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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Bhaskara (1114 – 1185) (also known as Bhaskara II and Bhaskara Achārya ("Bhaskara the teacher")) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. He was born near Bijjada Bida (in present day Bijapur district, Karnataka state, South India) into the Deshastha Brahmin family. Bhaskara was head of an astronomical observatory at Ujjain, the leading mathematical centre of ancient India. His predecessors in this post had included both the noted Indian mathematician Brahmagupta (598–c. 665) and Varahamihira. He lived in the Sahyadri region. It has been recorded that his great-great-great-grandfather held a hereditary post as a court scholar, as did his son and other descendants. His father Mahesvara was as an astrologer, who taught him mathematics, which he later passed on to his son Loksamudra. Loksamudra's son helped to set up a school in 1207 for the study of Bhāskara's writings. Bhaskara and his works represent a significant contribution to mathematical and astronomical knowledge in the 12th century. ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Bhāskara Ii, Basava, Aluru Venkata Rao, Basappa Danappa Jatti, Venkanna H. Naik, Ramesh Jigajinagi, Sunil Kumar Desai, Amirbai Karnataki, Basangouda Patil, M. M. Kalburgi, Jagdish Prasad Mathur. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt: Bhaskara (1114 1185) (Kannada ) (also known as Bhaskara II and Bhaskara Achrya ("Bhaskara the teacher")) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. He was born near Bijjada Bida (in present day Bijapur district, Karnataka state, South India) into the Deshastha Brahmin family. Bhaskara was head of an astronomical observatory at Ujjain, the leading mathematical centre of ancient India. His predecessors in this post had included both the noted Indian mathematician Brahmagupta (598c. 665) and Varahamihira. He lived in the Sahyadri region. It has been recorded that his great-great-great-grandfather held a hereditary post as a court scholar, as did his son and other descendants. His father Mahesvara was as an astrologer, who taught him mathematics, which he later passed on to his son Loksamudra. Loksamudra's son helped to set up a school in 1207 for the study of Bhskara's writings. Bhaskara and his works represent a significant contribution to mathematical and astronomical knowledge in the 12th century. His main works were the Lilavati (dealing with arithmetic), Bijaganita (Algebra) and Siddhanta Shiromani (written in 1150) which consists of two parts: Goladhyaya (sphere) and Grahaganita (mathematics of the planets). His book on arithmetic is the source of interesting legends that assert that it was written for his daughter, Lilavati. In one of these stories, which is found in a Persian translation of Lilavati, Bhaskara II studied Lilavati's horoscope and predicted that her husband would die soon after the marriage if the marria...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=480509 ... Read more

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In the 5th century the Indian mathematician Aryabhata (476-499) wrote a small but famous work on astronomy, the Aryabhatiya. This treatise, written in 118 verses, gives in its second chapter a summary of Hindu mathematics up to that time. Two hundred years later, an Indian astronomer called Bhaskara glossed this mathematial chapter of the Aryabhatiya.

An english translation of Bhaskara’s commentary and a mathematical supplement are presented in two volumes.

Subjects treated in Bhaskara’s commentary range from computing the volume of an equilateral tetrahedron to the interest on a loaned capital, from computations on series to an elaborate process to solve a Diophantine equation.

This volume contains explanations for each verse commentary translated in Volume 1. These supplements discuss the linguistic and mathematical matters exposed by the commentator. Particularly helpful for readers are an appendix on Indian astronomy, elaborate glossaries, and an extensive bibliography.

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Bhāskara Ii, Fujiwara No Shunzei, Henry, Earl of Northumbria, Mor O'toole, Queen of Leinster, Al-Suhayli. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt: Bhaskara (1114 1185) (Kannada ) (also known as Bhaskara II and Bhaskara Achrya ("Bhaskara the teacher")) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. He was born near Bijjada Bida (in present day Bijapur district, Karnataka state, South India) into the Deshastha Brahmin family. Bhaskara was head of an astronomical observatory at Ujjain, the leading mathematical centre of ancient India. His predecessors in this post had included both the noted Indian mathematician Brahmagupta (598c. 665) and Varahamihira. He lived in the Sahyadri region. It has been recorded that his great-great-great-grandfather held a hereditary post as a court scholar, as did his son and other descendants. His father Mahesvara was as an astrologer, who taught him mathematics, which he later passed on to his son Loksamudra. Loksamudra's son helped to set up a school in 1207 for the study of Bhskara's writings. Bhaskara and his works represent a significant contribution to mathematical and astronomical knowledge in the 12th century. His main works were the Lilavati (dealing with arithmetic), Bijaganita (Algebra) and Siddhanta Shiromani (written in 1150) which consists of two parts: Goladhyaya (sphere) and Grahaganita (mathematics of the planets). His book on arithmetic is the source of interesting legends that assert that it was written for his daughter, Lilavati. In one of these stories, which is found in a Persian translation of Lilavati, Bhaskara II studied Lilavati's horoscope and predicted that her husband would die soon after the marriage if the marriage did not take place at a particular time. To alert his daughter at the correct time, he...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=480509 ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Aryabhata, Bhāskara Ii, Nilakantha Somayaji, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Jyesthadeva, Vasistha, Meghnad Saha, Jayant Narlikar, Thanu Padmanabhan, Parameshvara, Yajnavalkya, Varahamihira, Govind Swarup, J. J. Rawal, Utpala, Śrīpati, Vainu Bappu, Sankara Varman, Mohan Apte, Somnath Bharadwaj, Vatasseri Parameshwaran Nambudiri, Achyuta Pisharati, Agnes Giberne, Ramana Athreya, Gautama Siddha, Kelallur Neelakandhan Somayaji, P. Devadas, Lalla, Jagannatha Samrat, M K Das Gupta, Amil Kumar Das, Sankara Variar, Brahmadeva, Damodara, Kamalakara, Bapudeva Sastri, Mahendra Suri, Paarangot Jyeshtadevan Namboodiri, Radha Gobinda Chandra, Achyuta Panikkar, Aryabhata Ii, Lagadha. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt: Aryabhata (IAST: ; Sanskrit: ) (476550 CE) was the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. His most famous works are the Aryabhatiya (499 CE, when he was 23 years old) and the Arya-siddhanta. While there is a tendency to misspell his name as "Aryabhatta" by analogy with other names having the "bhatta" suffix, his name is properly spelled Aryabhata: every astronomical text spells his name thus, including Brahmagupta's references to him "in more than a hundred places by name". Furthermore, in most instances "Aryabhatta" does not fit the metre either. Aryabhata mentions in the Aryabhatiya that it was composed 3,600 years into the Kali Yuga, when he was 23 years old. This corresponds to 499 CE, and implies that he was born in 476 CE. Aryabhata provides no information about his place of birth. The only information comes from Bhskara I, who describes Aryabhata as makya, "one belonging to the amaka country." While amaka was originally situated in the nort...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=297204 ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Andronikos I Komnenos, Afonso I of Portugal, Pope Lucius Iii, Baldwin Iv of Jerusalem, Bhāskara Ii, Ibn Tufail, Emperor Antoku, Fernando Rodríguez de Castro, Richeza of Poland, Queen of Castile, Gille Brigte of Galloway, Yahia Ben Yahi Iii, Saint Drogo, Al-Suhayli, Dietrich I, Margrave of Lusatia, Beatrice of Rethel, Kikuchi Takanao, Taira No Kagekiyo, Stefan, Stephen Hagiochristophorites, Taira No Tokiko, Alfonso Ramírez, Taira No Tomomori, Alain, Bishop of Auxerre, Taira No Munemori, Centule Iii of Bigorre, Taira No Shigehira, Silvester of Troina, Taira No Noritsune, Nur Al-Din Muhammad. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt: Afonso I (c. 1109, Guimarães or Viseu 6 December 1185, Coimbra), or also Affonso (Archaic Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonso (Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonsus (Latin version), sometimes rendered in English as Alphonzo or Alphonse, depending on the Spanish or French influence, more commonly known as Afonso Henriques (Portuguese pronunciation: ), nicknamed the Conqueror (Portuguese: ), the Founder (Portuguese: ) or the Great (Portuguese: ) by the Portuguese, and El-Bortukali («the Portuguese») and Ibn-Arrik (son of Henry) by the Moors whom he fought, was the first King of Portugal. He achieved the independence of the southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia -County of Portugal- from the León, in 1139, doubling its area with the Reconquista, which he carried until his death, in 1185, after 46 years of wars against the Moors. Afonso I was the son of Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal and Teresa of León, the illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso VI of León. He was proclaimed King on 25 July 1139, immediately after the Battle of Ourique, and died on 6 December 1185 in Coimbra. At the end of the 11th century, the Iberian Peninsula politic...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1657 ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Omar Khayyám, Adelard of Bath, Abraham Bar Hiyya, Al-Khazini, Bhāskara Ii, Sharaf Al-Dīn Al-Ṭūsī, Acharya Hemachandra, Ibn Yahyā Al-Maghribī Al-Samaw'al, Ayn Al-Quzat Hamadani, Brahmadeva, Gopala. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt: Omar Khayyám (Persian: ), (born 18 May 1048 AD, Neyshapur, Persia (Iran)1131 AD, Neyshapur, Persia), was a Persian Muslim polymath, mathematician, philosopher, astronomer, physician, and poet. He also wrote treatises on mechanics, geography, and music. He became established as one of the major mathematicians and astronomers of the medieval period. Recognized as the author of the most important treatise on algebra before modern times as reflected in his Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra giving a geometric method for solving cubic equations by intersecting a hyperbola with a circle. He also contributed to the calendar reform and may have proposed a heliocentric theory well before Copernicus. His significance as a philosopher and teacher, and his few remaining philosophical works, have not received the same attention as his scientific and poetic writings. Zamakhshari referred to him as the philosopher of the world. Many sources have also testified that he taught for decades the philosophy of Ibn Sina in Nishapur where Khayyám lived most of his life, died, and was buried and where his mausoleum remains today a masterpiece of Iranian architecture visited by many people every year. Outside Iran and Persian speaking countries, Khayyám has had impact on literature and societies through translation and works of scholars. The greatest such impact among several others was in English-speaking countries; the English scholar Thomas Hyde (16361703) was the first non-Persian to study him. However the most influential of all...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=92550 ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha's Vedic Mathematics, Bhāskara Ii, Tantrasamgraha, Shulba Sutras, Aryabhata's Sine Table, Madhava's Sine Table, Katapayadi System, Yuktibhasa, Karanapaddhati, Jyesthadeva, Chakravala Method, Jyā, Koti-Jyā and Utkrama-Jyā, Sadratnamala, Śrīpati, Bakhshali Manuscript, C. M. Whish, Brahmasphutasiddhanta, Kātyāyana, Lilavati, Vedic Square, Mahavira, Kos, Manava, Govindasvāmi, Bhaskara's Lemma, Lalla, Pythagorean Approximation, Sridhara, Sankara Narayana, Prthudakasvami. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt: Indian mathematics also known as Hindu mathematics refers to the mathematics that emerged in the Indian subcontinent, from ancient times until the end of the 18th century. In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 AD to 1200 AD), important contributions were made by scholars like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskara II. The decimal number system in use today and the binary number system were first recorded in Indian mathematics. Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of zero as a number, negative numbers, arithmetic, and algebra. In addition, trigonometry, having evolved in the Hellenistic world and having been introduced into ancient India through the translation of Greek works, was further advanced in India, and, in particular, the modern definitions of sine and cosine were developed there. These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East, China, and Europe and led to further developments that now form the foundations of many areas of mathematics. Ancient and medieval Indian mathematical works, all composed in Sanskrit, usually consisted of a section of sutras in which a set of rules or problems were stated with great economy in verse in order to aid memorization ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1848052 ... Read more

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Chapters: 12th-Century Mathematicians, Omar Khayyám, Adelard of Bath, Abraham Bar Hiyya, Al-Khazini, Bhāskara Ii, Sharaf Al-Dīn Al-Ṭūsī, Acharya Hemachandra, Ibn Yahyā Al-Maghribī Al-Samaw'al, Ayn Al-Quzat Hamadani, Brahmadeva, Gopala. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 76. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Omar Khayyám (Persian: ), (born 18 May 1048 AD, Neyshapur, Iran1131 AD, Neyshapur, Iran), was a Persian polymath, mathematician, philosopher, astronomer, physician, and poet. He wrote treatises on mechanics, geography, and music. He became established as one of the major mathematicians and astronomers of the medieval period. Recognized as the author of the most important treatise on algebra before modern times as reflected in his Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra giving a geometric method for solving cubic equations by intersecting a hyperbola with a circle. He contributed to the calendar reform and may have proposed a heliocentric theory well before Copernicus. His significance as a philosopher and teacher, and his few remaining philosophical works, have not received the same attention as his scientific and poetic writings. Zamakhshari referred to him as the philosopher of the world. Many sources have testified that he taught for decades the philosophy of Ibn Sina in Nishapur where Khayyám lived most of his life, died, and was buried and where his mausoleum remains today a masterpiece of Iranian architecture visited by many people every year. Outside Iran and Persian speaking countries, Khayyám has had impact on literature and societies through translation and works of scholars. The greatest such impact among several others was in English-speaking countries; the English scholar Thomas Hyde (16361703) was the first non-Persian to study him. The most influential of all...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=92550 ... Read more