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This volume evaluates Thomas Bradwardine's view of time as a mathematical,philosophical and theological concept within the context of ancient andmedieval discussions of the problem of time.The book begins with an historiographical analysis of Bradwardine'smathematical and theological works, followed by an examination of the problemof time in classical, early medieval and thirteenth-century texts. Next, aseries of chapters surveys Bradwardine's view of time as it related toproportionality, contingency, continuity and predestination. A final chapterestablishes Bradwardine's place among fourteenth-century natural philosophersand theologians.As it uses a wide range of Bradwardine's writings, this book is able to showhow Bradwardine's philosophical and theological views converged. This study isespecially useful for historians of late medieval science, philosophy andtheology. ... Read more

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The fourteenth-century thinker Thomas Bradwardine is well known in both the history of science and the history of theology. The first of the Merton Calculators (mathematical physicists) and passionate defender of the Augustinian doctrine of salvation through grace alone, he was briefly archbishop of Canterbury before succumbing to the Black Death in 1349. This new edition of his Insolubilia, made from all thirteen known manuscripts, shows that he was also a logician of the first rank. The edition is accompanied by a full English translation. In the treatise, Bradwardine considers and rejects the theories of his contemporaries about the logical puzzles known as "insolubles," and sets out his own solution at length and in detail. In a substantial introduction, Stephen Read describes Bradwardine's analysis, compares it with other more recent theories, and places it in its historical context. The text is accompanied by three appendices, the first of which is an extra chapter found in two manuscripts (and partly in a third) that appears to contain further thoughts by Bradwardine himself. The second contains an extract from Ralph Strode's Insolubilia, composed in the 1360s, repeating and enlarging on Bradwardine's text; and the third consists of an anonymous text that applies Bradwardine's solution to a succession of different insolubles. ... Read more

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Chapters: William of Ockham, Gersonides, Catherine of Siena, Ramon Llull, Pietro D'abano, Thomas Bradwardine, Jean Buridan, Duns Scotus, Nicole Oresme, Giles of Rome, Abner of Burgos, Albert of Saxony, Liu Ji, Profiat Duran, William Crathorn, Marsilius of Inghen, Oxford Calculators, Petrus Aureolus, John of Paris, Walter Burley, Gregory of Rimini, Sophonias, Richard Swineshead, Adam de Wodeham, Samuel Ibn Seneh Zarza, Nicholas of Autrecourt, John of Jandun, William of Heytesbury, Henry Harclay, Robert Holcot, Robert Alyngton, Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio, Walter Chatton, John Dumbleton. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 143. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Blessed John (Johannes) Duns Scotus, O.F.M. (c. 1265 8 November 1308) was one of the more important theologians and philosophers of the High Middle Ages. He was nicknamed Doctor Subtilis for his penetrating and subtle manner of thought. Scotus has had considerable influence on Catholic thought. The doctrines for which he is best known are the "univocity of being," that existence is the most abstract concept we have, applicable to everything that exists; the formal distinction, a way of distinguishing between different aspects of the same thing; and the idea of haecceity, the property supposed to be in each individual thing that makes it an individual. Scotus also developed a complex argument for the existence of God, and argued scripturally for the Immaculate conception of Mary. Little is known of Scotus' life. He was probably born in 1265, at Duns, in Berwickshire, Scotland. In 1291 he was ordained as a priest in Northampton, England. A note in Codex 66 of Merton College, Oxford, records that Scotus "flourished at Cambridge, Oxford and Paris. He began lecturing on Peter Lombard's Sentences at the prestigious University of P...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=19344947 ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Zhu Shijie, Gersonides, Thomas Bradwardine, Madhava of Sangamagrama, Jamshīd Al-Kāshī, Nicole Oresme, Parameshvara, Richard of Wallingford, Kamāl Al-Dīn Al-Fārisī, Paolo Dagomari Di Prato, Oxford Calculators, Ibn Al-Banna Al-Marrakushi, Richard Swineshead, Narayana Pandit, Qāḍīzāda Al-Rūmī, Simon Bredon, Giovanni Di Casali, William of Heytesbury, Abu Abdallah Yaish Ibn Ibrahim Ibn Yusuf Ibn Simak Al-Umawi. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt: Mdhavan of Sangamagramam (born as Irinjaatappilly Madhavan Namboodiri) (c. 1350 c. 1425) was a prominent Hindu mathematician-astronomer from the town of Irinjalakkuda, near Cochin, Kerala, India. Sangamagramam (lit. sangamam = union, grmam = village) is a rough translation to Sanskrit from Dravidian word 'Iringattikudal', which means ' iru (two) angaTi (market) kUdal (union)' or the union of two markets . He is considered the founder of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics. He was the first to have developed infinite series approximations for a range of trigonometric functions, which has been called the "decisive step onward from the finite procedures of ancient mathematics to treat their limit-passage to infinity". His discoveries opened the doors to what has today come to be known as mathematical analysis. One of the greatest mathematician-astronomers of the Middle Ages, Madhava contributed to infinite series, calculus, trigonometry, geometry and algebra. Some scholars have also suggested that Madhava's work, through the writings of the Kerala school, may have been transmitted to Europe via Jesuit missionaries and traders who were active around the ancient port of Kochi at the time. As a result, it may have had an influence on later European developments in analysis and calculus. Although there is so...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=2793007 ... Read more

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Chapters: Dante Alighieri, John Wycliffe, William of Ockham, Petrarch, Thomas Bradwardine, Baldus de Ubaldis, Duns Scotus, Nicole Oresme, Michael of Cesena, Albert of Saxony, Bartolus de Saxoferrato, Raimon de Cornet, Theodoric of Freiberg, Marsilius of Padua, Bernard Gui, Richard Fitzralph, Ranulf Higdon, Ugolino Brunforte, Walter Burley, Gregory of Rimini, Richard Swineshead, Nicholas of Autrecourt, John of Hildesheim, John of Jandun, William of Heytesbury, John Dumbleton. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 143. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: John Wycliffe (pronounced ; also spelled Wyclif, Wycliff, Wiclef, Wicliffe, or Wickliffe) (c. 1324 31 December 1384) was an English theologian, lay preacher, translator, reformist and university teacher who was known as an early dissident in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century. His followers are known as Lollards, a somewhat rebellious movement, which preached anticlerical and biblically-centered reforms. He is considered the founder of the Lollard movement, a precursor to the Protestant Reformation (for this reason, he is sometimes called "The Morning Star of the Reformation"). He was one of the earliest opponents of papal authority influencing secular power. Wycliffe was also an early advocate for translation of the Bible into the common tongue. He completed his translation directly from the Vulgate into vernacular English in the year 1382, now known as Wyclif's Bible . It is probable that he personally translated the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John; and it is possible he translated the entire New Testament, while his associates translated the Old Testament. Wyclif's Bible appears to have been completed by 1384, with additional updated versions being done by Wycliffe's assistant John Purvey and others in 1388 and 1395...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=16483 ... Read more

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Chapters: J. F. C. Fuller, Thomas Bradwardine, William Juxon, Michael Ashcroft, Baron Ashcroft, George Murray, Charles Harington Harington, Antony Hegarty, Holly Colvin, Antony and the Johnsons, Michael Elphick, Paul Steinitz, Roland Beamont, Margaret Leighton, Katie Green, Adrian Noble, Richard Seaman, Rex Yeatman, List of People From Chichester, Honeysuckle Weeks, William Hayley, Sam Callis, Edward Speleers, Zoe Rahman, John Barton Hack, John Weldon, Jennifer Lash, Wilfrith Elstob, George Weldon, Charlotte Hawkins, Leslie Rands, Alan Arnell, Wilbraham Lennox, Rollo Weeks, William Collins, George Dare Dowell, James Tighe, Timothy Peake, Morgan Lewington, Harvey Lonsdale Elmes, Peter Baldwin, Cordelia Bugeja, Jarvis Kenrick, Cursor Miner, Harriet Barber, Mike Friday, Wayne Lotek, Sean Heather, Leslie Evershed-Martin. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 191. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Michael Anthony Ashcroft, Baron Ashcroft, KCMG, (born 4 March 1946), is an international businessman, philanthropist and politician. He holds dual British and Belizean nationality, and is a Belonger of the Turks ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Thomas Bradwardine, Barlaam of Seminara, Richard Rolle, Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of France, Viola Elisabeth of Cieszyn, Anne of Bohemia, Casimir I, Duke of Cieszyn, Sesson Yūbai, Pierre Bersuire, John Parricida, Leopold I, Duke of Austria, Andrea Pisano, Beatrice of Hungary, Roger D'amory, Conrad of Piacenza, Jacob Van Artevelde, Jakushitsu Genkō, Al Sahili, Nolfo Da Montefeltro, Albericus de Rosate, Richard de Willoughby, Matthias of Arras, Constance of Portugal, Giovanni Di Balduccio, Ke Jiusi, Rabbenu Yerucham, Kujō Fusazane. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt: Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1290 26 August 1349), often called "the Profound Doctor", was an English scholar and courtier and, very briefly, Archbishop of Canterbury. He was born either at Hartfield in Sussex or at Chichester, where his family were settled, members of the smaller gentry or burghers. He was a precocious student, educated at Balliol College, Oxford where he was a fellow by 1321; he took the degree of doctor of divinity, and acquired the reputation of a profound scholar, a skilful mathematician and an able theologian. He was also a gifted logician with theories on the insolubles and in particular the liar paradox. He subsequently moved to Merton College, Oxford on a fellowship. He was afterwards raised to the high offices of chancellor of the university and professor of divinity. Bradwardine (like his contemporary William of Occam) was a culminating figure of the great intellectual movement at Oxford that had begun in the 1240s. Bradwardine was an ordinary secular cleric, which gave him intellectual freedom but deprived him of the security and wherewithal that the Preaching Orders would have afforded; instead he turned to royal patronage. From being chancell...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=153676 ... Read more

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Chapters: 14th-Century Mathematicians, Zhu Shijie, Gersonides, Thomas Bradwardine, Madhava of Sangamagrama, Jamshīd Al-Kāshī, Nicole Oresme, Parameshvara, Richard of Wallingford, Kamāl Al-Dīn Al-Fārisī, Paolo Dagomari Di Prato, Oxford Calculators, Ibn Al-Banna Al-Marrakushi, Richard Swineshead, Narayana Pandit, Qāḍīzāda Al-Rūmī, Simon Bredon, Giovanni Da Casale, Giovanni Di Casali, William of Heytesbury, Hamdollah Mostowfi, Abu Abdallah Yaish Ibn Ibrahim Ibn Yusuf Ibn Simak Al-Umawi. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 89. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Mdhavan of Sangamagramam (born as irinngaRappilly Madhavan Namboodiri) (c. 1350 c. 1425) was a prominent Hindu mathematician-astronomer from the town of Irinjalakkuda, which was known as 'Iringattikudal' near Cochin, Kerala, India. Sangamagramam (lit. sangamam = union, grmam = village) is a rough translation to Sanskrit from Dravidian word 'Iringattikudal', which means ' iru (two) angaTi (market) kUdal (union)' or the union of two markets . He is considered the founder of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics. He was the first to have developed infinite series approximations for a range of trigonometric functions, which has been called the "decisive step onward from the finite procedures of ancient mathematics to treat their limit-passage to infinity". His discoveries opened the doors to what has today come to be known as mathematical analysis. One of the greatest mathematician-astronomers of the Middle Ages, Madhava contributed to infinite series, calculus, trigonometry, geometry and algebra. Some scholars have also suggested that Madhava's work, through the writings of the Kerala school, may have been transmitted to Europe via Jesuit missionaries and traders who were active around the ancient port of Kochi at the time. As...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=2793007 ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Pope Clement V, Pope Urban Vi, Pope Clement Vi, Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz, Thomas Bradwardine, Simon Sudbury, Robert Winchelsey, Roger Walden, Simon Langham, William Courtenay, William Whittlesey, John de Stratford, Walter Reynolds, Jens Grand, Alexander de Bicknor, Thomas Arundel, Jakub Świnka, John of Montecorvino, John of Thoresby, William Melton, William Greenfield, Thomas of Corbridge, Walram of Jülich, John de Ufford, Richard Fitzralph, William Zouche, Heinrich Ii of Virneburg, Thomas Cobham, Peter Paludanus, Simon Mepeham, Baldwin of Luxembourg, Antipope Clement Vii, Wilhelm Von Gennep, Bérenger de Landore, Alexander Neville, Simon Islip, Francesco Uguccione, Adolf Iii of the Marck, Petrus Filipsson, Wigbold Von Holte, Jan Očko Z Vlašimi, James of Viterbo, Pietro Pileo Di Prata, Engelbert Iii of the Marck, Enrico Minutoli, John de Leche, Annibale Di Ceccano, Gonçalo Pereira, Antonio Ballester, Jarosław of Bogoria and Skotnik, Nils Allesson, Jean de Marigny, Janusz Suchywilk, Bohemond Ii, Guillaume Adam, João Anes, Charles Iii of Alençon, William of Paris, Francesco Moricotti Prignani, Birger Gregersson, Arnaud Aubert, Teodorico Ranieri, Andrew, Archbishop of Antivari, Emerico Di Quart, Petrus Torkilsson, Karel of Pardubice. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt: Dr. Jens Grand, the Firebug (Low German: Fürsate, Swedish: Fursat) (about 1260 - May 29, 1327 in Avignon) was a Danish archbishop of Lund (1289-1302), titular Archbishop of Riga and Terra Mariana (1304-1310), and Prince-Archbishop of Bremen (as John I 1310-1327), known as the central figure of the second ecclesiastical struggle in Denmark in the late 1200s. He was an outstanding jurist of canon law. Grand was the son of Torbern Hvide, an officer at the Danish royal court, and of C...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=2898197 ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Philosophy, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 786 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Explores major marketing and advertising campaigns from 1999-2006. Entries profile recent print, radio, television, billboard and Internet campaigns. Each essay discusses the historical context of the campaign, the target market, the competition, marketing strategy, and the outcome. ... Read more

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Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Fibonacci, Alcuin, Adelard of Bath, Thomas Bradwardine, Abraham Bar Hiyya, Jordanus de Nemore, Abacus School, Nicole Oresme, Paolo Dagomari Di Prato, Witelo, Oxford Calculators, Hermann of Reichenau, Plato Tiburtinus. Excerpt:Abacus or abaco refers to calculations, especially the subject of direct calculations, using Hindu numerals without the help of the abacus (an instrument for calculating) . Abacus school is a term applied to any Italian school or tutorial after the 13th century, whose commerce-directed curriculum placed special emphasis on mathematics, such as algebra , among other subjects . These schools sprang after the publication of Fibonacci s Book of the Abacus and his introduction of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system . In Fibonacci s viewpoint, this system, originating in India around 400 B.C.E. and later adopted by the Arabs, was simpler and more practical than using the existing Roman numeric tradition. Italian merchants and traders quickly adopted the structure as a means of producing accountants, clerks, and so on, and subsequently abacus schools for students were established . These were done in many ways: communes could appeal to patrons to support the institution and find masters; religious institutions could finance and oversee the curriculum ; independent masters could teach pupils. Unless they were selected for teaching occupations that were salaried, most masters taught students who could pay as this was their main source of income . Significance Abacus schools were significant for a couple of reasons: Firstly, because mathematics was associated with many professions, including trade , there was an increasing need to do away with the old Roman numeral system which produced too many errors . The number of Roman characters a merchant needed to memorize to c... ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Science and Its Times, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 450 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.The histories of science, technology, and mathematics merge with the study of humanities and social science in this interdisciplinary reference work. Essays on people, theories, discoveries, and concepts are combined with overviews, bibliographies of primary documents, and chronological elements to offer students a fascinating way to understand the impact of science on the course of human history and how science affects everyday life. Entries represent people and developments throughout the world, from about 2000 B.C. through the end of the twentieth century. ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Thomas Bradwardine, Alexander de Bicknor, Juan Manuel, Duke of Peñafiel, Joan Ii of Navarre, Richard Rolle, Bonne of Bohemia, Alice Comyn, Countess of Buchan, Isabel de Verdun, Lady Ferrers of Groby, Ismail Qureshi Al Hashmi, Walram of Jülich, John de Ufford, John Clyn, Frederick Ii, Margrave of Meissen, James Iii of Majorca, Ugolino Di Nerio, Nicholas of Lyra, Alexander Suslin, Judah Ben Asher, Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell, Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell, Robert de Eglesfield, Luchino Visconti, Hugh le Despencer, 2nd Baron le Despencer, Guido Da Vigevano, Margaret of Bohemia, Queen of Hungary, Henry Hussey, 2nd Baron Hussey, Joan Iii, Countess of Burgundy, Elisabeth of Sicily, Günther Von Schwarzburg, Wulstan Bransford, Henri, Dauphin of Viennois, Hamdollah Mostowfi, Ivan Asen Iv of Bulgaria, William Ramsey, Robert Holcot, Robert de Den, Ibn Al-Yayyab, Ibn Shuayb, Kujō Michinori. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt: Alexander de Bicknor (usually Alexander de Bykenore in original Middle English sources, though several other spellings are encountered as well) was an official in the Plantagenet kingdom under Edward I of England, Edward II of England, and Edward III of England. Best known to history as the Archbishop of Dublin from 1317 until his death on July 14, 1349, his career involved extensive diplomatic missions for the King and the holding of numerous civil and ecclesiastical offices in Ireland, including Lord Treasurer of Ireland (1307-1309) and Lord Chancellor of Ireland. De Bicknor's date of birth is unclear. Numerous mentions of an Alexander de Bicknor can be found in Gloucestershire records in the late 1200s and in the first decade of the 14th century. Both Gallagher and Phillips consider these to be the same man as ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=10906430 ... Read more

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Chapters: Giovanni D'andrea, Anne of Bohemia, Alfonso Xi of Castile, Geert Groote, Thomas Bradwardine, Giovanni Villani, Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, Joan of England, Blanche of Lancaster, Enguerrand Vii, Lord of Coucy, Joan Ii of Navarre, Joan the Lame, Bonne of Bohemia, Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, John de Ufford, Fernando Sánchez de Tovar, Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell, Louis of Sicily, Ruaidri Mac Tairdelbach Ó Conchobair, Eleanor of Portugal, Queen of Aragon, John, Duke of Randazzo, Frederick I of Athens, Cathal Mac Ruaidri Ó Conchobair. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 117. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Giovanni Villani (c. 1276 or 1280 1348, Italian pronunciation: ) was an Italian banker, official, diplomat and chronicler from Florence who wrote the Nuova Cronica (New Chronicles) on the history of Florence. He was a leading statesman of Florence but later gained an unsavory reputation and served time in prison as a result of the bankruptcy of a trading and banking company he worked for. His interest in and elaboration of economic details, statistical information, and political and psychological insight mark him as a more modern chronicler of late medieval Europe. His Cronica is viewed as the first introduction of statistics as a positive element in history. However, historian Kenneth R. Bartlett notes that, in contrast to his Renaissance-era successors, "his reliance on such elements as Divine Providence links Villani closely with the medieval vernacular chronical tradition." In recurring themes made implicit through significant events described in his Cronica, Villani also emphasized three assumptions about the relationship of sin and morality to historical events, these being that excess brings disaster, that fo...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=490837 ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1290 - 26 August 1349), often called "the Profound Doctor", was an English scholar and courtier and, very briefly, Archbishop of Canterbury.He was born either at Hartfield in Sussex or at Chichester, where his family were settled, members of the smaller gentry or burghers.He was a precocious student, educated at Balliol College, Oxford where he was a fellow by 1321; he took the degree of doctor of divinity, and acquired the reputation of a profound scholar, a skilful mathematician and an able theologian. He was also a gifted logician with theories on the insolubles and in particular the liar paradox.He subsequently moved to Merton College, Oxford on a fellowship. He was afterwards raised to the high offices of chancellor of the university and professor of divinity. Bradwardine (like his contemporary William of Occam) was a culminating figure of the great intellectual movement at Oxford that had begun in the 1240s. ... Read more

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Chapters: Thomas Bradwardine, Michael Wilford, Madeline Smith, John Ellman, Bertram Walter Elles. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 24. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1290 26 August 1349), often called "the Profound Doctor", was an English scholar and courtier and, very briefly, Archbishop of Canterbury. He was born either at Hartfield in Sussex or at Chichester, where his family were settled, members of the smaller gentry or burghers. He was a precocious student, educated at Balliol College, Oxford where he was a fellow by 1321; he took the degree of doctor of divinity, and acquired the reputation of a profound scholar, a skilful mathematician and an able theologian. He was also a gifted logician with theories on the insolubles and in particular the liar paradox. He subsequently moved to Merton College, Oxford on a fellowship. He was afterwards raised to the high offices of chancellor of the university and professor of divinity. Bradwardine (like his contemporary William of Occam) was a culminating figure of the great intellectual movement at Oxford that had begun in the 1240s. Bradwardine was an ordinary secular cleric, which gave him intellectual freedom but deprived him of the security and wherewithal that the Preaching Orders would have afforded; instead he turned to royal patronage. From being chancellor of the diocese of London as Dean of St Paul's, he became chaplain and confessor to Edward III, whom he attended during his wars in France at the Battle of Crécy, where he preached at the victory Mass, and at the subsequent siege of Calais. Edward repeatedly entrusted him with diplomatic missions. On his return to England, he was successively appointed prebendary of Lincoln and archdeacon (1347). In 1349 the canons of the chapter at Canterbury elected h...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=153676 ... Read more