Dealing With Doubt About a century and a half before the birth of Christ, a celebrated Greek mathematiciannamed philon of byzantium, wrote a little treatise called De Septem http://www.theportlandproject.com/valleysermons/092400.html
Extractions: DEALING WITH DOUBT Part eleven of Questions Jesus Asked Mark 8:1-13, 22-25 A pastor of a church this size gets a lot of letters. And though Ive noticed a change in the last couple of years from a preference for snail mail to e-mail, the fact is that public persons, pastors included, hear regularly from a wide variety of people about any rich number of things. Someone recently handed me a raft of notes from the Internet entitled Dear Pastor Letters, written by children. Dear Pastor, How does God know the good people from the bad people? Do you tell Him or does He read about it in the newspapers? Sincerely, Marie. Age 9, Lewiston. Dear Pastor, Im sorry I cant leave more money in the plate, but my father didnt give me a raise in my allowance. Could you have a sermon about a raise in my allowance? Love, Patty. Age 10. New Haven. Dear Pastor, Please say in your sermon that Peter Peterson has been a good boy all week. I am Peter Peterson. Sincerely, Pete. Age 9, Phoenix. Dear Pastor, I think a lot more people would come to your church if you moved it to Disneyland. Loree.
ANTIQUITY: INDEX To Volumes 1-76(1927-2002) 4 reviews by, 552401, 59143-4, 60154-5, 60241-2, 62806-8, 73707-8 philology,72509-10 philology, and archaeology, 4737-42 philon of byzantium, 11464 http://intarch.ac.uk/antiquity/listing/p.htm
Extractions: A B C D ... O P Q R S T ... Z The collected Antiquity index of which this is one letter's section covers all its volumes from 1 (1927) to 76 (2002). CAUTION : the index has been collated from individual indexes for the separate numbers, which were done at various times by various hands. NAMES of contributors and of authors of books reviewed should be right. Coverage of SUBJECTS is very variable; since early indexes were more thorough in covering subjects, the entries may be mostly or only for older volumes - and much more recent coverage will not be indexed. Use the subject index At Your Own Risk! pa, Dalla Planura di Aaalia alla Valle del Meandro Pachyrrhizus erosus The new archaeology and aftermath: a view from outside the Anglo-American world Ancient Oaxaca: discoveries in Mexican archaeology and history , 41:154-5 Padel, O.J.: reviews by, 57:238-9, 60:65 Padua: Venetic grave-stele from, showing Celtic chariot, 45:171-2 Padworth, Berks.: Grim's Bank, 17:188 ff. Paestum, Italy: Excavations, 6:97 Temple of Jason, 9:357 Temple-metope, 10:104 Paestum. Greeks and Romans in Southern Italy, 65:751 pagan religions, 66:244 paganism, Anglo-Saxon, 8:474; 67:939-40 paganism, Celtic, 41:232-3 Page, W.: Notes on the types of English villages and their distribution, 2:447 ff. Page, D. L. The historical sack of Troy, 33:25-31 History and the Homeric Iliad , 34:303-4 reviews by, 35:328-9; 36:308-10; 37:310-11
Deutsches Museum - Machine Components Aristotle referred to gears as early as 330 BC Mention of the first practical useof gears may be found in the writings of philon from byzantium (around 230 BC http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/masch/e_masch1.htm
Extractions: Simple gears are straight toothed wheels. The teeth on helical gears and bevel gears are set at an angle and are thus able to transmit more power. The optimal curvature of the tooth flanks for the teeth to engage was calculated by Leonhard Euler in 1750. Aristoteles erwähnt Zahnräder bereits um 330 v. Chr.
PHILON Von Alexandrien byzantium III, 1655; - AncBDictV, 333-342; - Encyclopedia of Religion XI, 287-90. - philon und das Neue http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/p/philon_v_a.shtml
Extractions: Verlag Traugott Bautz www.bautz.de/bbkl Bestellmöglichkeiten des Biographisch-Bibliographischen Kirchenlexikons Zur Hauptseite des Biographisch-Bibliographischen Kirchenlexikons Abkürzungsverzeichnis des Biographisch-Bibliographischen Kirchenlexikons Bibliographische Angaben für das Zitieren ... NEU: Unser E-News Service Wir informieren Sie regelmäßig über Neuigkeiten und Änderungen per E-Mail. Helfen Sie uns, das BBKL aktuell zu halten! Band VII (1994) Spalten 523-537 Autor: Marco Frenschkowski PHILON von Alexandrien Quellen: 1979; Ph. Al. Legatio in Gaium, hrsg./üb. E. M. Smallwood, Leiden 1961. Bibliographie und Forschungsberichte: E. R. Goodenough, The Politics of Ph. Judaeus [s.o.], 125-324; H. Thyen, Die Probleme der neueren Ph.-Forschung, Theologische Revue N. S. XXIII, 1955, 230-36; L. H. Feldman, Scholarship on Ph. and Josephus (1937-1962), New York 1963; A. V. Nazzaro, Recenti Studi Philoniani (1963-1970), Neapel 1973; R. Radice, Filone di Alessandria: Bibliografia Generale 1937-1982, Neapel 1983; ANRW II, 21, 1, Berlin/New York 1984 (mit Forschungsberichten und Bibliographien); R. Radice/D. T. Runia, Ph. of Alexandria: An Annotated Bibliography 1937-1986, VigChr. Suppl. VIII, Leiden 1988. Zeitschriften: Studia Philonica, 6 Hefte Chicago 1972-80. Fortgeführt als: Studia Philonica Annual, Atlanta, Georgia, I, 1989 (Brown Judaic Series 185 ff.) (mit Bibliographie; s. auch regelmäßig in: L'Année Philologique). Vgl. auch P. Borgen, 1984 [s.u.]. Lit.:
History Of Mathematics: Greece Socrates, Theaetetus; byzantium (Constantinople) philon, Proclus; ChalcedonProclus, Xenocrates; Chalcis Iamblichus; Chios Hippocrates http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/greece.html
London Library Booklist Nov 2000 of Spiritual Authority religious Power in early Christianity, byzantium and the 336(Codex Vaticanus Barberinianus Graecus 336.) (Hetaireia ton philon tou Laou http://www.byzantium.ac.uk/Booklists/London_booklist_Nov2000.htm
B Dr. Abraham Terian /B Thomas F. Mathews, and Robert W. Thomson, eds., East of byzantium Syria and In W.Haase, ed., Hellenistisches Judentum in römischer Zeit philon und Josephus http://www.stnersess.edu/Faculty/Dr_Abraham.html
Extractions: As Sete Maravilhas do Mundo Antigo Minúsculos chips de computadores, satélites de telecomunicações, viagens espaciais, lentes de contato, Internet, telefones celulares, ressonância magnética nuclear, TV a cabo, Projeto Genoma, videoconferências de qualquer ponto do planeta, engenharia genética... Sem dúvida nenhuma, os avanços tecnológicos conseguidos após quase 2.000 anos da Era Cristã, em todas as áreas onde o ser humano atua, pode ser considerado assombroso. Uma maravilha, até. Entretanto, sem contar com todo o arsenal tecnológico acumulado para se conseguir concretizar idéias que traduzem avanço, já no início da história o homem realizou obras que causariam igual assombro: as chamadas Maravilhas do Mundo ou Maravilhas da Antigüidade , na Foram os gregos, provavelmente entre os anos 150 e 120 a.C., os primeiros a listar os monumentos erigidos até então pelas mãos do homem que se destacavam pela sua grandeza, suntuosidade e magnitude. Chamaram o conjunto deles de "Ta hepta Thaemata", ou seja, "as sete coisas dignas de serem vistas" - as sete maravilhas do mundo. Apesar da lista ser grega, apenas uma das obras situava-se na Grécia: a
Hellenic-American Students' Organization The event was entitled, Women in Purple Empresses of byzantium. Professor Herrinis Ambassador of Greece to the US, the Honorable Alexander philon, and the http://www.uclagreeks.com/past-98-99.html
Extractions: Event Archive: On Wednesday, June 2, HASO held its final general meeting of the year as well as elections for 1999-2000 Board of Executive Officers. At the meeting, Marilena Karpodinis was elected as HASO's new President. Congratulations to her and the rest of the new Executive Board. HASO sponsored a reading by Steve Rangoussis. Mr. Rangoussis' featured work is entitled "Blood and the Imperial Purple" and depicts the adventures and obstacles that Byzantine Emperor Constantine the Great faced as he ascended toward supreme power. For more information on Mr. Rangoussis' work, click on Pantheon Press On Tuesday, May 11, HASO held the opening night celebration for the new Cyprus Exhibit. The Exhibit is a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the Turkish Invasion and Occupation of Cyprus. The opening night events featured a brief presentation by the Honorary Consul-General of Cyprus. Back by popular demand, The Smyrna Exhibit made its return to Los Angeles during the week of May 3. It is a powerful exhibit that depicts the atrocities committed against the Greek population in Smyrna in 1922.
Hellenic Studies Calendar Reception in honor of Alexander philon, Ambassador of Greece to the United Institute)Title Miraculous Icons and Cultural Identity in byzantium and Russia. http://www.princeton.edu/~hellenic/calendar_s01.html
Extractions: http://www.princeton.edu/~hellenic/ All Hellenic Studies Workshops take place at the Program in Hellenic Studies, 58 Prospect Avenue, Princeton NJ, Room 101, unless otherwise indicated. Please note location of other events. The film screenings are being shown as part of HLS 363/VIS 363 "The Idea of Greece in European Cinema" taught by Professor P. Adams Sitney. All screenings take place at the James M. Stewart '32 Film Theater, 185 Nassau Street. DATE TIME EVENT Tuesday
Extractions: R. D. Wood Journal of Photographic Science , Sept / Oct 1996, Le Constitutionel on 21 August 1839 a simple chemical comparison was made with widely familiar methods for revealing secret writing The concept of a latent image has been widely held to stem from the calotype technique patented in 1841 by W. H. F. Talbot Although Talbot did lay considerable emphasis upon sensitization with a mixture of silver iodide and Gallic acid before exposure as much as on post exposure development with Gallic acid These matters relating to the calotype, along with the use of gallic acid in 1839 by Sir John Herschel, J. B. Reade and others, have been previously discussed by the author both in this journal and elsewhere. The fact that the earlier daguerreotype technique revealed an invisible image by means of mercury vapour has been given much less historical status, no doubt because the use of vapour appears more remote from later standard use of liquid developers. It is certainly a requirement here to emphasize that the concept of a latent image did indeed enter into photography with the daguerreotype technique in August 1839. But the main purpose of the present short note is to make available to a wider audience the text of an immediate response to the daguerreotype technique showing that an analogy could be made in 1839 between the use of the mercury vapour in that technique with a widely known use of gallic acid The daguerreotype was officially announced to the world at the beginning of January 1839 at the Academy of Sciences in Paris. Although the images obtained were shown to many persons during the following months, the technique was kept secret until it was presented on behalf of Daguerre, by François Arago, secretary of the Academy of Sciences. His lecture was presented to a very expectant crowd at the Institut de France on 19 August 1839. Details of the technique, revealing that a silvered copper plate cleaned with nitric acid was iodised, exposed in a camera and an invisible image was then revealed by action of mercury vapour, was published in the general press in Paris the following day of 20 August 1839.
Roman Army Bibliography Treadgold, W. byzantium and Its Army 2841081. Iliad Josephus F. de Bello JudaiorumLivy, The History of Rome Onasander, the General philon, Bellopoeica Pliny http://jubal9.tripod.com/RomArmyBibliog.html
Extractions: Although this bibliography is intended as background to the New testament (1st and 2nd centuries CE) it does extend these limits. Items have been included from other periods before and after the New Testament where I think they add to our knowledge and understanding of the Roman army as an institution for new testament background.
Philonic Nomenclature s magisterial monograph Le commentaire de lÉcriture chez philon dAlexandrie paradoxographer(3rd c. bc), = RE (42) Philo of byzantium, engineer (3rd http://www.torreys.org/bible/nomencla.htm
Extractions: Studia Philonica Annual Philonic Nomenclature David T. Runia to David Winston Introduction It is one of the commonplaces of modern Philonic scholarship that Philo is known under two names, Philo Alexandrinus (or Philo of Alexandria) and Philo Judaeus (or Philo the Jew). As an example we may adduce Valentin Nikiprowetzkys magisterial monograph Le commentaire de lÉcriture chez Philon dAlexandrie , which was written as a kind of Prolegomena to the reading and study of Philo. It commences with two introductory chapters on Philos Hellenic and Judaic background which are pointedly given the titles Philo Alexandrinus and Philo Judaeus respectively. It would certainly be a very interesting exercise to examine how these two titles have been used in Philonic scholarship during the past century and a half. But that is not my aim in this essay. What I want to do is to look at the background of these and other titles, which, as we shall see, in certain (but not all) respects go as far back as antiquity. The subject of my enquiry is Philonic nomenclature. I wish to examine the labels which are given to Philo in our ancient sources in order to signify him as the historical and literary personage which he was. By way of introducing our topic, it will be worthwhile briefly to look at Philos actual name.
The Role Of Automata In The History Of Technology change was effected in these mechanisms from the time of philon and Heron clocks ofthe Alexandrine civilization, transmitted through Islam and byzantium from a http://xroads.virginia.edu/~DRBR/b_edini.html
Extractions: By SILVIO A. BEDINI THE FIRST COMPLEX machines produced by man were automata, by means of which he attempted to simulate nature and domesticate natural forces. They constituted the first step in the realization of his dream to fly through the air like a bird, swim the sea like a fish, end to become ruler of all nature. From these attempts to imitate life by mechanical means, man subsequently utilized the principles involved to produce the complex mechanisms which have resulted in the technological advances of the Space Age. Automata had its greatest period of development following the rise of mechanicism with the revival of Greek culture during the Renaissance. In addition to the considerable progress that was made in the philosophy of science as well as in the sciences of astronomy and mathematics during this' turbulent period, the stage was being set for major technological developments which came to fruition in a later era. The writings of Ctesibius, Philon, and Heron, which had been preserved in the works of the Arabs and Byzantines, were brought into the popular domain once more in translations by Renaissance humanists and exercised considerable influence on scientific thought. Distribution of these scientific treatises led to the publication of numerous commentaries by Italian and other writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, resulting in considerable preoccupation with hydraulics and pneumatics and their application to biological automata. The commentaries not only rendered translations and reconstructions of the written words of the Greek ancients, but the writers added sketches and designs to their distillations in an attempt to explain aid illustrate, and elaborate on, the early mechanisms. These reconstructions often inspired other and more complicated works, which were constructed by architects of that and subsequent periods for the diversion of wealthy patrons.
Pekka T. Heikura Princeton. Drachmann, AG (1948) Ktesibios, philon and Heron. Helsingfors. Kaegi,WE (1992) byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge. http://www.tsv.fi/ttapaht/021/heikura021.htm
Extractions: Kreikkalaiselle tulelle ovat antaneet nimen lännestä Lähi-itään tulleet ristiretkeläiset, jotka toistuvasti törmäsivät siihen saraseenien kanssa käymissään taisteluissa. Ristiretkiajan ranskankielisissä teksteissä se on le feu grégeois, latinankielisissä ignis Graecus. Bysanttilaiset, jotka käyttivät kreikkalaista tulta ensimmäisenä, kutsuivat sitä "merituleksi" (thalassion pyr, lat. ignis marinus), joka kertoo, että sitä käytettiin nimenomaan meritaisteluissa. Bysanttilaiset eivät kutsuneet itseään kreikkalaisiksi vaan roomalaisiksi (Rhomaioi). Kreikkalaista tulta käytettiin myös sisäisiä vihollisia vastaan: Leo III tuhosi vuonna 727 kreikkalaisella tulella täydellisesti kapinaan nousseiden "kuvien palvojien" Kykladeilta Konstantinopolia kohti lähettämän laivaston ("kuvariita" oli vuosina 726B843). Lähteistä käy ensinnäkin kiistatta ilmi, että kreikkalainen tuli oli neste. Ristiretkiajan latinankielisissä lähteissä sanotaan, että ignis Graecus eli kreikkalainen tuli oli nimenomaan oleum incendiarium, "tuli-, paloöljy". Kysymyksessä oli öljy, jonka tarkoituksena oli polttaa ja sytyttää tuleen. Jacques de Vitry (1170B1240) kertoo, että saraseenit valmistivat kreikkalaista tulta idässä jonkin lähteen "vedestä" ja tarkoittanee tällä öljylähdettä. Vastaavasti arabilähteissä kreikkalainen tuli oli nimenomaan naftaa (naft) ja sitä ampuvat henkilöt "naftan heittäjiä" (naffatun).
IntroductionGB In the 2th and 3th centuries BC, mechanists and mathematicians such as Philonof byzantium and Heron of Alexandria, were the theorists of automata. http://miralabwww.unige.ch/subpages/automates/sommaire/introduction_uk.htm
Extractions: From the ancient time up to the beginning of the 20th Century, people tried time and again to build such machines. But such machines, although they were miracles of mechanics, were never very useful. The Ancient Greeks were clearly obsessed with the notion of creating mechanical living beings. We do know that they had very advanced engineering skills and most certainly managed to make partially animated Statues which would be used in Ceremonies. In the 2th and 3th centuries BC, mechanists and mathematicians such as Philon of Byzantium and Heron of Alexandria , were the theorists of automata. In 13th century Europe, the jacks-of-the-clock, large figures made out of wood, or with iron or cast iron - armed with hammers, strike the bells for rhythm time, on the top of their bell-towers. Turk smoker, toward 1890
Philo-L'homme Philo of byzantium Philo of byzantium was a Greek engineer born around250 BC. He wrote one of the earliest textbooks on mechanics. http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~cs507/projects/1998/simonpie/Philo-homme.html
Extractions: Philo of Byzantium Philo of Byzantium was a Greek engineer born around 250 BC. He wrote one of the earliest textbooks on mechanics. Although mentioned briefly by both Vitruvius and Hero, little is known about Philo other than what is gleaned from the surviving fragments of his great book. He was apparently supported by a wealthy patron, Ariston, to whom each extant section of his book was dedicated. Philo's book probably consisted of nine chapters that discussed the lever, the construction of seaports and fortresses, catapults, pneumatics, automatic theaters, and military tactics. Only three chapters survived.
Extractions: The Seven Wonders of the World Most people know about the Seven Wonders of the World and can name a few, the Great Pyramid and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon being the two most often remembered. Though the current list is the best known, it actually took centuries to compile. The Greek writers, Antipater of Sidon and Philon of Byzantium, drew up two of the lists. Some lists contain such ancient wonders as the Walls of the City of Babylon and the Palace of Cyrus, King of Persia, though the Great Wall of China or Stonehenge would probably have made it had they been known. The first reference to the idea of a list is mentioned by Herodotus in his work The History by Herodotus as long ago as the 5th century BC. Callimachus of Cyrene (305BC-240BC), Chief Librarian of the Alexandria Mouseion, wrote "A Collection of Wonders around the World". Unfortunately, this list was destroyed with the Alexandria Library. The oldest reference to the current list comes from the engravings by the Dutch artist Maerten van Heemskerck (1498-1574) and Johann Fischer von Erlach's "History of Architecture." Not all the Seven Wonders existed at the same time, a good reason for the variations in some of the lists. All but one of the Seven Wonders are gone, the Pyramids at Giza being the sole survivor on the list and the only one that we have specific knowledge of relating to appearance. The Colossus of Rhodes only stood for 56 years before an earthquake brought it down. There are descriptions and these are included in the individual sections, where available.
Extractions: The Seven Wonders of the World Most people know about the Seven Wonders of the World and can name a few, the Great Pyramid and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon being the two most often remembered. Though the current list is the best known it actually took centuries to compile. The Greek writers, Antipater of Sidon, and Philon of Byzantium, drew up two of the lists. Some lists contain such ancient wonders as the Walls of the City of Babylon and the Palace of Cyrus, King of Persia, though the Great Wall of China or Stonehenge would probably have made it had they been known. The first reference to the idea of a list is mentioned by Herodotus in his work The History by Herodotus, as long ago as the 5th century BC. Callimachus of Cyrene (305BC-240BC), Chief Librarian of the Alexandria Mouseion, wrote "A Collection of Wonders around the World". Unfortunately this list was destroyed with the Alexandria Library. The oldest reference to the current list comes from the engravings by the Dutch artist Maerten van Heemskerck (1498-1574), and Johann Fischer von Erlach's "History of Architecture." Not all the Seven Wonders existed at the same time a good reason for the variations in some of the lists. All but one of the Seven Wonders are gone, the Pyramids at Giza being the sole survivor on the list and the only one that we have specific knowledge of relating to appearance. The Colossus of Rhodes only stood for 56 years before an earthquake brought it down. There are descriptions and these are included in the individual sections, where available.
