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This digital document is a journal article from European Journal of Operational Research, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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In this paper we study both the non-preemptive and preemptive versions of the popular unit-time open shop scheduling problem. For the set of feasible schedules which satisfy a predetermined order of job completion times, we construct the linear description of the convex hull of the vectors of the job completion times. Based on the properties of the resulting scheduling polyhedron, we show that the problem of constructing an optimal schedule minimizing an arbitrary non-decreasing separable cost function of job completion times is polynomially solvable. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Childhood Education, published by Association for Childhood Education International on September 22, 2009. The length of the article is 4035 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Title: Drawing opens pathways to problem solving for young children.
Author: Cathleen S. Soundy
Publication: Childhood Education (Magazine/Journal)
Date: September 22, 2009
Publisher: Association for Childhood Education International
Volume: 86Issue: 1Page: 7(7)

Distributed by Gale, a part of Cengage Learning ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Reliability Engineering and System Safety, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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The principal purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive overview of generalized information theory (GIT): a research program whose objective is to develop a broad treatment of uncertainty-based information, not restricted to classical notions of uncertainty. After a brief overview of classical information theories, a broad framework for formalizing uncertainty and the associated uncertainty-based information of a great spectrum of conceivable types is sketched. The various theories of imprecise probabilities that have already been developed within this framework are then surveyed, focusing primarily on some important unifying principles applying to all these theories. This is followed by introducing two higher levels of the theories of imprecise probabilities: (i) the level of measuring the amount of relevant uncertainty (predictive, retrodictive, prescriptive, diagnostic, etc.) in any situation formalizable in each given theory, and (ii) the level of some methodological principles of uncertainty, which are contingent upon the capability to measure uncertainty and the associated uncertainty-based information. Various issues regarding both the measurement of uncertainty and the uncertainty principles are discussed. Again, the focus is on unifying principles applicable to all the theories. Finally, the current status of GIT is assessed and future research in the area is discussed. ... Read more

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Publisher: New York, E. P. Dutton ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from European Journal of Operational Research, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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The problem studied in this paper is different from the basic vehicle routing problem in that the vehicles do not return to the distribution depot after delivering the goods to the customers or, if they do so, they must visit the same customers, for the collection of goods, in the reverse order. The practical importance of this problem has been established some decades ago, but it has received very little attention from researchers. In this paper we present a new tabu search algorithm that explores the structure of this type of problem and we compare its performance with another heuristic designed for the same purpose, which has been published recently. ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In science and mathematics, an open problem or an open question is a known problem that can be accurately stated, and has not yet been solved (no solution for it is known). Notable examples of for-long open problems in mathematics, that have been solved and closed by researchers in the late twentieth century, are Fermat's Last Theorem and the four color map theorem. Important open problems exist in many fields, such as theoretical computer science, physics and mathematics. One of the most important open problems in biochemistry is how to predict a protein's structure from its sequence - this is the protein structure prediction problem. It is common in graduate schools to point out open problems to students. Graduate students as well as faculty members often engage in research to solve such problems. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Computers and Operations Research, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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In the open vehicle routing problem (OVRP), a vehicle does not return to the depot after servicing the last customer on a route. The description of this variant of the standard vehicle routing problem appeared in the literature over 20 years ago, but has just recently attracted the attention of practitioners and researchers. Today, the OVRP is encountered in practice in the home delivery of packages and newspapers. Contractors who are not employees of the delivery company use their own vehicles and do not return to the depot. In the last five years, tabu search, deterministic annealing, and large neighborhood search have been applied to the OVRP with some success. In this paper, we review OVRP algorithms, develop a variant of our record-to-record travel algorithm for the standard vehicle routing problem to handle open routes, and report computational results on test problems taken from the literature. Finally, we develop a set of eight large-scale problems that range in size from 200 to 480 nodes and report solutions generated by our record-to-record travel algorithm on this test set. ... Read more

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Chapters: Origin of Water on Earth, Open Problem, List of Unsolved Problems in Biology. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 18. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The question of the origin of water on Earth, or more accurately put, the question of why there is clearly more water on the Earth than on the other planets of the Solar System, has not been clarified. There are several acknowledged theories as to how the world's oceans were formed over the past 4.6 billion years. Some of the most likely contributory factors to the origin of the Earth's oceans are as follows: A sizeable quantity of water would have been in the material which formed the Earth. Water molecules would have escaped Earth's gravity more easily when it was less massive during its formation. Hydrogen and helium are expected to continually leak from the atmosphere, but the lack of denser noble gases in the modern atmosphere suggests that something disastrous happened to the early atmosphere. Part of the young planet is theorized to have been disrupted by the impact which created the Moon, which should have caused melting of one or two large areas. Present composition does not match complete melting and it is hard to completely melt and mix huge rock masses. However, a fair fraction of material should have been vaporized by this impact, creating a rock-vapor atmosphere around the young planet. The rock-vapor would have condensed within two thousand years, leaving behind hot volatiles which probably resulted in a heavy carbon dioxide atmosphere with hydrogen and water vapor. Liquid water oceans existed despite the surface temperature of 230°C because of the atmospheric pressure of the heavy CO2 atmosphere. As cooling continued, subduction and dissolving in ocean water removed most CO2 from the atmosphere but levels osci...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=4224324 ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Mathematical Behavior, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Results from an earlier study conducted by the researchers [Cai, J., & Cifarelli, V.V. (2005). Exploring mathematical exploration: How two college students formulated and solved their own mathematical problems? Focus on Learning Problems in Mathematics, 27(3), 43-72] illustrated and explained several characteristics of the solvers' mathematical explorations in open-ended problem situations. The current study continues our efforts to understand this important process by extending the results of the earlier study in two ways. First, the analysis broadens the scope of the original study by examining the solver's mathematical exploration across a pair of open-ended tasks, the Billiard Ball and Number Array tasks. This enabled us to determine if the results of the earlier study could be replicated and if the consistency of general processes of mathematical exploration processes could be confirmed across different problem tasks and contexts. Second, the results build on the findings of the earlier study by refinement and clarification of the individual processes found in the earlier study. In these ways, the results of the original study are generalized and there is refinement of the individual processes that were identified. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from European Journal of Operational Research, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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This paper deals with pre-emptive open-shop scheduling problems with time-windows. Network flow procedures to check feasibility and a max-flow parametrical algorithm to minimize the makespan are introduced. Also, computational complexities are evaluated for these feasibility and optimization algorithms. The proposed method is a strongly polynomial algorithm to minimize the makespan of the pre-emptive open-shop scheduling problems with time-windows strictly respected. Finally, the applications of the proposed algorithms are illustrated with numerical examples. ... Read more

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In this book we study different aspects regardingsecurity and privacy issues related to sensornetworks, mobile ad hoc networks, vehicular ad hocnetworks and social networks. Sensor networks have awide variety of applications related to eventsurveillance like emergency response or habitatmonitoring. Ad hoc networks are suited for use insituations where deploying an infrastructure is notcost effective or is not possible for any otherreason. When the nodes of an ad hoc network are smallmobile devices (cell phones or PDAs), such a networkis called mobile ad hoc network. If mobile nodes areembedded in cars, then that network is calledvehicular ad hoc network. Social networks differ fromthe special-purpose networks commented above in thatthey are not physical networks. Social networks areapplications that work through classic networks. Theycan be defined as a community of web users where eachuser can publish and share information and services.Open problems and different solutions providingsecure and private information transmission in eachscenario are presented. ... Read more

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"Open Problems in Linguistics and Lexicography" collects contribution written by some of the most representative working scientists in this field of research: Jan Blommaert, Robert G. Clark, Theodorus du Plessis, Helmut Gruber, Angela Ralli, Reinhard R.K. Hartmann, Georgeta Ciobanu, Kyo Kageura, Asanee Kawtrakul, Igor Mel'cuk, Eloina Miyares Bermudez, Leonel Ruiz Miyares, Kwesi Kwaa Prah.This publication aims to propose new trends and perspectives through which to analyse the past, the present and the future of Linguistics (with particular focus on Lexicography). ... Read more

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The theory of function spaces endowed with the topology of point wise convergence, or Cp-theory, exists at the intersection of three important areas of mathematics: topological algebra, functional analysis, and general topology. Cp-theory has an important role in the classification and unification of heterogeneous results from each of these areas of research. Through over 500 carefully selected problems and exercises, this volume provides a self-contained introduction to Cp-theory and general topology. By systematically introducing each of the major topics in Cp-theory, this volume is designed to bring a dedicated reader from basic topological principles to the frontiers of modern research. Key features include:- A unique problem-based introduction to the theory of function spaces.- Detailed solutions to each of the presented problems and exercises.- A comprehensive bibliography reflecting the state-of-the-art in modern Cp-theory.- Numerous open problems and directions for further research.This volume can be used as a textbook for courses in both Cp-theory and general topology as well as a reference guide for specialists studying Cp-theory and related topics. This book also provides numerous topics for PhD specialization as well as a large variety of material suitable for graduate research. ... Read more

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Organisational Structures and Processes provides a framework for students to examine the varied and dynamic nature of organization's structures and internal relations. The workbook looks at: * The identification, evaluation and designing of organizational structures * Communications in organizations * Identifying and changing organizational culture ... Read more