Product Description
A Practical Guide to Engineering Failure Investigation has been written with the specific purpose of helping those involved in serious engineering failures. When mechanical plant fails, the technical, legal and contractual issues become very involved and complicated, and deciding causation can be difficult and prolonged. The principles and methodologies explained here will help
engineers to link their technical knowledge to the commercial realities of working with insurers, loss adjusters and their representatives.

This book is essential reading for consultants, expert witnesses and all engineers who may become involved in commercial failure investigations.

CONTENTS INCLUDE:

• How to use this book
• Professional roles and responsibilities
• Strategy and tactics of failure investigation
• The inspection visit
• Doing a design and operation appraisal
• Mechanisms of failure
• Deciding causation
• How to present your conclusions
• Insurance investigations – deferring failure ‘events’ and proximate cause – subrogation.

Product Description
The first edition of this comprehensive work quickly filled the need for an in-depth handbook on concrete construction engineering and technology. Living up to the standard set by its bestselling predecessor, this second edition of the Concrete Construction Engineering Handbook covers the entire range of issues pertaining to the construction and design of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures.

New and Updated Topics Include —

·         The latest advances in engineered concrete materials and special concrete applications includingFormwork, D.W. Johnston
Introduction
Types of Formwork
Formwork Standards and Recommended Practices
Loads and Pressure on Formwork
Formwork Design Criteria
Formwork Design
Slab-Form Design Example
Wall-Form Design Example
Construction Loading in High-Rise Buildings, S. K. Ghosh
Introduction
Construction Loads
Properties of Concrete at Early Ages
Strength Consequences of Construction Loads
Serviceability Consequences of Construction Loads
Codes and Standards
Deflection of Concrete Members, R.S. Fling and A. Scanlon
Introduction
Elastic Calculation Methods
Other Calculation Considerations
Factors Affecting Deflection
Reducing Deflection of Concrete Members
Allowable Deflections
Structural Concrete Systems, S.W. McConnel
Overview
Building Loads
Composite Steel-Concrete Construction
Foundations
Structural Frames
Concrete Slab and Plate Systems
Liquid Containing Structures
Mass Concrete
On-Site Precasting—Tilt-Up Construction
Lift-Site Construction
Slip-Form Construction
Prestressed Concrete
Construction of Prestressed Concrete, B.C. Gerwick
Introduction
Concrete and Its Components
Reinforcement and Prestressing Systems
Special Provisions for Prestressed Concrete Construction
Post-tensioning Technology
Pretensioning Technology
Prestressed Concrete Building
Prestressed Concrete Bridges
Prestressed Concrete Piling
Tanks and Other Circular Structures
Prestressed Concrete Sleepers (Ties)
Prestressed Concrete Floating Structures
Prestressed Concrete Pavements
Maintenance, Repair, and Strengthening of Existing Prestressed Concrete Structures
Demolition of Prestressed Concrete Structures
The Future of Prestressed Concrete Construction
Unbonded Post-tensioning in Building Construction, F.G. Bath
Developments in Unbonded Post-tensioning
General Notes and Standard Details
Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Building Structures
Demolition of Post-tensioned Structures
Concrete for Offshore Structures, G.C. Hoff
Introduction
Types of Concrete Structures
Concrete Quality
Concrete Materials
Concrete Properties
Design Considerations
Safety Considerations
Construction Practices
Construction Locations
Marine Operations
Cost Considerations
Summary
Foundations for Concrete Structures, M. Gunaratne
Foundation Engineering
Site Exploration
Shallow Footings
Mat Footings
Retaining Walls
Pile Foundations
Caissons and Drilled Piers
Special Construction Applications, H. Najm
Introduction
Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete
Underwater Concrete
Vacuum Processing
Portland Cement Plaster Construction
Self Consolidating Concrete (SCC)
Mass Concrete
Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC)
Structural Concrete Repair, R.W. Poston
Introduction
Limit States Design for Repair
Evaluation
Structural Implications
Repair Principles
Repair of Unbonded Post-tensioned Concrete Structures
Construction Issues
Long-Term Repair Performance
Case Study

Joints in Concrete Structures, E.G. Nawy

Product Description
Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering combines aspects of engineering seismology, structural and geotechnical earthquake engineering to assemble the vital components required for a deep understanding of response of structures to earthquake ground motion, from the seismic source to the evaluation of actions and deformation required for design.

The nature of earthquake risk assessment is inherently multi-disciplinary. Whereas Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering addresses only structural safety assessment and design, the problem is cast in its appropriate context by relating structural damage states to societal consequences and expectations, through the fundamental response quantities of stiffness, strength and ductility. The book is designed to support graduate teaching and learning, introduce practicing structural and geotechnical engineers to earthquake analysis and design problems, as well as being a reference book for further studies.

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering includes material on the nature of earthquake sources and mechanisms, various methods for the characterization of earthquake input motion, damage observed in reconnaissance missions, modeling of structures for the purposes of response simulation, definition of performance limit states, structural and architectural systems for optimal seismic response, and action and deformation quantities suitable for design. The accompanying website at www.wiley.com/go/elnashai contains a comprehensive set of slides illustrating the chapters and appendices, as well as a set of problems with solutions and worked-through examples.   The book, slides and problem set constitute a tried and tested system for a single-semester graduate course. The approach taken avoids tying the book to a specific regional seismic design code of practice and ensures its global appeal to graduate students and practicing engineers. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (2)

Not a book for "Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering"
If you plan to purchase this book, be sure to buy a magnifier (or microscope) at Amazon at the same time. The font sizes and symbols are extremely tiny in many of the figures and not too many human beings could see it (not exaggerated at all; for example: see Fig. 4.42 on page 250). The quality of most photos is bad, which lowers the quality of the book. On top of that, a lot of contents are collection of authors' own papers, publications, and dissertation. The title of this book should be called "topics on earthquake engineering" rather than "Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering". Not going into details of fundamentals. It might be suitable for those who know the topics well but not for beginners. By the way, Dr. Sashi Kunnath at UC Davis wrote good words for the book on the back cover. In the acknowledgements the authors said that they are grateful for a few people, including Sashi Kunnath at UC Irvine (Oops!)

If you really want to have a "Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering" book, go get Roberto Villaverde's "Fundamental Concepts of Earthquake Engineering (2009)". This is the best book so far to cover all the essential and state-of-the-art topics regarding earthquake engineering, such as earthquake mechanisms, basic soil dynamics, ground accelerations, Fourier spectrum (this is one of the best books to explain it), seismic hazard assessment, design response spectrum, structural response to strong ground motion and structural dynamics, code design concepts, soil-structural interaction, seismic response of nonstructural elements, base isolations, energy dissipating devices, to name a few. Much better figures/drawings and examples.

Most important: this book 347 pages-->$112, Roberto Villaverde's book 949 pages-->$103.........GO FIGURE!

Best Introduction to Earthquake Engineering Available
Book is designed for a graduate level course that introduces a "source to society" model for earthquake engineering that wonderfully captures the importance of interaction between the structural engineers (whom the book is primarily written for) and geologists, seismologists, geotechnical engineers, and public policy planners. The majority of the technical content focuses on the "source to structure" path of demand imposed by seismic events coupled with structural evaluation of the supply of buildings. This is a perfect introductory book to the topic, which covers selection of records for use in seismic analysis better than other books of its type. The book stops where the seismic codes start, so the text will not be outdated by future changes to codes. The author has put great effort into compiling a thorough list of top quality sources at the end of each of the four chapters (two focusing on demand and two on supply) that will be useful to the student desiring to delve deeper into various topics covered. Included with the text are access to powerpoint slides for all 4 chapters and 2 appendices, solutions to the example problems given throughout the chapters, and source data from several events discussed in the text. ... Read more

Product Description

"Control of Complex Systems: Structural Constraints and Uncertainty" focuses on control design under information structure constraints, with a particular emphasis on large-scale systems. The complexity of such systems poses serious computational challenges and severely restricts the types of feedback laws that can be used in practice. This book systematically addresses the main issues, and provides a number of applications that illustrate potential design methods, most which use Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs), which have become a popular design tool over the past two decades. Authors Aleksandar I. Zecevic and Dragoslav D. Siljak use their years of experience in the control field to also:

• Address the issues of large-scale systems as they relate to robust control and linear matrix inequalities
• Discuss a new approach to applying standard LMI techniques to large-scale systems, combining graphic-theoretic decomposition techniques with appropriate low-rank numerical approximations and dramatically reducing the computational effort
• Providing numerous examples and a wide variety of applications, ranging from electric power systems and nonlinear circuits to mechanical problems and dynamic Boolean networks

"Control of Complex Systems: Structural Constraints and Uncertainty" will appeal to practicing engineers, researchers and students working in control design and other related areas.

Customer Reviews (2)

I dont know who gave this book 2 stars, but it's actually a REALLY good book
I have many structural analysis textbooks and I can say this is one of the better ones.If you are trying to understand structures, this book will help.It has examples that are unique in that they explain the philosophy behind structures- which is more important that any numbers

Disappointment from Wang & Salmon
This book was extremely difficult to understand in comparison to some of Salmon's other texts, such as Steel Structures: Design and Behavior.This text lacks a thorough explanation of problems.From a student's perspective or a first time learner's, this is not the best choice.Hibbler has a much better book on Structural Analysis with helpful examples and diagrams.This book expects students to work extremely difficult problems at the end of the chapter without working any examples of similar difficulty.For professors, this book does offer real to life problems that are complex and challenging, but another text may be needed to explain underlying concepts (e.g. influence lines). ... Read more

Product Description
Practical guide to structural stability theory for the design of safe steel structures

Not only does this book provide readers with a solid foundation in structural stability theory, it also offers them a practical, working knowledge of how this theory translates into design specifications for safe steel structures. Structural Stability of Steel features detailed discussions of the elastic and inelastic stability of steel columns, beams, beam-columns, and frames alongside numerous worked examples. For each type of structural member or system, the authors set forth recommended design rules with clear explanations of how they were derived.

Following an introduction to the principles of stability theory, the book covers:
*

Stability of axially loaded planar elastic systems
*

Tangent-modulus, reduced-modulus, and maximum strength theories
*

Elastic and inelastic stability limits of planar beam-columns
*

Elastic and inelastic instability of planar frames
*

Out-of-plane, lateral-torsional buckling of beams, columns, and beam-columns

The final two chapters focus on the application of stability theory to the practical design of steel structures, with special emphasis on examples based on the 2005 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings of the American Institute of Steel Construction. Problem sets at the end of each chapter enable readers to put their newfound knowledge into practice by solving actual instability problems.

With its clear logical progression from theory to design implementation, this book is an ideal textbook for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students in structural engineering. Practicing engineers should also turn to this book for expert assistance in investigating and solving a myriad of stability problems. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (2)

Good summary for stability of structures
I had a graduate course in buckling that covered the material in this book. It would have been nice to have this as a textbook for that course. It clearly explains where many of the formulas in the AISC code come from. (e.g. alignment charts) A few cautionary notes: a lot of mathematical details are left out; the reader will have to fill them in. A very strong background in structural engineering is required to understand this book.

The last half of the book is not as good as the first half because there's only a summary of AISC procedures. There's less theoretical development towards the end of the book.

Finally, I take exception to some of the terminology used in some places in this book. (e.g. not making a clear distinction between deflection and deformation) The authors are a bit sloppy at that and its quite inexcuseable considering their high caliber and position within this field. When I pay over $100 for a book I expect some editorial process to correct these things, but I guess not. Definitely worth buying regardless.

applied physics
This is suitable as an undergraduate text in mechanical or civil engineering. It explains the mechanics of steel columns. Applied physics. It presupposes about 2 earlier years of undergrad classes in physics and maths. The level of analysis is replete with numerous equations describing relationships between relevant variables.

The methods often start from the basic physics. Like balancing moments around the center of mass. There is also much material science. As in the describing of the inelastic strength of beam columns or the buckling of frames.

Each chapter ends with a set of exercises. Some involve the use of Mathcad, especially where numerical computation is desired. The problems don't seem especially hard. ... Read more

Product Description
NEW PROBABILISTIC APPROACHES FOR REALISTIC RISK ASSESSMENT IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING.

This text presents a thorough examination of the theories and methodologies available for risk assessment in geotechnical engineering, spanning the full range from established single-variable and "first order" methods to the most recent, advanced numerical developments. In response to the growing application of LRFD methodologies in geotechnical design, coupled with increased demand for risk assessments from clients ranging from regulatory agencies to insurance companies, authors Fenton and Griffiths have introduced an innovative reliability-based risk assessment method, the Random Finite Element Method (RFEM). The authors have spent more than fifteen years developing this statistically based method for modeling the real spatial variability of soils and rocks. As demonstrated in the book, RFEM performs better in real-world applications than traditional risk assessment tools that do not properly account for the spatial variability of geomaterials.

This text is divided into two parts:

Part One, Theory, explains the theory underlying risk assessment methods in geotechnical engineering. This part's seven chapters feature more than 100 worked examples, enabling you to develop a detailed understanding of the methods.

Part Two, Practice, demonstrates how to use advanced probabilistic tools for several classical geotechnical engineering applications. Working with the RFEM, the authors show how to assess risk in problems familiar to all geotechnical engineers.

All the programs used for the geotechnical applications discussed in Part Two may be downloaded from the authors' Web site at www.engmath.dal.ca/rfem/ at no charge, enabling you to duplicate the authors' results and experiment with your own data. In short, you get all the theory and practical guidance you need to apply the most advanced probabilistic approaches for managing uncertainty in geotechnical design. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Highly recommended
Two years ago when I started my masters in structural engineering, I had to learn about random field theory.The books that I found, considered the "must reads" for random field theory, might as well have been in Chinese (I don't understand Chinese - just for the record).It was extremely painful and frustrating trying to understand the completely not clear or easy to understand concepts - as they were presented in those books.Upon searching the internet, I found some papers written by Gordon Fenton.His description of random field theory and his work in general, was like an oasis in the desert.This is one very rare person who can explain complicated concepts so that they are easy to understand and apply.So when I found out he was publishing a book, I thought, this is a must have.And I haven't been disappointed. The first section on probability theory is without a doubt, the best explanation of the theory I have seen, with simple examples to help me concrete my understanding of the theory being presented.Therefore, this is the first textbook that I would recommend for people trying to understand the concepts of probability theory.Similarly, all other sections in the book are equally easy to understand and can make even me look intelligent - as he enables me to really understand the concepts being presented, because of his fantastic ability to communicate I like in particular, how he explains the practical reasons for why the theory can be simplified or assumptions can be made.Most boffin writers of textbooks don't explain "the obvious" which is not so obvious to the novice person reading their books. Sometimes I think that they don't realise that not everybody has done the mathematics degree required to understand some of the intricacies, which if not clearly explained, can stump the reader for days until they find out why they have assumed this or that.That's where Gordon Fenton is a real a gem.He doesn't leave you scratching your head, scrambling for other textbooks to fill in the gaps before you can continue with his explanations. So I highly recommend this book to anybody trying to understand probability theory, random field theory, estimation, reliability, Monte Carlo simulation and all other topics he covers in his book. ... Read more

Product Description
Structural Dynamics in Aeronautical Engineering is a comprehensive introduction to the modern methods of dynamic analysis of aeronautical structures. The text is particularly suitable for undergraduate students. For advanced students, the text provides numerous references on seminal work on structural dynamics that can be used for graduate level research.

The text represents carefully developed course materials, beginning with an introductory chapter on matrix algebra and methods for numerical computations, followed by a series of chapters discussing specific aeronautical applications. In this way, the student can be guided from the simple concept of a single-degree-of-freedom structural system to the more complex multidegree-of-freedom and continuous systems, including random vibrations, nonlinear systems, and aeroelastic phenomena. Among the various examples used in the text, the chapter on aeroelasticity of flight vehicles is particularly noteworthy with its clear presentation of the phenomena and its mathematical formulation for structural and aerodynamic loads. ... Read more

Product Description
Mirroring the latest developments in materials, methods, codes, and standards in building and bridge design, this is a one-of-a-kind, definitive reference for engineers. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (4)

Excellent!!!
Got the book well before expected time of delivery. Book is brand new and very helpful. would recommend any1 to get the book.

One more McGraw-Hill's handbook
That is one more handbook with a lot of pages full of words, photos and figures that teaches the buyer almost nothing. The only exception is Mr. Hedefine's article about plate bridges.
Save your money.

Not so impressive.
This book is written by various experience P.E. or Professors. It is not emphasis on practical calculation. There are very few example and definitions for formulars and related equation. If reader has no experience before, it would be very difficult to understand. Half of the book is devoted to bridge design,and it dose not provide enough information to design a bridge..

This is not really a how-to book.

Designer in structural steel is a complete book , do not buy
Many eng. firm have this book, this is a good reference for manystructural problem, The most difficult for a designer is thesimplify the problem, and create model with the forces on it. Merrits book cover a very large utility of different subjets. And this is not a fist edition, no error a have see on this book. The autors for each part of this book is a engineering with many years of experiences on this subjet.For me this is a very good thing, for the knowlege....

Dont hesitate ... ... Read more

Product Description
Fundamentals of Structural Analysis, Second Edition offers a comprehensive and well-integrated presentation of the foundational principles of structural analysis. It presents a rigorous treatment of the underlying theory and a broad spectrum of example problems to illustrate practical applications. The book is richly illustrated with a balance between realistic representations of actual structures and the idealized sketches customarily used in engineering practice. There is a large selection of problems that can be assigned by the instructor that range in difficulty from simple to challenging. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (4)

Fundamentals of Structural Analysis
This book uses notation that is not consistent with other textbooks, which makes it confusing and hard to read. The flexibility method chapter is almost devoid of real substance -- it goes over matrix calculations rather than explaining the theory. However, some of the other chapters (slope deflection method, moment area method) are well executed, even though the book's formating isn't easy on the eyes.

Is There A Solutions Manual For This Book!!!!!!!!
Is there a solutions manual for this book.I need it.Please e-mail me. Wooooooo!!!!!!!!

A higher level but a very good book
This book is not as simple as hibbeler's one but it covers all subjects in structural analysis field and it is one of the most well written texts in this field. If you buy this book,certainly you dont waste your money.

Is there any solution manual for this book?
I would like to know if there is solution manual for the problems in this book. Could you please tell me by email? ... Read more

Product Description
Practical and easy to use, this text lays a solid groundwork for beginning and intermediate students to pursue careers in architecture, construction, or civil engineering.The text clarifies the vital interdependence between structural steel design and fabrication drawings, equipping students to work flexibly with both.First and foremost a drafting book, Structural Steel Drafting and Design gives an overview of structural design theory while providing numerous examples, illustrations, and real-world assignments.Students also become acquainted with critical tables and reference material from industry-standard sources, as well as the merits of Load and Resistance Factor Design and Allowable Strength Design. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (4)

STRUCTURAL STEEL DRAFTING
Amazon messed up the shipping address and Zip Code I never received the product.

Instead of contacting me I got an automatic message they were refunding my money.

Over view of drafting.
For experienced steel detailer. This book is not useful. But for a beginner, you can expect to learn your job in overall scale. It tells a little bit of everything, There is NO details in symbolic, how to start the first line of drawing, what are need to be put in the drawing and shop detailed.

President, North Bend Drafting
I have been a Steel Detailer for 14 years.I found the book interesting and well thought out. The book is split into two sections. The first is for the Structural Design shop and the second for the Detailing shop.

What the author covers, he covers in a thorough manner.I would like tohave seen a section on horizontal and vertical bracing, which was not evenmentioned in the book.

Many of the authors example detail drawingsleft out some information which the shop might find helpful.For instance,stantard hole size for the drawing or the distance from the end of a clipangle to the end of the cut member. The author states that because there isan "industry standard" that this information does not have to beshown.He explains that 13/16 holes are the standard size, and so nonotation is required on a drawing if 13/16 holes are used. It has been myexperience that this information may be "industry standard," butthe shops I have draw for all require it on the detail drawings.

Tryingto use this book to train a new detailer is a challenge.The draftingstandard used to create the examples in the detailing section may be"industry standard," but it does not quite meet my standard.Itis an OK book, but not perfect.

5 stars for Structural Steel Detailing by David MacLaughlin
This is a well thought out, carefully organized and well documented introduction to structural steel drafting.I am in a related industry and bought the book to further acquaint myself with the subject. I feel that Icertainly got my money's worth, and congratulate the author on hisconscientious and thoughtful presentation. ... Read more

Product Description
Wind – a powerful and often destructive force, which can instantly and profoundly alter the skyline or the shoreline of our communities.Structural engineers must be aware of its effects when designing buildings that have to weather its force.This volume provides wind engineering information that will lead to the proper understanding of present and future building codes dealing with wind loads, and proper practices of modern structural engineering. ... Read more

Product Description
Forensic Engineering Investigation is a compendium of the investigative methodologies used by engineers and scientific investigators to evaluate some of the more common types of failures and catastrophic events. In essence, the book provides analyses and methods for determining how an entity was damaged and when that damage may have legal consequences. The material covers 21 common types of failures, catastrophic events, and losses that forensic engineers routinely assess. The range of topics include wind and blasting damage to structures, vehicular accidents, fires, explosions, hail damage to roofs and exteriors, lighting damage, and industrial guarding accidents.Additionally, the book offers an extensive discussion of the scientific method as it applies to forensic science and provides tips on organizing and writing an investigative report. The book also supplies the applicable codes and standards that regulate the profession, discusses the role of the forensic engineer in court proceedings, and addresses the role management plays in industrial safety.Each chapter is self-contained, highly specific, and succinct. Even more important, the analysis in each chapter is tailored to the answering of questions usually posed in the particular circumstances under discussion. The author does not skimp on the mathematical and scientific underpinnings of the subject matter. In that sense, Forensic Engineering Investigation contains the "good stuff" that is typically omitted in less challenging texts. ... Read more

Product Description
by Alan Williams, Ph.D., S.E., C. Eng., a leading structural engineering author Written for the Structural Engineering I and II Exams and the California Structural Engineering Exam.Includes more than 70 problems and step-by-step solutions from recent exams Offers 18 HP-48G calculator programs, which include 6 concrete, 3 masonry, 3 timber, 4 steel, and 2 proper ties of sections design programs Reflects current publications of SEAOC and FEMA Conforms to the 1997 edition of the UBCProvides comprehensive clarification of applicable Building Codes and Standard Specifications Uses provisions of the 1999 SEAOC bluebook, 1999 FEMA Advisory No. 2, 2000 FEMA 350 Design of Steel Moment Frame Buildings, and 1997 AISC Seismic Provisions Cites extensive reference publications that reflect current design procedures ... Read more

Product Description
This book is based on the author's 34 years of experience as a teacher/researcher of coastal engineering and management and on recent reflections on newly relevant issues, such as consequences of failure, impacts of rising sea levels, aging infrastructure, real estate development, and contemporary decision making, design and education.

This textbook for undergraduate students, postgraduate students and practicing engineers covers waves, structures, sediment movement, coastal management, and contemporary coastal design and decision making, presenting both basic principles and engineering solutions. It discusses the traditional methods of analysis and synthesis (design), but also contemporary design taking into account environmental impacts, consequences of failure, and current concerns such as global warming, aging infrastructure, working with stakeholder groups, regulators, etc.

This second edition expands greatly on the topics of failure and resilience that surfaced as a result of recent disasters from hurricane surges and tsunamis. It updates the discussion of design and decision making in the 21st century, with many new examples presented. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Decent Little Book
It is a Good intro, but It does have some problems. It is missing a bit of coverage on Costal Geology, Sustainability in Coastal Engineering, and it has MUCH MUCH to much emphasis on sand coasts. ... Read more

Product Description
Provides the basic material needed to use structural dynamics computer programs and to do structural dynamics testing. Introduces the numerical techniques underlying finite element computer codes through use of ``hand'' solutions and the coding of several subroutines in FORTRAN and BASIC. Emphasizes the mathematical modelling of structures and the methods for solving structural dynamics problems with a digital computer. Presents solution techniques applicable to various engineering disciplines. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

excellent book
This is very nice book to learn structural dynamics from. Theory is presented in a very logical manner and the end of chapter excercises are very helpful. I would rate this book as number 2 in the vibrations literature. Number 1 is "Mechanical vibrations" by J.P.Den hartog. ... Read more