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A standard source of information of functions of one complex variable, this text has retained its wide popularity in this field by being consistently rigorous without becoming needlessly concerned with advanced or overspecialized material. Difficult points have been clarified, the book has been reviewed for accuracy, and notations and terminology have been modernized. Chapter 2, Complex Functions, features a brief section on the change of length and area under conformal mapping, and much of Chapter 8, Global-Analytic Functions, has been rewritten in order to introduce readers to the terminology of germs and sheaves while still emphasizing that classical concepts are the backbone of the theory. Chapter 4, Complex Integration, now includes a new and simpler proof of the general form of Cauchy's theorem. There is a short section on the Riemann zeta function, showing the use of residues in a more exciting situation than in the computation of definite integrals. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (23)

Total Garbage
First, a little about my background.I have no problems with many "classic" books in mathematics, even some that I believe should have been retired years ago on the grounds that (pedagogically) better books in the field have since been developed.Rudin's "Principles of Mathematical Analysis" is excellent because it is so organized, rigorous and elegant, though I don't personally think it's best for an introductory analysis course.Royden's "Real Analysis", older than I am, is serviceable and likely still has a place in the world.As for complex analysis, I think Conway's "Functions of One Complex Variable" and Lang's "Complex Analysis" are books that deserve to be called classics in the field and ought to enjoy wider circulation than they actually do.A couple years ago I worked through the Conway text on my own up to Cauchy's Theorem and found it pleasant. Now, at last, I'm taking a graduate-level complex analysis course, and oh what a crying shame: we're using this ancient travesty by Ahlfors.

Look, I don't mind terse proofs, or what some code-name "elegant" proofs. Like I said, I really like Rudin, and no one is terse if Rudin isn't.I can fill in the gaps in a terse but organized proof just fine, and I can also fill in the gaps in intuitive "hand-waving" proofs like the kind you'll find in Hatcher's "Algebraic Topology". But Ahlfors often manages terseness without elegance and hand-waving without intuition.It's breath-taking -- how does he do it? He couldn't have typed the book in the dark because there are very few typos, so it must be some special skill one acquires through life-long study of the Obscure Arts.

It's true what others say: the exercises often seem to have little to do with whatever Ahlfors was rambling on about in the sub-subsection they're found in. (The book is broken down into itty-bitty morsels, and still you can't figure out what chapter you're in without flipping through a dozen pages.)Let me rephrase that: they do have something to do with his ramblings, but the ramblings leave you with almost no idea how to go about doing them. Pivotal concepts are treated awkwardly in a rushed, conversational jumble that is rather like talking to a jet-lagged researching professor during office hours on a Friday afternoon minutes before he needs to catch a train. There is a reason why symbols were invented to convey mathematics, and it seems to be lost on Ahlfors.Where a Conway or a Lang will show X implies Y by a sequence of clear mathematical steps, Ahlfors will crawl through a muddy thicket of words that kind of anecdotally "describe" why X should imply Y. "Just figure it out!" shouts the professor over his shoulder as he dashes out his office to catch his next flight.That's Ahlfors' "Complex Analysis" in a nutshell: all complex, no analysis.

Nonbelievers: go to a library, find the book, and turn to page 31 to find what is quite possibly the absolute worst "explanation" of partial fraction decomposition in the history of history. Of course, there is no example to be found there, just a general kind of description that you may not realize is supposed to be an algorithm until Ahlfors ironically ends the sub-subsection with the words "completely successful" and you look at the first exercise. Or just look at page 2: almost an entire page, complete with a system of equations, is devoted to explaining complex number division. Now draw your own conclusions about what one should expect from this author when the material really DOES get complicated. Rube Goldberg is a minimalist by comparison.

There is no coherent definition of a removable singularity, actually. On page 124 His Professorship says, basically, they're points where we "lack information", in which case I guess the whole book could be called a "removable singularity".A glance at Conway cleared things up there.

The book reads like an encyclopedia, but it wouldn't even make for a good reference. Everything's packed into dense paragraphs, obsolete terminology and notation abounds, and the same letter will be used for both a limit of integration and the variable of integration -- in the same integral! Big results like Liouville's Theorem and Morera's Theorem are buried in italics in the middle of paragraphs, while at other times theorems are referred to by a name instead of a number and I'm hard-pressed to figure out what theorem is meant (because theorems are numbered, not named). As for proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra: don't blink, because it's dismissed almost contemptuously in a single paragraph.

Compare pages 30 and 129 to witness Ahlfors contradicting himself on the issue of whether a function can be defined at infinity.

Take a gander at Rouche's Theorem.Ahlfors utterly fails to mention in the conclusion of the theorem that f(z) and g(z) have the same number of zeros COUNTING MULTIPLICITIES.Absolutely every other complex analysis text I can get my hands on at home (Gamelin, Lang, Conway, and a couple of no-names) makes the multiplicity issue plain either by noting it in the statement of the theorem, or mentioning it in a real, honest-to-god example following the theorem.

Complex analysis depends a little more heavily on explicit computations than real analysis does, so it really begs to be elucidated with many, many examples.Well, when it comes to examples, Ahlfors is about as close to a hard vacuum as you're going to find in the entire complex analysis universe.Hard vacuums are not easy to come by in life, so I have to imagine that's the reason for the high price of this "textbook", along with, I guess, the fact that Ahlfors was some big name from "Hah-vahd". Make no mistake: for the purpose of digesting complex analysis, this book is virulently toxic.Why does it still garner an average of 3.5 stars on this site?Well, the Mathematical Elite is very loving toward its sacred cows, which is why it is actually very difficult to find ANY graduate-level math text averaging less than 4 stars out of a total sample size of at least, say, seven reviews. Don't take my word for it -- go take a look around for yourself. I'll wait. So taking this "grade inflation" into account, 3.5 stars out of 5 is really pretty terrible.I recommend Conway or Lang. Lang actually has an accompanying solution manual, if you're self-studying.

This is the first textbook for any math course I've ever taken (and I've taken dozens) that I refuse to buy. I do not want to be party to its perpetuation. This "classic" desperately needs to be euthanized.

Excellent book
The book from the seller was in great shape and unlike some sellers, was shipped in time and the product particularly was in mint condition

Complex analysis, Ahlfors
I bought Complex analysis by Lars Ahlfors, the delivery was quick, and the transaction was handled professionaly.

Tough
As a reference for a Ph.D wanting a refresher, I could see this book being a gem.I do admire Ahlfors for the scope of material he covers (interesting material).However, as a textbook for a student who has not seen all of the advanced concepts, it is mediocre at best.Ahlfors takes very big leaps in his reasoning ("The concept of a joining polygon is so easy that I need not explain it here" and "The reader will have no trouble...").He is extremely hard to follow at many points (notably conformal mapping and Riemann surfaces).You will need another book(s) for reference(s) and an instructor if you do not already know the material 'upside down' and are using Ahlfors.To digest Ahlfors, you need (or at least I needed)

1. Introductory Real Analysis I and II(Rudin's PRA, Gaughan, Ross, Stromberg, etc.) and Topology (Munkres)
2. Two undergraduate complex variable courses (Saff/Snider is awesome!!!)
Other Alternatives (Brown/Churchill, Fisher, Schaum's, etc.)
3. Graduate complex analysis with Karunakaran (awesome as well). Silverman and Needham would be beneficial as supplements.Ash does a good job on integration.
4. A thorough understanding of undergraduate calculus and DE.
5. If you want to understand Chapter 1, section 3, you need some abstract algebra (Gallian) and a book on the construction of the reals (PRA, Spivak, etc).

We used Ahlfors for the first part of the semester and then switched to Karunakaran's book during the second half.Karunakaran's book was much easier.It did not dodge the hard topics.Instead, it covered them in much more detail.That is why I got an A- in the class instead of the expected C I would have had with Ahlfors' book.After learning the material from Karunakaran, I would go back to Ahlfors and see what he was talking about.

[This is a review from a mere mortal (aka student).While I cannot dictate who agrees with my review, feedback from students is preferred over that of professors.I did pretty well in the class (A-), so there are no sour grapes toward the subject itself].

Classic book on complex analysis: one of the best, but overpriced
This book is a classic on complex analysis.Unlike some "classics" in mathematics, it is quite accessible, for students at the appropriate level.In order to understand this book, one would need a solid background in mathematical analysis/advanced calculus, and probably one prior course in complex analysis.

This book is concise but reads rather quickly, at least compared to other books that are similarly dense.I think Ahlfors is a very good writer.Although this book seems thin, it covers a lot of material.I find the order of the material to be quite natural.I also like the problem sets...they are not too difficult for a book at this level, and they are very well-designed to help reinforce the basic ideas as well as explore deeper questions.

I think this book would make an outstanding textbook for a graduate course in advanced calculus.However, there are also a number of more modern textbooks on the subject (Greene & Krantz) that would also make equally good textbooks, so the choice of a book is more a question of personal taste than anything else.As a more introductory book on the same topic, I would recommend a number of books, including the one by Churchhill, or at a more intermediate level, the one by Gamelin, or the book by Stein and Shakarchi.There are other good complex analysis books out there too.The book by Hahn is also worth looking at--it is far more thorough than this book, although both the style of writing and the typesetting are a little less clear.Price-wise, however, these other books might offer more value for your money than this classic text. ... Read more

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Lars Ahlfors' Lectures on Quasiconformal Mappings, based on a course he gave at Harvard University in the spring term of 1964, was first published in 1966 and was soon recognized as the classic it was shortly destined to become. These lectures develop the theory of quasiconformal mappings from scratch, give a self-contained treatment of the Beltrami equation, and cover the basic properties of Teichmuller spaces, including the Bers embedding and the Teichmuller curve. It is remarkable how Ahlfors goes straight to the heart of the matter, presenting major results with a minimum set of prerequisites. Many graduate students and other mathematicians have learned the foundations of the theories of quasiconformal mappings and Teichmuller spaces from these lecture notes. This edition includes three new chapters.The first, written by Earle and Kra, describes further developments in the theory of Teichmuller spaces and provides many references to the vast literature on Teichmuller spaces and quasiconformal mappings. The second, by Shishikura, describes how quasiconformal mappings have revitalized the subject of complex dynamics. The third, by Hubbard, illustrates the role of these mappings in Thurston's theory of hyperbolic structures on 3-manifolds. Together, these three new chapters exhibit the continuing vitality and importance of the theory of quasiconformal mappings. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Very clear and understandable exposition
The author introduces the study of quasiconformal mappings as natural generalizations of conformal mappings, as mappings less rigid than conformal mappings, as mappings important in the study of elliptic partial differential equations, as generating interesting extremal problems, as important in moduli theory and Fuchsian and Kleinian groups, and as mappings that are better behaved in the context of several complex variables. This short book gives a general overview of the important properties of quasiconformal mappings, with these goals and properties in mind.

As the author notes, quasiconformal mappings were introduced by the mathematician H. Grotzsch in 1929 as mappings that are as close to conformal as possible, but that can, for example, take a square in the plane and map it to a (non-square) rectangle in the plane, mapping vertices onto vertices in the process. Conformal maps cannot do this, and a measure of how far the quasiconformal map is from being conformal involves the calculation of the dilatation at a point. The dilatation is computed by considering the effect that the linearization of a C1 homeomorphism has on circles. Such circles are mapped to ellipses, and the ratio of the major to the minor axis gives the dilatation. The dilatation is 1 for a conformal mapping. Following Grotzsch, a mapping is then said to be quasiconformal if the dilatation is bounded, and K-quasiconformal if the dilatation is less than or equal to K.

For a family C of curves in the plane, the author introduces the extremal length of C, and shows that it is invariant under conformal mappings and "quasi-invariant" (multiplied by a bounded factor) under quasiconformal mappings. And following precedents from harmonic analysis, the author defines the Dirichlet integral, and shows it to be quasi-invariant under quasiconformal mappings.

A more general definition of a quasiconformal mapping is then given, that relaxes the Grotzsch requirement that the mappings be C1. A (topological) mapping is called K-quasiconformal if the "modules" of quadrilaterals are K-quasi-invariant. Quadrilaterals are defined to be Jordan regions with a pair of disjoint arcs on the boundary. The "module" is then defined to be the ratio of the sides of the rectangle that the quadrilateral is mapped toconformally. A 1-quasiconformal mapping is shown to be conformal under this new definition. This "geometric" definition of quasiconformal is followed by an "analytic" one, namely that a (topological) mapping is K-quasiconformal if it is "absolutely continuous on lines", with another condition that the ratio of its complex derivatives must be bounded by (K-1)/(K+1). A function on a region is "absolutely continuous on lines" if it is absolutely continuous on almost every horizontal and vertical line of any rectangel in the region. The author proves that the geometric and analytic definitions are equivalent.

The author then considers three different extremal problems for a doubly-connected region in a finite plane. The problem of finding the largest value of the module of this region is considered for three different conditions on this region and its bounded and unbounded components. Simple relations are shown to exist between the three different extremal modules. Also, and very interestingly, the author gives a connection between these extremal modules and elliptic curves. Mori's theorem is also proved, which gives a "Holder inequality", i.e. information on the "stretching" ability of K-quasiconformal mappings of the open unit disk to the open unit disk. This then allows a homeomorphic extension to the closed disk. The author then shows that K-quasiconformal mappings of the unit disk unto itself form a sequentially compact family with respect to uniform convergence. He then considers the question as to when quadruples of distinct complex numbers can be mapped to each other under K-quasiconformal mappings.

These results naturally set up a study of the boundary value properties of quasiconformal mappings. The author proves an "M-condition" that is satisfied by a boundary correspondence mapping. This condition involves the parameter K, and the author shows that the boundary values of a K-quasiconformal mapping must satisfy this condition. He then studies the extent to which quasiconformal mappings are isometries, called "quasi-isometries" where distances are multiplied by a bounded factor. The author then gives an interesting discussion as to the geometric properties of curve that the real line gets mapped to when a quasiconformal mapping of the entire complex plane is considered.

Attention is then concentrated on proving the existence of quasiconformal mappings with a given complex dilatation. This entails a solution of the Beltrami equation, and for this purpose the author constructs two different integral operators, one of which acts on Lp functions for p > 2, the other acting on C2 functions with compact support.All of his discussion has the flavor of classical harmonic analysis, with detailed attention given to the proof of the Calderon-Zygmund inequality.

The author ends his book with a consideration of Teichmuller spaces, with attention given to the extent to which the classical theory of conformally equivalent Riemann surfaces can be generalized to the context of quasiconformal mappings. The Teichmuller space is thus defined as the collection of pairs of Riemann surfaces and sense-preserving quasiconformal mappings between them, with pairs being equivalent under homotopy. The familiar Beltrami and quadratic differentials make their appearance, and the image of the mapping of the unit ball of Beltrami differentials to the spece of quadratic differentials is shown to be open. The Teichmuller space is then shown to be an open subset of the space of quadratic differentials, with the Teichmuller metric giving the same metric as the norm in the space of quadratic differentials. This space has dimension 3g - 3 when the starting Riemann surface has genus g, and with respect to the parameters of the basis of this space, one obtains a holomorphic family of Riemann surfaces. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

great book about advanced topics in complex function theory
I am very happy to have found this book some years ago for a bargain price...it contains a lot of things which are rather difficult to find in the average complex function book an it is written by a master of this subject. I do praise the part about Bieberbach's conjecture (n <5). The geometric aspects are also an important part of the whole text. A definite reference. ... Read more

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The present volume contains all but two of the papers read at the conference, as well as a few papers and short notes submitted afterwards. We hope that it reflects faithfully the present state of research in the fields covered, and that it may provide an access to these fields for future investigations. ... Read more

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Chapters: Lars Ahlfors, Rolf Nevanlinna, Mikko Kaasalainen, Arto Salomaa, Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg, Ernst Leonard Lindelöf, Jorma Rissanen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Hjalmar Mellin, Kaisa Nyberg, Karl F. Sundman, Raimo Hämäläinen, Osmo Pekonen, Antti Lange, Felix Iversen, Matti Jutila,. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 43. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Lars Valerian Ahlfors (18 April 1907 - 11 October 1996) was a Finnish-born mathematician, remembered for his work in the field of Riemann surfaces and his text on complex analysis. Ahlfors was born in Helsinki, Finland. His mother, Sievä Helander, died at his birth. His father, Axel Ahlfors, was a Professor of Engineering at the Helsinki University of Technology. The Ahlfors family was Swedish speaking, so he first attended a private school where all classes were taught in Swedish. Ahlfors studied at University of Helsinki from 1924, graduating in 1928 having studied under Ernst Lindelöf and Rolf Nevanlinna. He assisted Nevanlinna in 1929 with his work on Denjoy's conjecture on the number of asymptotic values of an entire function. He completed his doctorate from the University of Helsinki in 1930. Ahlfors worked as an associate professor at the University of Helsinki from 1933 to 1936. In 1936 he was one of the first two people to be awarded the Fields Medal. In 1935 Ahlfors visited Harvard University. He returned to Finland in 1938 to take up a professorship at the University of Helsinki. The outbreak of war led to problems although Ahlfors was unfit for military service. He was offered a post at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at Zurich in 1944 and finally managed to travel there in March 1945. He did not enjoy his time in Switzerland and jumped at a chance to leave, returning to work at Harvard where he remained until he retir...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=61636 ... Read more

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Chapters: Lars Ahlfors, Rolf Nevanlinna, Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, Teivo Teivainen, Daniel Bertaux, Alvar Palmgren, Edwin Linkomies, Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, Edvard Hjelt, J P Roos, Gustaf John Ramstedt, Kari S. Tikka, Timo Vihavainen, Kaarle Krohn, Kaarlo Linkola, Vilho Annala, Gösta Mittag-Leffler, Simo Parpola, Bruno Salmiala, Eino Kaila, Georg August Wallin, Lauri Ingman, Kim Weckström, Lassi Päivärinta, Ilkka Hanski, Väinö Auer, Juho Vennola, Martti Koskenniemi, Juha Pentikäinen, Raimo Tuomela, Erkki Salmenhaara, Vilho Väisälä, Johan Richard Danielson-Kalmari, Auli Hakulinen, Eero Tarasti, Lauri Hakulinen, Ossian Schauman, Vesa Kanniainen, Fred Karlsson, Axel Olof Freudenthal, Ernst Leonard Lindelöf, Matti Kuusi, Timo Airaksinen, Hugo Suolahti, Eino Jutikkala, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Risto Näätänen, Peter Clark, Nils Mustelin, Aleksi Lehtonen, Tuomo Mannermaa, Jaakko Forsman, Jan-Magnus Jansson, Kimmo Koskenniemi, Riitta Nikula, Mikael Fortelius, Asko Parpola, Eero Huovinen, Otto Donner, Kari Enqvist, Alexander Von Nordmann, Albert Lilius, Anders Donner, Juho Aukusti Hollo, Matti Klinge, Raimo Lahti, Willem de Vos, Felix Iversen. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 190. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg (January 28, 1865 September 22, 1952) was a Finnish jurist and academic, who played a central role in the drafting of the Constitution of Finland in 1919. He was the first President of Finland (19191925) and a nationalist liberal. Ståhlberg was born in Suomussalmi, in the Kainuu region of Finland. He was the second child of Johan (Janne) Gabriel Ståhlberg, an assistant pastor, and Amanda Gustafa Castrén. On both sides of his family, Ståhlberg's male forebears had been Lutheran clergymen. He was christened Carl Johan, but later Finnicized his name...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=164619 ... Read more

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This digital document, covering the life and work of Lars V(alerian) Ahlfors, is an entry from Contemporary Authors, a reference volume published by Thompson Gale. The length of the entry is 1254 words. The page length listed above is based on a typical 300-word page. Although the exact content of each entry from this volume can vary, typical entries include the following information:

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Chapters: Linus Torvalds, Georg Henrik Von Wright, Jean Sibelius, Tove Jansson, Lars Ahlfors, Zachris Topelius, Edvard Westermarck, Nils Torvalds, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Ole Torvalds, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Marcus Grönholm, Linda Brava, Edith Södergran, Tony Halme, Anders Chydenius, Eric Tigerstedt, Jonatan Johansson, Karl-August Fagerholm, Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, Carola Standertskjöld, Peter Enckelman, Carl Olof Cronstedt, Alexander Stubb, Finntroll, Gustaf Nordenskiöld, Fredrik Norrena, Mikael Forssell, Magnus Lindberg, Swedish People's Party, Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, List of Swedish-Speaking Finns, Wilhelm Schauman, Johan Hampus Furuhjelm, Daniel Sjölund, Helene Schjerfbeck, Erik Laxmann, Sean Bergenheim, Ragnar Granit, Ulla-Lena Lundberg, John Vikström, Count Adolf Fredrik Munck Af Fulkila, Herman Gummerus, Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Henrik Klingenberg, Anni Blomqvist, Rudolf Walden, Gustaf John Ramstedt, Arvid Mörne, Leif Segerstam, Hjalmar Siilasvuo, Flag of the Swedish-Speaking Finns, Kristian Gullichsen, Philip Ulric Strengberg, Michael Widenius, Bjarne Kallis, Henrik Lax, Mårten Mickos, Mikaela Ingberg, Carl O. Nordling, Eugen Schauman, Nils Gustafsson, Sally Salminen, Jörn Donner, John Storgårds, Wilhelm Ingves, Otto Malm, Rolf Witting, Bror-Erik Wallenius, Tua Forsström, Hans Wind, Tommy Tabermann, Kai Donner, Antti Ahlström, Åke Lindman, Jan-Erik Enestam, Monika Fagerholm, Björn Wahlroos, Ralf Törngren, Adolf Ehrnrooth, Stefan Wallin, Casimir Ehrnrooth, Viktor Jansson, Albert Edelfelt, Gustaf Philip Creutz, Tommy Wirtanen, Monica Aspelund, Erik Heinrichs, Willy Kyrklund, Stefan Ingves, Jenni Dahlman, Edvard Gylling, Kjell Carlström, Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz, Lars Näsman, Kasper Hämäläinen, Ami Aspelund, Kjell Westö, Sebastian Lindholm, Elisabeth Rehn, Ossi Runne, Alexandra Gripenberg, Stig Wetzell, Ossian Schauman, Gunnar Nordström, Jacob Söderman, Ernst Tandefelt, Björn Kurtén, Gustaf Von Numers, Bengt R. Hol...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=206208 ... Read more

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Chapters: Pamela Anderson, Eero Saarinen, David Lynch, Lars Ahlfors, Gus Hall, Jaco Pastorius, Alfred Aho, Matt Damon, Alfred Lunt, Lauri Törni, Christine Lahti, Ralph Heikkinen, Aileen Wuornos, Wally Wood, Renny Harlin, Johnny Lovewisdom, Emil Petaja, Maila Nurmi, Finnish American, Drew Gooden, Jorma Kaukonen, Charles Wuorinen, Anna Easteden, Tiina Nunnally, John Raymond Ylitalo, Daphne Zuniga, Dexter Lehtinen, Jonah Jenkins, George Gaynes, K. A. Laity, Nick Theslof, Jean M. Auel, Lisa Niemi, Jay Hakkinen, Oskari Tokoi, William Aalto, Dan O'brien, Marvin Makinen, Frances-Marie Uitti, Marko Liias, Mike Prusi, Lawrence Heinemi, Timothy L. Kopra, Kettu Nuorteva, Brian Heidik, Donald G. Saari, P. Scott Makela, John Salminen, Miriam Linna, Dwight Helminen, Carolyn Carlson, Albert Salmi, Paul Gustavson, Matt Niskanen, Roy Saari, David Uosikkinen, John Morton, Jessica Straus, Eric Pålsson Mullica, Eino Friberg, Don Koivisto, Wayne Sulo Aho, David Chokachi, Greg Calvert, Dale Eugene Wayrynen, Einar Aaron Swan, Mike Markkula, Erik Orton, Kevin Tapani, Haddon Sundblom, Paul Kangas, William Alex Stolt, Kirk Jarvinen, Waino Edward Hendrickson, Johannes S. Anderson, T-Bone Slim, Leo Mustonen, Lars Helminen, Joyce Randolph, Hiski Salomaa, Helmi Juvonen, Amy Hill, Mika Johnson, Marta Kristen, Michael Lahti, J. T. Lindroos, Holly Piirainen, Dick Latvala, Nancy Juvonen, Toivo Harjunpää, Oscar Wirkkala, Kristi Leskinen, Michael Anti, Karl Emil Nygard, Sylvia Ruuska, Oscar Larson, Rudy Autio, Olavi Alakulppi, Arthur Kylander, Dick Hannula, Vaino Jack Vehko, Terry Ahola, Verner E. Suomi, Max Dimont, Arvid Jacobson, Wilho Saari, Raoul Björkenheim, Sylvester Ahola, William A. Niskanen, George Vaara, Jeff Lahti, Carl A. Wirtanen, Laurie Niemi, John Mykkanen, John Koskinen, Ejler Jakobsson, Jalmar M. Kerttula, Emil Hurja, Greta Kukkonen, Kaarlo Koskelo, Miriam Patchen, Rodney Paavola, Bob Kempainen, Sylvester Granrose, Bonita Pietila, Will Lahti, Wi...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=7891 ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Science and Its Times, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 675 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.The histories of science, technology, and mathematics merge with the study of humanities and social science in this interdisciplinary reference work. Essays on people, theories, discoveries, and concepts are combined with overviews, bibliographies of primary documents, and chronological elements to offer students a fascinating way to understand the impact of science on the course of human history and how science affects everyday life. Entries represent people and developments throughout the world, from about 2000 B.C. through the end of the twentieth century. ... Read more