Product Description
This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone! ... Read more

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All societies must deal with the possibility of violence, and they do so in different ways.This book integrates the problem of violence into a larger social science and historical framework, showing how economic and political behavior are closely linked. Most societies, which we call natural states, limit violence by political manipulation of the economy to create privileged interests. These privileges limit the use of violence by powerful individuals, but doing so hinders both economic and political development. In contrast, modern societies create open access to economic and political organizations, fostering political and economic competition. The book provides a framework for understanding the two types of social orders, why open access societies are both politically and economically more developed, and how some 25 countries have made the transition between the two types. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (6)

Part of the Story, Retold
This is a work of historical interpretation. Every age must have its favorite broad-brush, evocative, wide-ranging historical leitmotiv, most of which in retrospect are but political spins on well-known events, and wish-lists for political activity in the present. Think of the Decline and Fall of the..., or Takeoff into Self-Sustained..., or even the Communist Manifesto. Think of the Road to Serfdom and think of Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. Most such endeavors, when successful, are cultural markers of their epochs, but rarely are more prescient that your average Hollywood blockbuster.

North, Wallis and Weingast (hereafter NWW) offer a story that is indeed a major morality tale of our age: the centrality of the nation state in promoting or hindering economic development. So many countries have made the transition from backwardness to development, more or less in the same way over the past few decades that it has become clear that "politics," not "economics" is the main sticking point in improving the welfare of the poor around the world. NWW claim that the predatory states that feed corrupt elites by exploiting a powerless citizenry are the source of the problem of underdevelopment, and in my opinion, they are correct. They also claim that such predatory states ("natural states" in their vocabulary) are self-reproducing, and make the transition to modernity ("open-access orders") only under highly specific conditions.

The authors of Violence and Social Orders are eminent intellectuals all, one having received a Nobel prize in economics. The book claims novelty in many places, but their general argument, while mostly true, is not at all new, and is not the whole story. North, Wallis and Weingast claim that there have been three distinct forms of human society, hunter-gatherer, the natural state, and the open-access order. All of humanity shared hunter-gatherer status until some 10,000 years ago when an explosion of trade and settled agriculture gave rise to sedentary societies with private property and complex institutions of state and military dedicated to sharing the means of violence used to allow a powerful network of elites to control and exploit the mass of citizens. This new state apparatus was the virtually ubiquitous child of hunter-gather life. About 200 years ago a new form of social order began to pop up here and there, the so-called open access order that relied on meritocracy, science, market competition, and eventually political democracy, to make use of modern industrial and organizational techniques.

All this is true, but Charles Tilly said as much, and with greater nuance and descriptive thickness in his The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975). Moreover, it is easy to neglect the positive role of the "natural state" in earlier eras in protecting the mass of citizens from brigands and organized mercenary armies, as stressed by J. R. Strayer in his Medieval Origins of the Modern State. NWW are warranted in stressing that the natural state is not an aberration but rather a self-reproducing social formation whose durability is at least as likely as that of the open-access orders that now, perhaps temporarily or perhaps for the foreseeable future, dominate modern life. But this is surely nothing new.

A second strand in NWW's analysis concerns the conditions for a transition from the natural state to the open-access order. They argue that there are in general two stages. The first involves the transformation of state power from personal relations among members of the elites to impersonal institutional relations in which state positions are regularized and bureaucratized, much in the manner described in Weberian sociology and stressed by Parsons in his brilliant,"Evolutionary Universals in Society", American Sociological Review 29,3 (1964):339-357. The second condition is that the dominant elites find it necessary to modernize in order to compete successfully with other states. This element in NWW's theory also has considerable truth, but is hardly new, being a central theme in explaining modernization in Japan, Russia, France, and many other countries.

I think the major weakness in NWW's story is that they have little to say about a central thrust of political development since the advent of open-access orders: the vibrant emancipatory thrust of history leading to representative government, political democracy, civil liberties, freedom of speech and association, and the separation of church and state. In our book Democracy and Capitalism (Basic Books, 1985), Samuel Bowles and I argued that the citizenry of developing states demanded representative government and universal suffrage, and elites reluctantly acquiesced, especially in the face of a new military order in which, because of the development of the hand gun, the standing army replaced elite and mercenary mounted troupes as the most effective instrument of war, and democracy was the price that had to be paid to permit the conscription of standing armies. A less detailed but similar view is voiced by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson in their recent book, The Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: the elites gave democracy to the people out of fear of being swamped by out-and-out revolution. NWW offer the following critique of Acemoglu and Robinson: "Because they are not unified, elites cannot intentionally decide to do anything, let alone decide to share power. Members of the dominant coalition are rarely so unified." (p. 149) This is, after all, a quite pathetic critique. The idea that representative government and democracy are simply necessary elements in a system of impersonal institutions is not in the least credible.

This book is a one-dimensional interpretation of a period in our history that deserves more. You can read this book with profit, but please don't think that it says much new about how we got here in history, and what this book leaves out is at least as important as what it includes.

Did not live up to its claims
This book makes some very ambitious claims but I did not feel that it lived up to them. For a simple and obvious example, the subtitled claim to provide a "conceptual framework for interpreting recorded human history (I have to laugh at the word "recorded" in that claim - as if it is somehow tempering its ambition by excluding UNrecorded human history) is not fulfilled, as the book concentrates almost exclusively on Western societies, thereby omitting quite a bit of human history and leaving open the question of how well the framework would hold up with respect to other societies.

Secondly, I found their typology of societies - (1) limited access orders consisting of fragile, basic and mature natural states, and (2) an open access order - to have much less value than the authors claim.Those states are described briefly and in very general ways and the borders between them are sketchy and imprecise.One or at most a handful of examples is provided for each, leaving me to wonder how the typology would hold up if applied to a bigger sample.

Third, their presentation of whay they mean by an "open access order" had a "one size fits all" description that vastly oversimplifies: extend the franchise and liberalize the ability to form corporations and you have an open access order. See page 240: "By the early 1850's, open access to political and economic organizations had been institutionalized in the United States."Hello? Slavery? Native Americans? Female suffrage? This is an example of the book's frequent and considerable overstatements.

It also illustrates an aspect of the book that perplexes me, namely the incessant use of categorical statements.The book is replete with them, and it is implausible that they are all completely true as applied to "human history". But the authors make no effort to shade, qualify, temper or provide a lot of backup for such assertions. For me, at least, it cost them some credibility; also, it slows the reading down as one tends to stop and say "wait a minute" when one comes across an implausibly categorical statement.

Finally, I did not find it to be the paradigm shift that others seeit to be. The notions of seeing societies as made up of shifting coalitions of elites, of managing violence as a primary problem for any society, of creating and distributing economic rents as a primary tool of managing order, of personal relations shifting to impersonal relations as the society matures and expands, candidly just did not strike me as THAT novel.

There are certainly many insights in this book, and I actually agree with more of it than this review might imply. I simply think it does not come close to measuring up to its ambitious claims.

why violence and why states?
This is a book which uses extensive research and references across several disciplines (economics, institutional economics, sociology, politrical science, anthropology, psychology) to achieve an extremely ambitious objective - the formulation of a 'new' theory of social change. The comprehensive theory is certainly enlightening in many ways. I do not pretend to have the background or resources to be able to address this in its full measure but I do have some hopefully relevant comments.

1. I feel that it would surely have been helpful, if not essential, to spend some space relating the theory as formulated here to alternative theories of social change (Marx, Hegel, Dahrendorf etc)

2. It is not clear to me why the book needs 'violence' in its title. Violence and control of violence may be a fact of social change but why the determinant of it? More applicable concepts could perhaps be for example 'conflict' or 'oppression' which may or may not involve (open or latent) violence but would apply more easily to the range of situations being described. Refernce to 'violence' at times seems to be artificially injected the discussion.

3. It isnt clear to me whyit is necessary to categorize two social orders (plus a third, the foraging order) - one of which (the 'natural state') has three stages, and the other (the 'open access' society) apparently has one stage. This oddly artificial categorization would surely be better scrapped altogether and replaced by a simple series of orders or stages with a clear transition path from one to the next. The idea that there are ultimately only two orders and only twenty five or so countries have achieved the 'final' one seems perilously close to a eurocentric or americo-eurocentric vision of the world - even though the authors disavow that.

4. The authors state that the stages as they envision them are not teleological in character and therefore they are not suggesting that one is 'more advanced' than the other. However there are numerous give-away statements (such as that 'open access societies' can 'degrade' to the natural state) which imply that indeed the open access society is a goal to be achieved. The transitional doorstep conditions from 'natural state' to open access societies also imply progress towards a more advanced state. The authors develop an analysis whereby transition occurs because the elites of a mature natural state find it simply to be in their interest to transform to an open access order. But 'being in their interests' could be reinterpreted in a teleological manner as a progress towards a more advanced form - and its difficult to see why this is not a plausible explanation. The transition towards a free society (economic and political) is surely teleological in character - certainly the US was founded on that kind of idea. If we accept this then the conclusion could be seen to be that there are twenty five 'advanced (civilized) societies' and the rest are at various stage of uncivilized deficiency. This would not be a breakthrough in understanding.

5. I was disappointed that what was for me the most interesting part of the book - the implication of the social change theory for development assistance - is confined to about five pages of rather general statements right at the end. This could be greatly elaborated. It is fine to argue that development assistance has to be contingent on understanding the possibilities inherent in 'natural states' but what then more precisely should happen to eg the enormous efforts currently being put into socalled institution-building by aid donors?

6. Finally and perhaps superficially the book really could have done with some diagrams and figures representing its concepts - to lock in understanding - but perhaps their ommission was deliberate.

7. There is however no doubt that this is a seminal work and a major step forward in coceptualizing what development thinkers have been trying to put together for a long time.

Major breakthrough in socioeconomic analysis
Rarely does a book shine a bright new light on a set of social, political and economic issues.This book answers questions that we have all contemplated for a long time: why does only 15 percent of the world population enjoy the western standard of living and why did this standard only begin to emerge 200 to 400 years ago? Why did mankind attain almost no economic progress for the first 12,000 years after we changed from hunting and gathering to agriculture? And why has the model of economic growth not been successfully replicated by more societies?

When we grow up in a western society (and I include Japan here) we take our standard of living and our freedom to associate for granted. We do not connect the two. Nor do our collegues, our friends, or our children understand the connection between open access society and our standard of living.

North, Wallis and Weingast with their work "Violence and Social Orders" create a "eureka" moment. They took evidence that we all have been looking at and many have written about and assembled it in a coherent analysis that explains why economic prosperity is so rare in human history and in our world today.

An interdisciplinary look at the state and social order
In this book, written with non economist authors, another perspective on the state and social order is suggested. In his earlier work North proposed first a limited view on the role of the state in economic development. In his book of 1990 North began to develop a more sophisticated theory of the state in relation to institutional evolution, therefore to economic development. Bringing theoretical news from other disciplines, in his book of 2005 North mixed some ideas from cognitive psychology to its institutional theory. Now in this book written with Wallis and Weingast, North's theory of institutions and the state are mixed with theories of social capital, which brings more complexity to a theory comprised with the realism of its assumptions and more theoretical power to to deal with issues relating to economic development. ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Robert Hooke, Samuel Pepys, Charles Perrault, Vincent Alsop, Mustafa Ii, Man in the Iron Mask, John Wallis, Joachim Cronman, Charles de Saint-Évremond, Bogdan Saltanov, Richard Kirkby, Tomás Marín de Poveda, 1st Marquis of Cañada Hermosa, Thomas Jollie, Ursula Micaela Morata, Godert de Ginkell, 1st Earl of Athlone, Phetracha, Nicolas de Grigny, John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl, Henry Winstanley, Thomas Hyde, Eglon Van Der Neer, Erik Dahlbergh, Vincenzo Viviani, Jelena Zrinska, Ilona Zrínyi, Thomas Tryon, Louis de Bechamel, Daniel Denton, Amangkurat Ii of Mataram, Charlotte Marie of Saxe-Jena, Louis-Hector de Callière, Andrew Hamilton, Roger Cave, Johann Georg Graevius, Hannah Twynnoy, Ōishi Yoshio, Negasi Krestos, Alessandro Melani, Kira Yoshinaka, Gilles Jullien, Henry Townsend, Samuel Oppenheimer, Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford, Matthias Withoos, Johann Von Löwenstern-Kunckel, Thomas Hansen Kingo, Jean Herauld Gourville, Richard Kidder, Edward Anthony Hatton, Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll, Piero de Bonzi, Ivan Antun Zrinski, Robert Kerr, 1st Marquess of Lothian, Johann Christoph Bach, Susanna Verbruggen, Lazzaro Baldi, Domenico Piola, Rafał Leszczyński, Thomas Pound, Lancelot Addison, Robert Morden, Lorenzo Gafà, Gérard Audran, Bédien Morange, John Roettiers, Songgotu, Yasui Sanchi, Jules Mascaron, William Burkitt, Samuel Johnson, Charles D'aubigné, D'aubigné, Charles Bécart de Granville et de Fonville, Richard Lowther, Gabrielle Suchon, Christian Gyldenløve, William Bradford, Joseph Roettiers, Georg Friedrich Ii, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Mosen Vicente Bru, Biagio Falcieri, Robert Geffrye, Jan Siberechts, Moritz Hermann of Limburg, Andrii Abazyn, Jacek Różycki, Johann Georg Reiffenstuel, Jacques de Meulles, Thomas Cartwright, Demian Mnohohrishny, Benjami...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=49720 ... Read more

Product Description
The 18th century was a wealth of knowledge, exploration and rapidly growing technology and expanding record-keeping made possible by advances in the printing press. In its determination to preserve the century of revolution, Gale initiated a revolution of its own: digitization of epic proportions to preserve these invaluable works in the largest archive of its kind. Now for the first time these high-quality digital copies of original 18th century manuscripts are available in print, making them highly accessible to libraries, undergraduate students, and independent scholars.
Western literary study flows out of eighteenth-century works by Alexander Pope, Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, Frances Burney, Denis Diderot, Johann Gottfried Herder, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and others. Experience the birth of the modern novel, or compare the development of language using dictionaries and grammar discourses.
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British Library

T105614

With a 18-page list of subscribers.

Newcastle upon Tyne : printed by John Gooding, 1748. 2v. ; 8° ... Read more

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Hobbes?Wallis controversy, Thomas Hobbes, John Wallis, Kinematics, Squaring the circle, Royal Society, Scholasticism, Mathematical analysis, Cycloid, Analytic geometry, Doubling the cube. ... Read more

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Chapters: Richard Cromwell, Isaac Barrow, Felsted School, Basil Coad, Richard Dannatt, John Wallis, William Byrd Ii, Henry L. Hulbert, Colin St John Wilson, Johnny Douglas, Illtyd Trethowan, Derek Pringle, John Sanders, Douglas Goldring, Anthony Brooks, Sir Charles Barrington, 5th Baronet, John Shearman, G. G. Coulton, John Stephenson (Cricketer, Born 1965), Sir Anthony Abdy, 5th Baronet, Nick Knight, Eric Edwards, Baron Chelmer, Henry Cromwell, Walter Hamilton, John Leslie Green, John Philipps, 1st Viscount St Davids, Rupert Brabner, Stephen Robert Nockolds, William Tomlinson, George Reindorp, Sheila Nicholls, Andrew Tyrie, Andy Roberts, Robert Finch, Charles O'brien, Kenneth Kendall, C. V. Durell, Evan Luard, Charles Hose, George Ernest Ingle, Maurice Holmes, Allen George Clark, Alymer Skelton, David Jones, John Weaver, Jeremy Walsh, John Neale, Charles Stevenson-Moore, John Smedley, Tim Bridgman, George Halford, John Beresford Fowler. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 200. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Felsted School -The school became a notable educational centre for Puritan families in the 17th century, numbering a hundred or more pupils, under Martin Holbeach, Headmaster from 16271649, and his successors (see below). John Wallis and Isaac Barrow were educated at Felsted in this period, as were four of Oliver Cromwell's sons. Another era of prosperity set in under the headmastership of William Trivett between 1778 and 1794; but under his successors numbers dwindled. As the result of the discovery by Thomas Surridge (headmaster 18351850), from research among the records, that a larger income was really due to the foundation, a reorganization took place by Act of Parliament, and in 1851,under the headmastership of the Rev. Albert Henry Wratislaw, the school was put under a ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1516912 ... Read more

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Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: John Rennie the Elder, James Brindley, John Wallis Titt, Matthew Murray, Ruston, William Fairbairn, James Meadows Rendel, Oliver Evans, William Playfair, William Thorold, William Cubitt, William Hazledine, Ruston, Proctor and Company, Andrew Meikle, Francis Henry Medcalf. Excerpt:Andrew Meikle , A. Reddock, c.1790-1800 Andrew Meikle (1719 27 November 1811) was an early mechanical engineer credited with inventing the threshing machine , a device used to remove the outer husks from grains of wheat. This was regarded as one of the key developments of the British Agricultural Revolution in the late 18th century. The invention was made around 1786, although some say he only improved on an earlier design. Earlier (c.1772), he also invented windmill 'Spring sails ', which replaced the simple canvas designs previously used with sails made from a series of shutters that could be operated by levers, allowing windmill sails to be quickly and safely controlled in the event of a storm. Meikle worked as a millwright at Houston Mill in East Linton , East Lothian , and inspired John Rennie to become a noted civil engineer . He died at Houston Mill and is buried in East Linton's Prestonkirk Parish Church kirkyard, close to Rennie's father, George Rennie , who farmed the nearby Phantassie estate by the River Tyne . Websites (URLs online) See also (online edition) A hyperlinked version of this chapter is at Francis Henry Medcalf Francis Henry Medcalf (May 10, 1803 March 26, 1880) was a Canadian millwright, iron founder, and Mayor of Toronto from 1864-1866 and 1874-1875. Born in Delgany , County Wicklow , Ireland , he came to Canada in 1819. References (URLs online) A hyperlinked version of this chapter is at James Brindley (by Francis Parsons) James Brindley (1716 30 September 1772) was an Engli... ... Read more

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The 18th century was a wealth of knowledge, exploration and rapidly growing technology and expanding record-keeping made possible by advances in the printing press. In its determination to preserve the century of revolution, Gale initiated a revolution of its own: digitization of epic proportions to preserve these invaluable works in the largest archive of its kind. Now for the first time these high-quality digital copies of original 18th century manuscripts are available in print, making them highly accessible to libraries, undergraduate students, and independent scholars.
The Age of Enlightenment profoundly enriched religious and philosophical understanding and continues to influence present-day thinking. Works collected here include masterpieces by David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as well as religious sermons and moral debates on the issues of the day, such as the slave trade. The Age of Reason saw conflict between Protestantism and Catholicism transformed into one between faith and logic -- a debate that continues in the twenty-first century.
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British Library

T134450

Half-title: 'Dr. Wallis's sermons'.

London : printed by J. Nichols: and sold by G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1791. [2],cxxiv,499,[5]p.,plate : port. ; 8° ... Read more

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Chapters: W H Smith, Nationwide Building Society, John Wallis Titt, Heart Wiltshire, Virgin Mobile, Dyson, Bbc Wiltshire, Ushers of Trowbridge, Npower, Allied Dunbar, Early Learning Centre, Coda, Synergy Health, Brunel Classic Gold, Scisys, Wincanton Plc, Elite Registrations, Vectura Group, Connect2wiltshire, Wiltshire Times. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 87. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Nationwide Building Society is a British building society, that is, as of 2009, the largest in the world. It has its headquarters in Swindon, England, and maintains a significant administration centre in Northampton. It is the only UK building society to clear its own cheques. Until mid-2009, when it announced the withdrawal of the service, it had been the only UK financial institution to offer completely fee-free transactions (both electronic and cash withdrawals) worldwide with its VISA debit cards. Nationwide was by far the largest British building society that did not convert to a bank in the wave of demutalisations that occurred from the late 1980s to the late 1990s. As of 2008, it is larger than all the other remaining British building societies combined, measured by total assets. It is a member of the Building Societies Association. Nationwide Building Society provides financial services both directly, and through approximately 750 branches and 200 agencies. Nationwide is a major provider of both mortgages and savings in the UK, as well as personal banking and commercial lending. Nationwide.co.uk is the main website and sells most products and has around 2.5 million monthly visitors and 1.6 million active internet bankers. It also has a Sponsorship website at nationwidefootball.co.uk which replaced the previous Sponsored by You website on 7 January 2009. The Society's origins lie in W...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=505391 ... Read more

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This is the second volume of a six volume compendium on the correspondences of John Wallis (1616-1703). Wallis was Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford from 1649 until his death, and was a founding member of the Royal Society and a central figure in the scientific and intellectual history of England. Along with his role as decipherer on the Parlimentary side during the Civil War, he prepared the ground for the discovery of infinitesimal calculus by Newton and Leibniz and played a decisive role in modernization of English mathematics. This volume provides fascinating insight into the life of Wallis through his correspondences with intellectual and political figures of the latter part of the 17th century. ... Read more

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Chapters: Malcolm Sargent, Marie of Edinburgh, Leon Camier, John Wallis, Frederick Forsyth, Roger Dean, Mark Rylance, Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, James Tredwell, Alfred Austin, Jamie Staff, Daniel Pearce, Tom Varndell, Chloe Smith, Bob Astles, Lisa Dobriskey, John Peters, Horace Glover, Nigel Llong, Dudley Pope, Bob Holness, Will Antwi, Simon White, List of People From Ashford, Kent, A. J. Arkell, Sam Northeast, John Wells, John Fuller, Barry Fuller, Stephen Hills, Adrian Knatchbull-Hugessen, Sydney Nicholson, Patsy Byrne, Percy Morfee, Danny Maddix, William Funnell, Bud Rossiter. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 187. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Sir Harold Malcolm Watts Sargent (29 April 1895 3 October 1967) was an English conductor, organist and composer widely regarded as Britain's leading conductor of choral works. The musical ensembles with which he was associated included the Ballets Russes, the Royal Choral Society, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, and the London Philharmonic, Hallé, Liverpool Philharmonic, BBC Symphony and Royal Philharmonic orchestras. Sargent was held in high esteem by choirs and instrumental soloists, but because of his high standards and a statement that he made in a 1936 interview about musicians' rights to tenure, his relationship with orchestral players was often uneasy. Despite this, he was co-founder of the London Philharmonic, was the first conductor of the Liverpool Philharmonic as a full-time ensemble, and played an important part in saving the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from disbandment in the 1960s. As chief conductor of London's internationally famous summer music festival the Proms from 1948 to 1967, Sargent was one of the best-known English conductors. When he took over the Proms from their founder, Sir Henry Wood, he a...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=326510 ... Read more

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Chapters: Gilbert Sheldon, William Sancroft, John Tillotson, Richard Baxter, John Wallis, Herbert Thorndike, John Lightfoot, Edmund Calamy the Elder, Samuel Clarke, John Collinges, John Cosin, Brian Walton, Thomas Horton, William Nicholson, Edward Reynolds, Benjamin Woodbridge, William Bates, Arthur Jackson, Edward Martin, William Spurstowe, Accepted Frewen, Peter Gunning, Thomas Case, Thomas Manton, George Morley, Samuel Crossman, William Cooper, Anthony Tuckney, Matthew Newcomen. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 121. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Richard Baxter (12 November 1615 8 December 1691) was an English Puritan church leader, poet, hymn-writer, theologian, and controversialist. Dean Stanley called him "the chief of English Protestant Schoolmen". After some false starts, he made his reputation by his ministry at Kidderminster, and at around the same time began a long and prolific career as theological writer. After the Restoration he refused preferment, while retaining a non-separatist presbyterian approach, and became one of the most influential leaders of the nonconformists, spending time in prison. Baxter was born at Rowton, Shropshire, at the house of his maternal grandfather. Richard's early education was poor, being mainly in the hands of the local clergy, themselves virtually illiterate. He was helped by John Owen, master of the free school at Wroxeter, where he studied from about 1629 to 1632, and made fair progress in Latin. On Owen's advice he did not proceed to Oxford (a step which he afterwards regretted), but went to Ludlow Castle to read with Richard Wickstead, chaplain to the Council of Wales and the Marches. He was reluctantly persuaded to go to court, and he went to London under the patronage of Sir Henry Herbert, Master of the Revels, with the intention...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=194508 ... Read more

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Chapters: Johann Jakob Froberger, John Wallis, Nicholas Culpeper, John Owen, Allen Apsley, William Kiffin, David Lewis, John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale, Robert Giguère, Thomas Leavitt, William Russell, 1st Duke of Bedford, Thomas Bartholin, Anna De' Medici, Andreas Gryphius, Anna Gonzaga, Daniel Gravius, Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, Johann Erasmus Kindermann, Edward Sexby, Ferdinand Bol, John Thurloe, Henry Wilkinson, Joseph Beaumont, Sir Francis Russell, 2nd Baronet, Obadiah Walker, Carlo Dolci, Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, William Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Hamilton, Henry Bard, 1st Viscount Bellomont, Johannes Vingboons, Shah Shuja, Archibald Primrose, Lord Carrington, Thomas Stanton, Sébastien Bourdon, John Leverett, William Faithorne, Matthias Weckmann, Antoinette Bourignon, Louis Iv of Legnica, Roger L'estrange, Connor Maguire, 2nd Baron of Enniskillen, Luigi Pellegrini Scaramuccia, Trijntje Keever, George Fane, John Loosemore, Walter Blandford, Count Carlo Cesare Malvasia, Bernardo Cavallino, Charles of Sezze, Robert Shatterell, Alexander Morus, Thomas Holyoake, Ludolf Leendertsz de Jongh, Antonio Del Castillo Y Saavedra, Giovan Battista Nani, Thomas Wijck, Edmund O'reilly, Sokuhi Nyoitsu, George Haliburton, Mary Allerton, Isaac Penington, Jusepe Leonardo, William Holder, Jeremias Felbinger, Jacques de Saint-Luc, John Kersey the Elder, Gustav of Vasaborg, John Higginson, François, Duke of Beaufort, François de Grenaille, Maurizio Cazzati, John Birkenhead, John French, Jan Kazimierz Chodkiewicz, Kaspar Förster, Charles Albanel, Christen Aagaard, Christen Bentsen Schaaning, Luo Wenzao, Caesar Van Everdingen, Antoine Arnauld, Alexander Von Bournonville, Pierfrancesco Cittadini, Thomas Foley, Francis Sempill, Richard Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Trerice, Ralph Josselin, Giovan Antonio De' Rossi, Nabeshima Naozumi, Johann Klaj, Sir Edward Bagot, 2nd Baronet, Kamalakara, Frances Bedingfeld, Marc Restout, Sv...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1377315 ... Read more

Product Description
The 18th century was a wealth of knowledge, exploration and rapidly growing technology and expanding record-keeping made possible by advances in the printing press. In its determination to preserve the century of revolution, Gale initiated a revolution of its own: digitization of epic proportions to preserve these invaluable works in the largest archive of its kind. Now for the first time these high-quality digital copies of original 18th century manuscripts are available in print, making them highly accessible to libraries, undergraduate students, and independent scholars.
Rich in titles on English life and social history, this collection spans the world as it was known to eighteenth-century historians and explorers. Titles include a wealth of travel accounts and diaries, histories of nations from throughout the world, and maps and charts of a world that was still being discovered. Students of the War of American Independence will find fascinating accounts from the British side of conflict.
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Cambridge University Library

N002855



London : printed for the editor: and sold by W. Bentley, 1790. [5],14-228p.,plates ; 12° ... Read more

Product Description
This title has fewer than 24 printed text pages.

Mark Twain once famously said "there was but one solitary thing about the past worth remembering, and that was the fact that it is past and can't be restored."  Well, over recent years, The British Library, working with Microsoft has embarked on an ambitious programme to digitise its collection of 19th century books.

There are now 65,000  titles available  (that's an incredible 25 million pages) of material ranging from works by famous names such as  Dickens, Trollope and Hardy as well as many forgotten literary gems , all of which can now be printed on demand and purchased right here on Amazon.

Further information on The British Library and its digitisation programme can be found on The British Library website. ... Read more

Product Description
The 18th century was a wealth of knowledge, exploration and rapidly growing technology and expanding record-keeping made possible by advances in the printing press. In its determination to preserve the century of revolution, Gale initiated a revolution of its own: digitization of epic proportions to preserve these invaluable works in the largest archive of its kind. Now for the first time these high-quality digital copies of original 18th century manuscripts are available in print, making them highly accessible to libraries, undergraduate students, and independent scholars.
Medical theory and practice of the 1700s developed rapidly, as is evidenced by the extensive collection, which includes descriptions of diseases, their conditions, and treatments. Books on science and technology, agriculture, military technology, natural philosophy, even cookbooks, are all contained here.
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The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to insure edition identification:
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British Library

T082078

Comprises the preface and first three chapters of the second part of Bernouilli's 'Ars conjectandi' in the original Latin and in an expanded English translation; also Wallis's 'Discourse of combinations, alternations, and aliquot parts' from his 'Treatise

London : sold by B. and J. White, 1795. viii,xvi,606p. ; 8° ... Read more