturienne croissante ainsi que les problèmes internes de l'Émirat pour établir et fortifier des places stratégiques dans le bassin du Douro. Rodrigue, fait premier comte de Castille par Ordoño I, repeuple la Peña d'Amaya, ce qui assure la présence asturienne sur la rive droite de l'Èbre. Rodrigue de Castille serait fils de Ramire Ier (791 - 850), roi des Asturies (842- 850). Il serait le demi-frère d'Ordoño Ier d'Oviedo (821 - 866), roi des Asturies (850 - 866). Jusqu'à l'avènement de Ramire I la succession au trône n'est pas patrilinéaire et les filles des rois jouent un rôle considérable. Il est donc très important que la mère de Rodrigue, Paterna de Castille, très certainement arrière-petite-fille de Fruela Ier des Asturies, fille de Diego Rodriguez, comte en Castille et d'une Paterna Porcelos, qui descend des Balthes. Ses origines wisigothes contribuent à faire du premier comte de Castille, un personnage important de l'Espagne chrétienne. La reconquista va surtout bénéficier à la Castille, qui est à l'origine une marche orientale du royaume des Asturies.Le nouveau roi Ordoño délèg...http://booksllc.net/?l=fr ... Read more

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Chapters: Ibn al-Nafis, Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Al-Dakhwar, Ali ibn Ridwan, Rashidun al-Suri, Ibn al-Kattani, Masawaih al-Mardini, Ibn al-Wafid, Serapion the Younger, Nafi ibn al-Harith,. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 59. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qurashi al-Dimashqi (Arabic: ‎) (born 1213), commonly known as Ibn al-Nafis (Arabic: ‎), was an Arab Muslim polymath-a physician, anatomist, physiologist, surgeon, ophthalmologist, Hafiz, Hadith scholar, Shafi`i jurist and lawyer, Sunni theologian, Islamic philosopher, logician, Arabic novelist, science fiction writer, and scientist. He also wrote on Islamic psychology, Islamic sociology, astronomy, Islamic cosmology, futurology, geology, Arabic grammar and linguistics, and history. He was born in Damascus, Syria, and worked in Cairo, Egypt. Ibn al-Nafis is now most famous for being the first physician to describe the pulmonary circulation, or pulmonary transit of blood. His discovery disproved the thousand year-old theory of Galen who suggested invisible pores in the intraventricular septum. Ibn Nafis clearly stated that the "blood in the right ventricle of the heart must reach the left ventricule by way of the lungs alone and not through a passage connecting the ventricle, as Galen maintained." In addition, he is credited with early insight into capillary and coronary circulations, which in addition to the pulmonary circulation form the basis of the circulatory system, for which he is has been called the father of circulatory physiology, and "the greatest physiologist of the Middle Ages." His work would not be surpassed until the 17th century, when the theory of the entire circulatory system, i.e. the continuous circular motion of the blood throughout the whole body, was proposed by Will...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=2426527 ... Read more

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Chapters: Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Thābit Ibn Qurra, Abd Al-Rahman Al-Sufi, Qusta Ibn Luqa, Al-Ḥajjāj Ibn Yūsuf Ibn Maṭar. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 29. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Hunayn ibn Ishaq (also Hunain or Hunein) (Syriac: , Arabic: , ; known in Latin as Johannitius) (809-873) was a famous and influential Assyrian Nestorian scholar, physician, and scientist, known for his work in translating scientific and medical works in Greek into Arabic and Syriac during the glory years of the Abbasid Caliphate. unayn ibn Isaq was the most productive translator of Greek medical and scientific treatises. He was originally from southern Iraq but he spent his working life in Baghdad, the center of the great ninth-century Greek-into-Arabic/Syriac translation movement. Impressively, Hunayn's translations did not require corrections at all. This perfection possibly came about because he mastered four languages: Arabic, Syriac, Greek and Persian. He studied Greek and became known among the Arabs as the "Sheikh of the translators." Hunayns method was widely followed by later translators. In the Abbasid era, a new interest has arisen in extending the studies of Greek science in the Middle East. At that time, there was a vast amount of information in Greek language pertaining to philosophy, mathematics, natural science, and medicine. However, this valuable information was at that time accessible only to a very small minority of Middle Eastern scholars who knew the Greek language. Therefore, a need for an organized translation move was immanent. Within time, Hunayn ibn Ishaq became arguably known as the chief translator of that era, beside laying out the foundations of Islamic medicine. In his lifetime, Ishaq translated 116 writings, a few of which were Platos Timaeus, Aristotles Metaphysics...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1101492 ... Read more

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Les achats comprennent une adhésion à l'essai gratuite au club de livres de l'éditeur, dans lequel vous pouvez choisir parmi plus d'un million d'ouvrages, sans frais. Le livre consiste d'articles Wikipedia sur : Al-Khawarizmi, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Thābit Ibn Qurra, Muhammad Al-Fazari, Hassan Koubeissi, Mahmoud Ben Othman, Ibn Wahshiyya, Ibn Al-Muqaffa, Ahmed Rami, Al-Hajjaj Ibn Yusuf Ibn Matar. Non illustré. Mises à jour gratuites en ligne. Extrait : Al-Khawarizmi, né vers 783, originaire de Khiva dans la région du Khwarezm qui lui a donné son nom, mort vers 850 à Bagdad, est un mathématicien, géographe, astrologue et astronome musulman perse dont les écrits, rédigés en langue arabe, ont permis l'introduction de l'algèbre en Europe. Il est à l'origine des mots « algorithme » (qui n'est autre que son nom latinisé, plus précisément, le mot « algorithme » résulte de la fusion du mot de grec ancien arithmos, qui signifie « nombre », avec le nom du père de l'algèbre : Al-Khawarizmi) et « algèbre » (issu d'une méthode et du titre d'un de ses ouvrages) ou encore de l'utilisation des chiffres arabes dont la diffusion dans le Moyen-Orient et en Europe provient d'un autre de ses livres (qui lui-même traite des mathématiques indiennes). Son apport en mathématiques fut tel qu'il est également surnommé « le père de l'algèbre », avec Diophante d'Alexandrie, dont il reprendra les travaux. En effet, il fut le premier à répertorier de façon systématique des méthodes de résolution d'équations en classant celles-ci. Il ne faut pas confondre ce savant avec un autre mathématicien perse : Abu-'Abdollâh Mohammad Khuwârizmi qui, lui, est l'auteur de Mafâtih al-'Olum (ouvrage de mathématiques écrit vers 976). Un cratère de la Lune a été nommé en son honneur : le cratère Al-Khwarizmi. Il n'inventa pas les algorithmes (le plus ancien algorithme alors connu était celui d'Euclide, et on en découvrira au XXème siècle dans les anciennes tablettes de Babylone, s...http://booksllc.net/?l=fr ... Read more

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Chapters: Greek-syriac Translators, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Thābit Ibn Qurra, Masawaiyh, Sergius of Reshaina. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 22. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Hunayn ibn Ishaq (also Hunain or Hunein) (Syriac: , Arabic: , ; known in Latin as Johannitius) (809-873) was a famous and influential Assyrian Nestorian scholar, physician, and scientist, known for his work in translating scientific and medical works in Greek into Arabic and Syriac during the glory years of the Abbasid Caliphate. unayn ibn Isaq was the most productive translator of Greek medical and scientific treatises. He was originally from southern Iraq but he spent his working life in Baghdad, the center of the great ninth-century Greek-into-Arabic/Syriac translation movement. Impressively, Hunayn's translations did not require corrections at all. This perfection possibly came about because he mastered four languages: Arabic, Syriac, Greek and Persian. He studied Greek and became known among the Arabs as the "Sheikh of the translators." Hunayns method was widely followed by later translators. In the Abbasid era, a new interest has arisen in extending the studies of Greek science in the Middle East. At that time, there was a vast amount of information in Greek language pertaining to philosophy, mathematics, natural science, and medicine. However, this valuable information was at that time accessible only to a very small minority of Middle Eastern scholars who knew the Greek language. Therefore, a need for an organized translation move was imminent. Within time, Hunayn ibn Ishaq became arguably known as the chief translator of that era, beside laying out the foundations of Islamic medicine. In his lifetime, Ishaq translated 116 writings, a few of which were Platos Timaeus, Aristotles Metaphysics, and the Ol...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1101492 ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Al-Kindi, Du Cong, Ivar the Boneless, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Rodulf Haraldsson, Banū Mūsā, Emperor Yizong of Tang, Gunther, Lethlobar Mac Loingsig, Rodrigo of Castile, Vímara Peres, Ecgberht I of Northumbria, Thachulf, Duke of Thuringia, Shinshō. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt:(Arabic: ) (c. 801873 CE), also known to the West by the Latinized version of his name Alkindus, was an Arab Iraqi polymath: an Islamic philosopher, scientist, astrologer, astronomer, cosmologist, chemist, logician, mathematician, musician, physician, physicist, psychologist, and meteorologist. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim Peripatetic philosophers, and is known for his efforts to introduce Greek and Hellenistic philosophy to the Arab world, and as a pioneer in chemistry, medicine, music theory, physics, psychology,the philosophy of science, and is also known for being one of the fathers of cryptography. Al-Kindi was a descendant of the Kinda tribe which is a well known Arabic tribe native of Najd (present day Saudi Arabia). He was born and educated in Kufa, before pursuing further studies in Baghdad. Al-Kindi became a prominent figure in the House of Wisdom, and a number of Abbasid Caliphs appointed him to oversee the translation of Greek scientific and philosophical texts into the Arabic language. This contact with "the philosophy of the ancients" (as Greek and Hellenistic philosophy was often referred to by Muslim scholars) had a profound effect on his intellectual development, and led him to write original treatises on subjects ranging from Islamic ethics and metaphysics to Islamic mathematics and pharmacology. In mathematics, al-Kindi played an important role in introducing Indian numerals to the Islamic and Christian world. He was a pioneer in cryptanalysis and cr...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=272065 ... Read more