1. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Gerard Of Cremona (Catholic Encyclopedia)Category Society Religion and Spirituality G......Home Catholic Encyclopedia G gerard of cremona. gerard of cremona.A twelfthcentury student of Arabic science and translator http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06468a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... G > Gerard of Cremona A B C D ... Z Gerard of Cremona A twelfth-century student of Arabic science and translator from Arabic into Latin; born at Cremona, in 1114; died in 1187. The place and date of Gerard's birth are not given in any document prior to the fourteenth century. Tiraboschi, in his "Storia della letteratura italiana", is at pains to refute the contention of some Spanish writers that Gerard was born, not at Cremona in Italy, but at Carmona in Spain. While conceding that Gerard spent a good many years at Toledo, Tiraboschi shows that Cremona and not Carmona is his birthplace. In fact, the manuscripts of his writings style him Cremonensis , or Chremonensis (which seems to be a corrupt form of Cremonensis WILLIAM TURNER Transcribed by Gerard Loiselle The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VI Nihil Obstat, September 1, 1909. Remy Lafort, Censor Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York We also recommend The Catholic Company and Aquinas and More and The Catholic Store for Catholic books and gifts. Subscribe to our FREE Catholic newsletter.

2. Gerard Of Cremona gerard of cremona Copyright 1995 by Isaac Hunter Dunlap gerard of cremona (c.11141187) was the greatest and most prolific Arabic translator of his time.(1) His Latin http://www.wiu.edu/users/mfihd/research/gerard/gerard.html

GERARD OF CREMONA Gerard of Cremona (c.1114-1187) was the greatest and most prolific Arabic translator of his time.(1) His Latin translations of over seventy seminal works in the sciences introduced the advanced Greek and Arab world to an intellectually impoverished Europe during the Middle Ages. His translations are credited with providing the classical foundations for the work of such thinkers as Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas and Copernicus. Yet today, little is known about this linguistic pioneer who worked on the intellectual frontier dividing Christendom and the Muslim world. Toledo, Spain was taken by Alfonso VI of Leon (and El Cid) from the Muslims in 1085 and it soon became the capital of Castile. A scholarly community, "The School of Toledo," (2) rose under the leadership of the French Archbishop Raymond who reigned from 1126 until his death in 1152. Raymond knew the wealth of knowledge and scientific expertise which the Muslim world possessed and desired that Christendom gain access to its riches. Archdeacon Dominic Gundisalvi undertook many translations and directed the Bureau of Translation founded by Raymond.(3) Under Raymond's patronage, such translating giants as Gerard and John of Seville (a converted Jew) flourished and schools developed around them.(4) These "schools" included scribal and linguistic assistants, apprentices, and Arabic manuscript hunters. Toledo attracted other first rate scholars from all over Europe including Adelard of Bath, Robert of Chester, Rudolf of Bruges and Hermann of Carinthia. By the middle of the thirteenth century, scholars such as these had translated the bulk of ancient science into Latin. The writings of such greats as Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid and Hippocrates had been preserved in Arabic for hundreds of years. Muslim intellectual giants had also been writing commentaries and expanding on the Greek works for generations. Toledo represented the intellectual door through which this incredible storehouse of knowledge would become known to the West.(5)

3. Gerard Of Cremona Praize The all in one Christian Search Engine. Christian Community with free email, Christian singles, chat, news, forums, Christian shopping, articles, and Christian event listings http://www.wiu.edu/users/mfihd/research/gerard

Welcome to Gerard's page! This project was developed through research prepared for an Advanced Reference Seminar led by Dr. James V. Carmichael, Jr. at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro in the Spring of 1995. The class mandate was for each student to choose an obscure historical figure and conduct exhaustive research so that a would-be biographer would have the resources necessary to write a definitive biography on the individual. Gerard, a fascinating figure who translated important Arabic manuscripts into Latin in twelfth century Spain, was my obscure figure of choice. The following essay is an early draft of an extended article recently published in the Bulletin of Bibliography [53 (December 1996): 379-389] under the title Gerard of Cremona: A Manuscript Location Guide and Annotated Bibliography Gerard of Cremona Essay Socii Biography of Gerard Take the Gerard Quiz! Other Research ... Isaac Hunter Dunlap

4. Gerard Of Cremona gerard of cremona (c. 1114 1187), the medieval translator of Ptolemy's Astronomy, was born at Cremona, Lombardy, in or about 1114. http://home.t-online.de/home/nikolaus.urban/gerard.html

GERARD OF CREMONA (c. 1114– 1187), the medieval translator of Ptolemy's Astronomy, was born at Cremona, Lombardy, in or about 1114. Dissatisfied with the meagre philosophies of his Italian teachers, he went to Toledo to study in Spanish Moslem schools, then so famous as depositories and interpreters of ancient wisdom; and, having thus acquired a knowledge of the Arabic language, he appears to have devoted the remainder of his life to the business of making Latin translations from its literature. The date of his return to his native town is uncertain, but he is known to have died there in 1187. His most celebrated work is the Latin version by which alone Ptolemy's Almagest Tables of "Arzakhel,” or Al Zarkala of Toledo, Al Farabi On the Sciences (De scientiis), Euclid's Geometry, Al Farghani's Elements of Astronomy, and treatises on algebra, arithmetic and astrology. In the last-named latitudes are reckoned from Cremona and Toledo. Some of the works, however, with which he has been credited (including the Theoria or Theorica planetarum

5. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Index For G Miles Gerard, Richard Gerard Majella, Saint gerard of cremona Gerardus Odonis GerasaGerberon, Gabriel Gerbet, OlympePhillipe Gerbillon, Jean-François Gerdil http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/g.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... Catholic Encyclopedia > G A B C D ... F G H I J K ... Z G Gabala Gabbatha Gaboon Gabriel the Archangel, Saint ... Gallifet, Joseph de French Jesuit (1663-1749) Gallipoli Gallitzin, Adele Amalie Gallitzin, Demetrius Augustine Galloway, Diocese of ... Gallwey, Peter Famous London priest (1820-1906 Galtelli-Nuoro Galvani, Luigi Galveston Galway and Kilmacduagh ... Gamaliel Famous Pharisee and Rabbi Gamans, Jean Gambling Gams, Pius Bonifacius Ecclesiastical historian (1816-1892) Gandolphy, Peter Gangra Gansfort, John Wessel Gap ... Garcilasso de la Vega Spanish poet (1503-1536) Garcilasso de la Vega Historian of Peru (1539-1617) Gardellini, Aloisio Garet, Jean Gargara Garland ... Gaudentius, Saint Bishop of Brescia (387-410) Gaudentius of Brescia Gaudete Sunday Gaudier, Antoine de Gaudiosus ... Gelasius I, Pope Saint Reigned 492-496 Gelasius II, Pope Reigned 1118-1119 Gelasius of Cyzicus Gemblours Genealogy (in the Bible) Genealogy of Christ ... Genevieve, Saint Patroness of Paris (419-512) Genezareth, Land of Genga, Girolamo Gennadius I, Saint Gennadius II ... Germanus I, Saint Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 733) Germany German Literature Germany, Vicariate Apostolic of Northern

6. Gherard science and philosophy in medieval universities from the start of the thirteenthcentury owes its stimulation in greater part to the work of gerard of cremona. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gherard.html

Gherard of Cremona Born: 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died: 1187 in Toledo, Spain Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Gherard of Cremona 's name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard. After being educated in Italy, he realised that European education was narrow and that he decided that he would try to make the riches of Arabic science available to European scholars through Latin translations of the major works in Arabic. For this reason Gherard went to Toledo in Spain where his intention was to learn Arabic so he could read Ptolemy 's Almagest since no Latin translations existed at that time. Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gherard went to Spain, he was certainly there by 1144. He remained there for most of the rest of his life and although he does not appear to have gathered a school around him, he certainly appears to have had quite a lot of assistance. He may have employed helpers who assisted him in the copying and checking of manuscripts and other chores associated with the great translation industry that he started. In all over a period of forty years, Gherard translated around eighty works from Arabic to Latin. The complete list of works which he translated is given in [1]. Some of these translations were of Arabic works while others were of Greek works which had been translated into Arabic. Often however, the works were a mixture in the sense that they were Arabic commentaries on Greek works.

7. References For Gherard Books HLL Busard, The Latin translation of the Arabic version of Euclid's 'Elements'commonly ascribed to gerard of cremona Introduction, edition and http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Gherard.html

References for Gherard Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Books: H L L Busard, The Latin translation of the Arabic version of Euclid's 'Elements' commonly ascribed to Gerard of Cremona : Introduction, edition and critical apparatus (Leiden, 1984). Articles: History of mathematics (San Diego, CA, 1996), 173-205. Centaurus R Lemay, Gerard of Cremona, Dictionary of the Middle Ages (New York, 1983), 422-423. Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR November 1999 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/Gherard.html

8. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA Gerard Of Cremona Home Catholic Encyclopedia G gerard of cremona. Join New Advent's Catholicmailing list! Start your FREE subscription today. gerard of cremona. http://www.knight.org/advent/cathen/06468a.htm

9. Gerard Of Cremona (ca. 1114-1187) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific B gerard of cremona (ca. 11141187), Italian scholar who was interested in Greek science,and learned Arabic to be able to translate preserved works from Arabic. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Gerard.html

Branch of Science Scholars Nationality Italian Gerard of Cremona (ca. 1114-1187) Italian scholar who was interested in Greek science, and learned Arabic to be able to translate preserved works from Arabic. He spent much of his life in Toledo, which had been a Muslim center of learning, but was reconquered by the Spanish in 1085. It was an ideal environment, with many Arabic works present learned Arabs available for consultation. He translated 92 works in all, including the Almagest, Elements, Al-Khwarizmi's work, Galen , the Hippocratic writers, and the physical works of Aristotle . Unfortunately, the mathematical sophistication of the Greeks was beyond his abilities, so he could not even understand the Almagest after translating it. Author: Eric W. Weisstein

10. GERARD OF CREMONA gerard of cremona. gerard of cremona (c. 1114—1187), the medieval translatorof Ptolemy’s Astronomy, was born at Cremona, Lombardy, in or about 1114. http://23.1911encyclopedia.org/G/GE/GERARD_OF_CREMONA.htm

document.write(""); GERARD OF CREMONA young plants should be raised from cuttings about March, and grown on during the summer, but should not be allowed to flower. When blossoms are required, they should be placed close up to the glass in a light house with a temperature of 65°, only just as much water being given as will keep them growing. For bedding purposes the zonal varieties are best struck towards the middle of August in the open air, taken up and potted or planted in boxes as soon as struck, and preserved in frames or in the greenhouse during winter. The fancy varieties root best early in spring from the halfripened shoots; they are slower growers, and rather more delicate in constitution than the zonal varieties, and very impatient of excess of water at the root. GERARD, ARCHBP. OF YORK See the Tractatus Eboracenses edited by H. Bochmer in Libelli de ide Sacerdotii et Imperii, vol. iii. (in the Monumenta hist. Germaniae, quarto series), and the same author’s Kirche und Staat in England und in der Normandie (Leipzig, 1899). (H. W. C. D.) GERARD (c. 1040—1120), variously surnamed TuM, TUNe, TENQUE or THOM, founder of the order of the knights of St John of Jerusalem (q.v.), was born at Amalfi about the year 1040. According to other accounts Martigues in Provence was his birthplace, while one authority even names the Château d’Avesnes in Hainaut. Either as a soldier or a merchant, he found his way to Jerusalem, where a hospice had for some time existed for the convenience of those who wished to visit the holy places. Of this institution Gerard became guardian or provost at a date not later than 1100; and here he organized that religious order of St John which received papal recognition from Paschal 11. in 1113, by a bull which was renewed and confirmed by Calixtus II. shortly before the death of Gerard in 1120.

11. DODECHEDRON : Gerard Of Cremona Astronomical Geomancy (E.V.) GERARD CREMONENSIS. OF. ASTRONOMICAL GEOMANCY. Because Astronomy isso transcendent and subtle , an Art in it self, that therein a http://www.geomance.com/dodecaev/gdcev.htm

GERARD CREMONENSIS OF ASTRONOMICAL GEOMANCY. B Note Picture of an astrological square divided in twelve houses with planets and zodiac symbols Questions of the first House. Jupiter signifies Bishops, Prelates, Nobles, Potentates, Judges, Wife men, Merchants and furers. Mars signifies Warriors, Incendiaries, Homicides, Physitians, Barbers, Hangmen, Gold-smiths, Cooks, furnaces, and all fireworks. And if Mars be in strong Signs, he will be poor and die in captivity, unless he put himself in arms with some souldier of vassal. The Sun sinifieth Emperors, Kings, Princes, Nobles, Lords and Judges. Venus signifies Queens and Ladies, Mariages, Communications, Friendship, Apothecaries, Taylors, and such as make Ornaments for playes , sellers of Cloth, Jesters, Vintners, Players at dice, Whores and Robbers. Mercury signifies Clerks, Philosophers, Astrologers, Geometricians, Arithmeticians, Latine writers, and Painters, and all subtil Artists, as well men as women, and their Arts. Questions of the second House. If you would know whether you shall have again a thing lent, or not, look if there be an evil Planet in the second, and disagreeing wich his Lord; then he that detaineth the thing lent, will not willingly render back the same : But if there be a good Planet in the second, and agreeing with his Lord, it shall easily be recovered ; and if the Lord of the second be exalted and be evil , or if an evil Planet be with him in the second , or if the Lord of the second be exalted, be which keepeth the thing deposited, will not willingly restore the fame, but he shall do it whether he will or not. And if an evil Planet be in the second, it's to be recovered: But if Mercury be in the second so that he be his Lord, and bringeth contrariety, then it shall be recovered; and if a good Planet be in the second House, he signifies recovery, although he be the Lord thereof, Mark therefore the concord and discord of the Planets:

12. SAMARKAND Image Map Page Translate this page ..We could possibly date the third stage from 1157 to 1187, the years that the Italiantranslator Girardus Cremonensis (gerard of cremona) would seem to have http://www.geomance.com/dodecaev/atlasev.htm

Dodechedron Bookmarks Géomancie maghrébine Géomancie provençale Géomancie italienne Sources de Perse ... Divers L'illustration ci-dessus et sa légende sont directement inspirée de la " Carte du voyage géomantique " qui illustre le stimulant chapitre "Ecrits des Pierres sur le Chemin" du livre "Géomancie, Pratiques et interprétations" par Philippe Dubois , 1986, Albin Michel ( Chap. II, p. 41 Cette carte donne l'instantané de la répartition géographique de la géomancie et synthétise sa diffusion historique (par les flèches noires) : Feng (vent) et Shui (eau) signifient en chinois "lieu géomantique"... La diffusion de cette pratique divinatoire a été très importante. On la retrouve aussi bien en Extrême Orient, aux Indes, à Madagascar, en Afrique ou en Amérique du Sud qu'à Byzance ou en Europe, où certaines universités ont même développé un enseignement spécifiquement géomantique. " Résumé pour le journal " Le Monde ", par Jean-Michel Dumay , de l'émission " L'homme entre ciel et terre " diffusée par France-Culture (série "Les chemins de la connaissance").

13. Islamic Medical Manuscripts: Bio-Bibliographies gerard of cremona (d. AD 1187) gerard of cremona, working in Toledo, was responsiblefor translating into Latin both Arabic original medical treatises and http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/bioG.html

Bio-Bibliographies A B C D ... F G H I J K ... Z Galen, d. ca. 216 AD) The most important physician of the Roman Empire and arguably the most influential physician in medical history. Galen wrote entirely in Greek, and his medical writings preserved today are voluminous. Most of them were translated into Arabic in the ninth century in Baghdad, and through those translations Galen became the most important formative influence on medieval Islamic medicine. see Vivian Nutton, "Roman medicine 250 BC to AD 200" in The Western Medical Tradition ed. L. Conrad, M. Neve and others (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1995) pp. 39-70, esp. pp. 58-70; Vivian Nutton, "Galen's Philosophical Testament: "On My Own Opinions", pp. 27-51 in Aristoteles Werk und Wirkung , Band 2: Kommentierung, Uberlieferung, Nachleben, , ed. Jurgen Wiesner (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1987); Owsei Temkin, Galenism: Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy , (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1973); Sezgin, GAS III , pp. 68-140; and Ullmann, Medizin , pp. 35-68. Gerard of Cremona d.

14. Islamic Medical Manuscripts : Catalogue - Encycolopedias 8 The Canon of Medicine was widely read by Europeans in the Latin translationof gerard of cremona made in the 12th century. So great http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/E8.html

Catalogue : Medical Encyclopedias Encyclopedias Kitab al-Qanun fi al-tibb MS A53 The Canon on Medicine known to Europeans as Avicenna (d. 1037/428 H) This massive general medical encyclopaedia was composed over a lengthy period of time as its author moved westward from Gurgan in northern Iran, where it was begun, to Rayy near modern Teheran and then to Hamadan even further southwest, where it was completed. The sheer size of the encyclopaedia tended to reinforce its authoritative nature, and even its title Qanun , meaning "canon" or "codes of law", contributed to this view. The Canon of Medicine was widely read by Europeans in the Latin translation of Gerard of Cremona made in the 12th century. So great was the interest in this mammoth medical textbook that late in the 15th century Girolamo Ramusio attempted to improve upon Gerard of Cremona's Latin translation by comparing it with an Arabic manuscript , and in 1527 a new Latin version was published that had been made by Andrea Alpago (d. 1522), who had resided in Damascus for thirty years as a physician in the service of the Venetian Republic and had used his fluency in Arabic not only to translate it but also to append an Arabic-Latin glossary of terms. Between 1500 and 1674 some sixty editions of part or all of the Canon were published in Europe, mostly intended for use in university medical training. The work consists of five "books". The first book (

15. Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica, gerard of cremona Encyclopædia Britannica Article. MLAstyle gerard of cremona. 2003 Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=37242

16. Books And Articles Referred To In The Note By Menso Folkerts HLL Busard, The Latin translation of the Arabic version of Euclid's Elements commonlyascribed to gerard of cremona (Leiden New Rhine Publishers, 1983). http://www.math.ubc.ca/people/faculty/cass/Euclid/folkerts/refs.html

Books and articles referred to in the note by Menso Folkerts A. Allard al-Khwarizmi R. O. Besthorn et al., Codex Leidensis 399,1. Euclidis Elementa ex interpretatione al-Hadschdschadschii cum commentariis al-Narizii (Copenhagen, 1893-1932). B. Bischoff , in: Mittelalterliche Studien , Bd.3 (Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann, 1981). Sonja Brentjes al-Haggag b. Yusuf b. Matar (zwischen 786 und 833), in: Archive for History of Exact Sciences XLVII (1994) 53-92. Sonja Brentjes , The Relevance of Non-Primary Sources for the Recovery of the Primary Transmission of Euclid's Elements into Arabic, in: Tradition, Transmission, Transformation. Proceedings of Two Conferences on Pre-modern Science held at the University of Oklahoma. Edited by F. J. Ragep and S. R. Ragep with St. Livesey. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996, pp.201-225. Sonja Brentjes , Additions to Book I in the Arabic Traditions of Euclid's Elements , in XV, no. 1-2, New Series (1997/98) 55-117. H. L. L. Busard , Some Early Adaptations of Euclid's Elements and the Use of its Latin Translations, in: , ed. M. Folkerts and U. Lindgren (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1985), pp.129-164, esp. p.136.

17. APIANUS, Petrus And JABIR Ibn AFLAH, Instrumentum Primi Mobilis, A Petro Apiano the correct date of the first edition, 1534). br The majority of the text (pp 146)is occupied by the first printing of gerard of cremona's translation into http://www.polybiblio.com/watbooks/2416.html

'... Jabir was better known in the West through Gerard of Cremona's translation. His name was used as that of an authority who criticized Ptolemy. But more serious was his influence on Western trigonometry... His most important influence was upon Regiomontanus' De triangulis, written in the early 1460s and printed in 1533, which systematized trigonometry for the Latin West. The core of the fourth book of this treatise is taken from Jabir without acknowledgement: the plagiarism was the subject of several pungent remarks by Cardano. Jabir was still quoted in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries - for instance, by Sir Henry Savile and Pedro Nuñez. Copernicus' spherical trigonometry is of the same general type, but we have no reason to believe it was taken straight from the Islah. He called Jabir an "egregious calumniator of Ptolemy"' (DSB). This work was translated by Gerard of Cremona, from the revised text, ca 1185, of Maimonides and his pupil Joseph ibn 'Aqnin. Adams A1292; Van Ortroy 107; Stillwell 21 (Apianus), 68 (Jabir, Astronomy) and 181 (Jabir, Mathematics); Zinner 1553; NUC: DFo NN MH RPJCB MiU MH NcU PBL PPULC; OCLC adds Adler Planetarium, Linda Hall Library, University of Oklahoma, Mount Angel Abbey Library, Lehigh University, Marquette University, Burndy Library, and University of Minnesota"> W. P. Watson Antiquarian Books

18. ALBUCASIS [Abu'l Qasim Al-Zahrawi], GUY DE CHAULIAC, And JESU HALY [Ali Ibn-Isa, His surgical and chemopharmaceutical writings were highly regarded in theWest after they were translated into Latin by gerard of cremona http://www.polybiblio.com/watbooks/2353.html

W. P. Watson Antiquarian Books ALBUCASIS [Abu'l Qasim Al-Zahrawi], GUY DE CHAULIAC, and JESU HALY [Ali Ibn-Isa, al-Kahhal] Cyrurgia parva Guidonis. Cyrurgia Albucasis cu[m] cauteriis et aliis instrumentis. Tractatus de oculis Jesui Hali. Tractatus de oculis Canamusali. [colophon:] Venice, Bonetus Locatellus for the heirs of Octavianus Scotus, 1500/01 Folio (315 x 220 mm), ff 42; 26, with 213 woodcut illustrations of surgical instruments in the text, and Locatellus' woodcut device on colophon leaf; the final leaf with small repair to outer margin, a very good, clean copy in vellum-backed boards. £35,000 First edition of this important collection, containing the first printing of Albucasis' surgical classic and the first printing of Guy de Chauliac's Chirurgia parva, along with two important ophthalmological works. Many of the operative procedures and instruments described by Abulcasis do not appear in extant classical writings and may therefore be regarded as his own, or at least as being part of a distinctly Arabic practice. 'The work contains some of the earliest illustrations of dental instruments' (Garrison and Morton p 572). 'The chief influence of Abulcasis on the medical system of Europe was that his lucidity and method of presentation awakened a prepossession in favour of Arabic literature among the scholars of the West: the methods of Abulcasis eclipsed those of Galen and maintained a dominant position in medical Europe for five hundred years ... Abulcasis' description of operations are clear and particularly valuable because they portray the figures of surgical instruments in the Middle Ages' (Campbell p 88). See M.S. Pink and G.L. Lewis, Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments, London 1973.

19. Myriobiblos On Line Library Of The Church Of Greece - English Texts The first high point of the school was reached with gerard of cremona; 123 Gerarddelivered a wealth of AraboLatin translations to Scholastic philosophy http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/Walter_Berschin_38.html

On Line Library of the Church of Greece Walter Berschin From the Middle of the Eleven Century to the Latin Conquest of Constantinople From: Greek Letters and the Latin Middle Ages. From Jerome to Nicholas of Cusa . Translated by Jerold C. Frakes. Revised and expanded edition.The Catholic University of America Press, http://cuapress.cua.edu/ 8. Spain and the Arabism of the High Middle Ages- Dionysius the Areopagite in the West The myth of the Dark Ages no longer determines the consideration of the epoch with which we are here concerned, the period between 1100 and 1150. It has, on the contrary, become the custom to speak of a "Renaissance of the twelfth century": the darkness has receded to more remote periods. Ιn due course of time, however, it will appear that the attribute of darkness refers rather to the modern historian's lack of knowledge than to any lack of thought in those centuries. Klibansky, "The School of Chartres,"

20. GERARD, ARCHBP. OF YORK gerard of cremona (c. 1114—1187), the medieval translator of Ptolemy’sAstronomy, was born at Cremona, Lombardy, in or about 1114. http://21.1911encyclopedia.org/G/GE/GERARD_ARCHBP_OF_YORK.htm

document.write(""); GERARD, ARCHBP. OF YORK young plants should be raised from cuttings about March, and grown on during the summer, but should not be allowed to flower. When blossoms are required, they should be placed close up to the glass in a light house with a temperature of 65°, only just as much water being given as will keep them growing. For bedding purposes the zonal varieties are best struck towards the middle of August in the open air, taken up and potted or planted in boxes as soon as struck, and preserved in frames or in the greenhouse during winter. The fancy varieties root best early in spring from the halfripened shoots; they are slower growers, and rather more delicate in constitution than the zonal varieties, and very impatient of excess of water at the root. GERARD, ARCHBP. OF YORK See the Tractatus Eboracenses edited by H. Bochmer in Libelli de ide Sacerdotii et Imperii, vol. iii. (in the Monumenta hist. Germaniae, quarto series), and the same author’s Kirche und Staat in England und in der Normandie (Leipzig, 1899). (H. W. C. D.) GERARD (c. 1040—1120), variously surnamed TuM, TUNe, TENQUE or THOM, founder of the order of the knights of St John of Jerusalem (q.v.), was born at Amalfi about the year 1040. According to other accounts Martigues in Provence was his birthplace, while one authority even names the Château d’Avesnes in Hainaut. Either as a soldier or a merchant, he found his way to Jerusalem, where a hospice had for some time existed for the convenience of those who wished to visit the holy places. Of this institution Gerard became guardian or provost at a date not later than 1100; and here he organized that religious order of St John which received papal recognition from Paschal 11. in 1113, by a bull which was renewed and confirmed by Calixtus II. shortly before the death of Gerard in 1120.

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