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Learning from examples in First Order Logic, also known as Inductive Logic Programming (ILP), constitutes a central topic in Machine Learning, with relevant applications to problems in complex domains, e.g., natural language and computational biology. Learning can be viewed as a search problem in the space of all possible hypotheses. Given a background knowledge, a set of positive examples and a set of negative examples, expressed in First Order Logic, one has to find a hypothesis which covers all positive examples and none of the negative ones. This problem is NP-hard even if the language to represent hypotheses is propositional logic. WhenFOL hypotheses are used, this complexity is combined with the complexity ofevaluatinghypotheses. This book describes an evolutionary algorithm for ILP.The algorithm, called ECL (for Evolutionary Concept Learner), evolves a population of Horn clauses by repeated selection, mutation and optimization of more fit clauses.ECL relies on four greedy mutation operators for searching the hypothesis space, and employs an optimization phase that follows each mutation.Experimental results show that ECL works well in practice. ... Read more

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Chapters: Technological Singularity, Historicism, Camouflage, Uniformitarianism, Memetics, Systems Theory, Quantum Evolution, Darwinism, Creative Destruction, Social Evolution, Gaia Hypothesis, Predictions Made by Raymond Kurzweil, Survival of the Fittest, the Gutenberg Galaxy, Accelerating Change, Evolutionary Algorithm, Evolution of Emotion, Gaia Spore, Evolutionary Ethics, the Eclipse of Darwinism, the Phenomenon of Man, Daisyworld, Evolutionary Informatics, Oxygen Evolution, Hamiltonian Spite, Deep Time, Cosmic Evolution, the Evolution of God, Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment, Universal Darwinism, Darwin Among the Machines, Evolutionary Graph Theory, List of Non-Fictional Lost Worlds, the Selfish Genius, Noogenesis, Darwin Machine, Good Natured, Negligible Senescence, Metasystem Transition, Evolutionary Logic, Biocultural Evolution, Cultural Evolutionism, Ahistoricism, Fundamental Equation of Unified Field Theory, Transgressive Segregation, Intelligence Principle, Hard Inheritance, Informational Society, Uniformity of Motive. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 348. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: AdaptationGenetic driftGene flowMutationNatural selectionSpeciation Evolution is the change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations. After a population splits into smaller groups, these groups evolve independently and may eventually diversify into new species. A nested hierarchy of anatomical and genetic similarities, geographical distribution of similar species and the fossil record indicate that all organisms are descended from a common ancestor through a long series of these divergent events, stretching back in a tree of life that has grown over the 3,500 million years of life on Earth. To distinguish biological evolu...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=9236 ... Read more

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Chapters: Meme, Daniel Dennett, the Selfish Gene, Viruses of the Mind, Susan Blackmore, Hugo de Garis, Sociocultural Evolution, Indeterminacy, Keith Henson, Diffusion of Innovations, Viral Marketing, Memetic Engineering, Aaron Lynch, Mediology, Hundredth-Monkey Effect, Conscious Robots, the Meme Machine, Erich Jantsch, Opinion Leadership, Memetracker, Metameme, Ideosphere, Meme Hack, Mimetic Drift, Meme Pool. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 181. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Positivism · AntipositivismFunctionalism · Conflict theoryMiddle-range · Formal theoryCritical theory · SocializationStructure and agency In the unilineal evolution model at left, all cultures progress through set stages, while in the multilineal evolution model at right, distinctive culture histories are emphasized.Sociocultural evolution(ism) is an umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and social evolution, describing how cultures and societies have changed over time. Note that "sociocultural evolution" is not an equivalent of "sociocultural development" (unified processes of differentiation and integration involving increases in sociocultural complexity), as sociocultural evolution also encompasses sociocultural transformations accompanied by decreases of complexity (degeneration) as well as ones not accompanied by any significant changes of sociocultural complexity (cladogenesis). Thus, sociocultural evolution can be defined as "the process by which structural reorganization is affected through time, eventually producing a form or structure which is qualitatively different from the ancestral form ... Evolutionism then becomes the scientific activity of finding nomothetic explanations for the occurrence of such structural changes". Although such theories typically provide models for understan...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1571390 ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from American Journal of Applied Sciences, published by Thomson Gale on May 1, 2007. The length of the article is 3124 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: Key words: Project management, Petrinet, memetic algorithm, resource leveling

Citation Details
Title: Resource Leveling using Petrinet and Memetic approach.(Report)
Author: K. Raja
Publication: American Journal of Applied Sciences (Magazine/Journal)
Date: May 1, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 4Issue: 5Page: 317(6)

Article Type: Report

Distributed by Thomson Gale ... Read more

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Chapters: Mythology, Proverb, Taboo, Meme, Civilization, Cultural Bias, Nomad, Geophagy, Memetics, Anarcho-Primitivism, Mana, Isaac Bonewits Laws of Magic, Cultural Resources Management, Culture Theory, Cultural Relativism, Cultural Behavior, Dual Inheritance Theory, Western Culture, Patriarchy, Visual Anthropology, Nocebo, Orality, Intercultural Competence, Biology of Gender, Cultural Diplomacy, Liminality, Cross-Cultural Communication, for Want of a Nail, Seclusion of Girls at Puberty, Shell Money, Human Ethology, Associative Group Analysis, Area Studies, Raptio, Nomadic Pastoralism, Kula Ring, Clown Society, Intercultural Communication, Mediology, Yaylak, Placentophagy, Settler, Matrilocal Residence, Soul Dualism, Usc Center for Visual Anthropology, Nacirema, Anthropology of Cyberspace, Cultural Area, Reciprocity, Traditional Values, Sally Larsen, List of Matrilineal or Matrilocal Societies, Cultural Determinism, Patrilocal Residence, Effective Group Decision Making, Gurung Dharma, Cargo System, Bundling, Kapu, Origin Myth, Shame Society, Cogender, Burma Studies, Anthropology of Media, Túath, Bratachari Movement, Vanua, Human Universals, Folk Culture, Vernacular Culture, Scandinavian Studies, Crab Mentality, Makapansgat Pebble, Chinese Patriarchy, Thai Studies, Mingi, Avunculocal Residence, Proverbial Phrase, Téach, Neolocal Residence, Intangible Culture, Hypercommunicator, Model Culture, Dodoth Morning, Cultural Analysis, Burma Research Society, Walking Marriage, Naturalistic Disease Theories, Mentifact, Pan-Caribbean, Ambilocal Residence, Symbolic Anthropology, Hellenic Studies, Southeast Asian Studies, Ranked Society, Constructed Culture, Cultural Dimensions, Sociofact, Nature-Man-Spirit Complex, Redistribution. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 537. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Exc...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=98405 ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Computers and Operations Research, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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A new metaheuristic for (combinatorial) optimization is presented: memetic algorithms with population management or MA|PM. An MA|PM is a memetic algorithm, that combines local search and crossover operators, but its main distinguishing feature is the use of distance measures for population management. Population management strategies can be developed to dynamically control the diversity of a small population of high-quality individuals, thereby avoiding slow or premature convergence, and achieve excellent performance on hard combinatorial optimization problems. The new algorithm is tested on two problems: the multidimensional knapsack problem and the weighted tardiness single-machine scheduling problem. On both problems, population management is shown to be able to improve the performance of a similar memetic algorithm without population management. ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! A mindset, in decision theory and general systems theory,refers to a set of assumptions, methods or notations held byone or more people or groups of people which is soestablished that it creates a powerful incentive withinthese people or groups to continue to adopt or accept priorbehaviours, choices, or tools. This phenomenon of cognitivebias is also sometimes described as mental inertia,"groupthink", or a "paradigm", and it is often difficult tocounteract its effects upon analysis and decision makingprocesses.On the positive sides a mindset can also be seenas incident of a persons Weltanschauung or philosophy oflife. For example there has been quite some interest in thetypical mindset of an entrepreneur. ... Read more

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The problem of Suicide Terrorism is not a new phenomenon. In fact, its roots can be traced back to the days of the Knights Templar. The modern day manifestation of this brand of terrorism, the suicide bomber, has been seen frequently throughout Sri Lanka as well as many other global hot spots. But what causes an individual to sacrifice their life and become a human bomb? There are several reasons for this phenomena, which are explored in this work. ... Read more

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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization, EvoCOP 2006, held in Budapest, Hungary in April 2006.

The 24 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 77 submissions. The papers cover evolutionary algorithms as well as various other metaheuristics, like scatter search, tabu search, memetic algorithms, variable neighborhood search, greedy randomized adaptive search procedures, ant colony optimization, and particle swarm optimization algorithms. The papers deal with representations, heuristics, analysis of problem structures, and comparisons of algorithms. The list of studied combinatorial optimization problems includes prominent examples like graph coloring, knapsack problems, the traveling salesperson problem, scheduling, graph matching, as well as specific real-world problems.

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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization, EvoCOP 2005, held in Lausanne, Switzerland in March/April 2005.

The 24 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 66 submissions. The papers cover evolutionary algorithms as well as related approaches like scatter search, simulated annealing, ant colony optimization, immune algorithms, variable neighborhood search, hyperheuristics, and estimation of distribution algorithms. The papers deal with representations, analysis of operators and fitness landscapes, and comparison algorithms. Among the combinatorial optimization problems studied are graph coloring, quadratic assignment, knapsack, graph matching, packing, scheduling, timetabling, lot-sizing, and the traveling salesman problem.

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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings for the 4th European Conference on Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization, EvoCOP 2004, held in Coimbra, Portugal, in April together with EuroGP 2004 and six workshops on evolutionary computing.

The 23 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 86 submissions. Among the topics addressed are evolutionary algorithms as well as metaheuristics like memetic algorithms, ant colony optimization, and scatter search; the papers are dealing with representations, operators, search spaces, adaptation, comparison of algorithms, hybridization of different methods, and theory. Among the combinatorial optimization problems studied are graph coloring, network design, cutting, packing, scheduling, timetabling, traveling salesman, vehicle routing, and various other real-world applications.

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Presently, general-purpose optimization techniques such as Simulated Annealing, and Genetic Algorithms, have become standard optimization techniques. Concerted research efforts have been made recently in order to invent novel optimization techniques for solving real life problems, which have the attributes of memory update and population-based search solutions. The book describes a variety of these novel optimization techniques which in most cases outperform the standard optimization techniques in many application areas. ... Read more

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Memes are bits of information that are replicated and passed on across individuals and generations. Memes arose when the human brain acquired the capacity to imitate others and supplement the genes as a means of providing information to the developing individual. Memes, unlike genes, have evolved rapidly in the course of human history and form the building blocks of culture. Unlike genes, memes can be stored outside of the organism in the form of written language, recordings, and in the digital form that can be replicated and transmitted without intervening human brain, like computer viruses. They imbue the environment of the developing individual with nurturing as well as noxious material, all ready to infect the receptive, plastic brain.

Mental health and illness are the results of interaction among genes and memes that infect the developing individual as elements of culture: family, subculture, and counter-culture. Experiences of stress and nurturance also enter the brain in the form of memes. Many mental illnesses can be conceptualized as a stress-induced exacerbation and recrudescence of dormant noxious memes that infected the individual early in life.

In this book, Hoyle Leigh discusses the concept of genetic and memetic evolution, with emphasis on how mental disorders can arise from the gene-meme interaction. Specific examples of gene-meme interactions resulting in anxiety and depression are discussed, and a new genetic-memetic model for diagnosing mental illness is proposed. Dr. Leigh then offers comprehensive strategies for treatment of mental illness that include broad-spectrum and specific meme-oriented therapies. Following that is a discussion of specific major psychiatric syndromes and their gene and meme-oriented therapies, leading to a final discussion about future challenges in psychiatric memetics.

The book is organized in two major sections. The first, "Genes, Memes, Culture, and the Individual," devotes eight chapters to the nature of biological and environmental inheritance, including characteristics of relatives and characteristics of groups, genes and memes as units of inheritance, evolution of the human brain, imitation as a shortcut to learning, memes as replicators of information, and culture as the repository of meme stores. The second section, "Mental Illness," applies current knowledge about memes to mental illness and psychiatric practice both broadly and in specific clinical contexts. Chapters in this section cover genes and mental illness, the relation between stress and memetic infusion ("vulnerable brain"), the genetic-memetic model of mental illness, a diagnostic scheme for a memetic multiaxial model of mental illness, memetic diagnosis, memetic therapies, memetic prevention, and specific mental syndromes such as anxiety, depression, bipolarity, OCD, psychosis, and substance abuse.

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Presently, general-purpose optimization techniques such as Simulated Annealing, and Genetic Algorithms, have become standard optimization techniques. Concerted research efforts have been made recently in order to invent novel optimization techniques for solving real life problems, which have the attributes of memory update and population-based search solutions. The book describes a variety of these novel optimization techniques which in most cases outperform the standard optimization techniques in many application areas. New Optimization Techniques in Engineering reports applications and results of the novel optimization techniques considering a multitude of practical problems in the different engineering disciplines – presenting both the background of the subject area and the techniques for solving the problems.

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This digital document is an article from New Dictionary of the History of Ideas, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 1692 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.The publication of the New Dictionary of the History of Ideas marks the return of a reference work that is an essential tool to make the often complex history of what we think accessible to students and general readers. The original 1974 Dictionary of the History of Ideas has long been admired as a landmark document encapsulating the thinking of an era. This thoroughly re-envisioned New Dictionary of the History of Ideas brings fresh intelligence and a global perspective to bear on timeless questions about the individual and society. A distinguished team of international scholars explore new thinking in areas previously covered (communism, linguistics, physics) and present cross-cultural perspectives on more recent topics such as postmodernism, deconstruction and post-colonialism ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from European Journal of Operational Research, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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The Service Allocation Problem (SAP) is a tactical problem arising in the yard management of a container transshipment terminal. The objective is the minimization of the container rehandling operations inside the yard. This study of the SAP was undertaken for the Gioia Tauro port which is located in Italy and is the main hub terminal for container traffic in the Mediterranean Sea. The SAP can be formulated as a Generalized Quadratic Assignment Problem (GQAP) with side constraints. Two mixed integer linear programming formulations are presented. The first one exploits characteristics of the yard layout at Gioia Tauro where the berth and the corresponding yard positions extend along a line. The second formulation is an adaptation of a linearization for the GQAP. In both cases only small instances can be solved optimally. An evolutionary heuristic was therefore developed. For small size instances the heuristic always yields optimal solutions. For larger sizes it is always better than a truncated branch-and-bound algorithm applied to the exact formulations. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Computers and Operations Research, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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This paper presents a linear formulation, valid inequalities, and a lower bounding procedure for the mixed capacitated arc routing problem (MCARP). Moreover, three constructive heuristics and a memetic algorithm are described. Lower and upper bounds have been compared on two sets of randomly generated instances. Computational results show that the average gaps between lower and upper bounds are 0.51% and 0.33%, respectively. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 118 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Addresses the interactions, contradictions, and tensions between science and religion, both historically and in contemporary life. The set examines technologies like in vitro fertilization, cloning, and continuing developments in neurophysiology against the backdrop of deeply-held religious beliefs. In addition, phenomena such as the Church of Scientology are also studied, along with more traditional issues, such as the origins of life, the nature of sin, and the philosophy of science and religion. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from European Journal of Operational Research, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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The capacitated arc routing problem (CARP) involves the routing of vehicles to treat a set of arcs in a network. In many applications, the trips must be planned over a multiperiod horizon, giving a new problem called periodic CARP (PCARP). The paper describes several versions encountered in practice and suggests a simple classification, enabling the definition of a very general PCARP. For instance, the demand for each arc treatment may depend on the period or on the date of the previous visit. The proposed solution method is a memetic algorithm based on a sophisticated crossover, able to simultaneously change tactical (planning) decisions, such as the treatment days of each arc, and operational (scheduling) decisions, such as the trips performed for each day. Two versions are appraised on two sets of PCARP instances derived from standard CARP files. The results show significant savings compared to one insertion heuristic and a more elaborate two-phase method. ... Read more