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Noether Max: more detail

Max Noether by Frederic P. Miller, Agnes F. Vandome, et all 2010-06-27

Max Noether's Theorem

Theorems on algebraic curves in connection with the fundamental theorem of Max Noether (Avhandlinger utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. I. Mat.-naturv. klasse, Ny serie) by Olaf M Thalberg, 1962

Algebraists: Max August Zorn, Lodovico Ferrari, Alexander Anderson, Hermann Grassmann, Emmy Noether, Bartel Leendert Van Der Waerden

lists with details

The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Index Of NO
Noeth, Winfried, 2000. noether, Emmy, FriedrichAlexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg,1908. noether, max, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 1868.
http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/html/letter.phtml?letter=NO
NOETHER, Amalie Emmy - Www.matematik.dosyasi.com
Yahudi bir aileden gelen Amalie Emmy noether, max ve Ida noether'lerin ilk çocuguolarak Almanya'da Bavyera'nin Erlangen kentinde 23 Mart 1882 günü dogmustur
http://user.domaindlx.com/matematikdosyasi/matematikciler/noether.htm

Extractions: MATEMATÝKÇÝLER Amalie Emmy Noether (1882 - 1935) Yahudi bir aileden gelen Amalie Emmy Noether, Max ve Ida Noether'lerin ilk çocuðu olarak Almanya'da Bavyera'nýn Erlangen kentinde 23 Mart 1882 günü doðmuþtur. Baba Max (1844 - 1921), çok ünlü bir cebirsel geometri profesörüydü. 1874 yýllarýnda Heidelberg ve 1875 ile 1921 yýllarý arasýnda da Erlangen Üniversitelerinde dersler verdi. Cebirsel fonksiyonlarýn geliþmesinde büyük payý oldu. Çeþitli kavramlara, özellikle cebirsel geometrideki birçok teoreme onun adý verildi. Bu nedenle kýzý Emmy matematiðe babasý Max'la baþladý. Kýsa bir sürede çok iyi ve saðlam bir matematik kültürü kazandý. Emmy'nin çocukluk ve genç kýzlýk yýllarý aile yuvasýnda çok mutlu ve þen geçti. Baba Max zamanýnýn büyük bir kýsmýný kýzý Emmy'ye veriyordu. Emmy de babaýnýn verdiði bilgileri çok süratli bir þekilde alýyor ve kendi kendine bagýmsýz olarak da düþünebiliyordu. Yirminci yüzyýlýn baþlarýnda, eskiden olduðu gibi kadýnlarýn üniversitelerde okumalarýna iyi gözle bakýlmýyordu. Bir kadýnýn üniversiteye devam etmesi ve orada okumasý oldukça yadýrganan bir olaydý. Ondokuzuncu yüzyýldan beri bu önyargý devam ediyordu. Tüm bu engellemelere, zorluklara ve üniversite çevresinin önyargýlarýna karþýn, zeki Noether üniversiteyi bitirdi. 1907 yýlýnda da matematikte ünlü bir çalýþmayla doktorasýný tamamladý. Noether'ü en çok beðenen ve çalýþmalarýný takdir eden matematikçilerden birisi de Hilbert 'ti. Ona üniversitelerde iþ bulmak için çalýþýyordu. Hilbert'in tüm uðraþýlarýna karþýn Emmy'ye üniversitelerde profesör olarak bir iþ bulamadý ve iþ verilmedi. Zamanýn üniversiteleri bayanlara karþý oldukça tutucuydu. Hilbert, Noether'ne iþ verilmesi için çok uðraþtý. Yine zamanýn yöneticileri 1922 yýlýnda Emmy'nin Götingen'de ücretsiz ders vermesi koþuluyla þeref profesörlüðü vermeye razý oldular ve Götingen'e þeref profesörü olarak atadýlar. Bu da Emmy için fazla bir iyilik deðildi.
Noether_Emmy
ideals of rings. Emmy noether's father max noether was a distinguishedmathematician and a professor at Erlangen. Women were allowed
http://physics.hallym.ac.kr/reference/physicist/Noether_Emmy.html

Extractions: Previous ( Alphabetically) Next Alphabetical Index Emmy Noether is best known for her contributions to abstract algebra, in particular, her study of chain conditions on ideals of rings. Emmy Noether's father Max Noether Gordan , one of the leading mathematicians of the day. Hilbert and Felix Klein Idealtheorie in Ringbereichen (1921) was of fundamental importance in the development of modern algebra. In this paper she gave the decomposition of ideals into intersections of primary ideals in any commutative ring with ascending chain condition. Lasker (the world chess champion) had already proved this result for polynomial rings. Moderne Algebra in two volumes. The major part of the second volume consists of Noether's work. From 1927 on Noether collaborated with Helmut Hasse and Richard Brauer in work on non- commutative algebras. She also did important work in the theory of invariants, which led to formulations for several concepts of Einstein 's general theory of relativity.
Biografía De Emmy Noether
Translate this page max, su padre, fue más conocido por los méritos de su hija que por los propios.Emmy noether fue alumna en la escuela Höhere Töchter Schule en Erlangen a
http://www.astrocosmo.cl/biografi/b-e_noether.htm

Extractions: Emmy Amalie Noether , era la mayor de cuatro hermanos y podría, con legitimidad, decirse que tenía una vocación innata para las matemáticas. Su padre Max era un distinguido profesor de matemáticas en la Universidad de Erlangen. Su madre Ida Kauffmann pertenecía a una rica familia de Colonia. Ambos padres de Emmy eran de origen judío. Se trataba de una familia que, de una manera u otra, compartieron intereses asimiles; dos de sus tres hermanos hombres fueron también científicos. Pero Emmy los sobrepasó a todos. Max, su padre, fue más conocido por los méritos de su hija que por los propios. Emmy Noether fue alumna en la escuela Höhere Töchter Schule en Erlangen a partir de 1889 hasta 1897. Allí estudió alemán, inglés, francés, aritmética y recibió lecciones de piano. Amaba el baile y le gustaba participar de las fiestas que organizaban los hijos de los colegas de la universidad de su padre. En esa etapa de su vida, sus aspiraciones se centraban en ser profesora de idiomas y después de estudiar inglés y francés rindió su examen final, recibiendo, en 1900, su certificado de profesora de inglés y francés para ejercer en las escuelas para señoritas del estado de Bavaria. Sin embargo, Emmy Noether nunca sintió que su real vocación era la de ser maestra de idiomas. Aspiraba a otra carrera. En consecuencia, decidió tomar, en aquella época, el difícil camino para una mujer de estudiar matemáticas en la universidad. Asiste como una de las dos mujeres alumnas oyentes entre miles de hombres en la Universidad de Erlangen. Entonces, en Alemania, las mujeres solamente eran aceptadas extraoficialmente en las universidades y debían solicitar permiso a cada profesor de cátedra para asistir a sus clases. En ese régimen de estudio estuvo en Erlangen desde 1900 a 1902. En 1903, después de rendir un examen de admisión en Nürnberg, va a la Universidad de Göttingen también en calidad de alumna oyente. En los años que estuvo en ese establecimiento universitario asiste a conferencias dadas por Blumenthal, Hilbert , Klein y Minkowski.
Nachrufe
Translate this page 68. Nitsche, Joachim (1926-1996)), 99, 90-100 *. noether, max (1844-1921),32, 211-233 *. Ostmann, Hans-Henrich (1913-1959), 86, 31-35.
http://www.mathematik.uni-bielefeld.de/DMV/archiv/nachrufe.html

Extractions: A B C D ... Z Abbe, Ernst (1840-1905) Ahrens, Wilhelm (1872-1927) Avakumovic, Vojislav G. (1910-1990) Bachmann, Paul (1837-1920) Baier, Othmar (1905-1980) Bauer, Gustav (1820-1906) Beck, Hans (1876-1942) Bernstein, Felix (1878-1956) Bieberbach, Ludwig (1886-1982) Bilharz, Herbert (1910-1956) Bjerknes, Carl (1825-1903) Blaschke, Wilhelm (1885- 1962) Bobek, Karl (1855-1899) Boerner, Hermann (1906-1982) Bohl, Piers (1865-1921) Bohr, Harald (1887- 1951) Bolza, Oskar (1857 1942) Bopp, Karl (1877-1934) Bortolotti, Enea (1896-1942) Bos, Werner (1924-1973) Brandt, Heinrich (1886-1954) Brauer, Alfred (1894-1985) Brauer, Richard (1901-1977) Brunn, Hermann (1862-1939) Buka, Felix (1852-1896) Burkhardt, Heinrich (1861-1914) Burmester, Ludwig (1840-1927) Busche, Edmund (1861 1916) Cantor, Georg (1845-1918) Caratheodory, Constantin (1873-1950) Caspar, Max (1880-1956)
×éÖ¯
. noether, max (18441921) - max. Peano, Giuseppe (1858-1932)- ?. Pearson, Karl (1857-1936) - ?/?.
http://www.lib.pku.edu.cn/is/Navigation/Mathematics/org_1.htm

Extractions: Steklov Institute ... American Mathematical Society e-Math Home Page À¹úÊýÑ§Ð»áµÄµç×ÓÊýÑ§Ö÷Ò³£¬AMSµÄ³ÉÔ±¿ÉÖ±½ÓÁ´½Óµ½AMSµÄµç×ÓÆÚ¿¯£¬¿É²éÑ¯¹«¹²³ö°æÊý¾Ý¿â¡¢»áÒéÄÚÈÝ¼°»áÒé°²ÅÅÈÕÀúµÈ. The Association of European Operational Research Societies Canadian Operational Research Society/Sociét?Canadienne de Recherche Opérationnelle Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences - INFORMS£¨ÔË³ï¼°¹ÜÀí¿ÆÑ§ÑÐ¾¿Ëù£©ÔÚÏß£¬Ìá¹©INFORMSµÄ¸÷ÖÖ»áÒé¡¢½ÌÓý×ÊÔ´ºÍÏà¹ØÁ´½ÓµÈ¡£ The Mathematical Association of America ÀÖÞÊýÑ§Áª»á£¬ÄÜ¹»Á´½Óµ½MAA Gopher ·þÎñÆ÷¡¢ MAA Ö÷Ò³µÄÆäËû²¿·Ö¼°Ïà¹ØµÄÊýÑ§Õ¾µã .
Morse H.S. - Magnet/Mathematics Connections
max Born Friedrich Engel Albert Einstein Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Emmy Amalie noether max Karl Ernst Ludwig
http://mathforum.org/alejandre/morse/math.languages2.html
N Index
Nicomachus of Gerasa (1183*) Nicomedes (545) Nielsen, Jacob (193*) Nielsen, Niels(193) Niven, William (202*) noether, Emmy (1003*) noether, max (179*) Novikov
http://www.math.hcmuns.edu.vn/~algebra/history/history/Indexes/N.html
Publications Of Max-Albert Knus
7. Algebras graded by a group, Springer LN 92 (1969), 117133. 8. Sur le théorèmede Skolem-noether et sur les dérivations des algèbres d'Azumaya, CR Acad.
http://www.math.ethz.ch/~knus/publications.html
Emmy Amalie Noether
Emmy Amalie noether 18821935 Emmy noether's father, max noether,was a distinguished mathematician and a professor at Erlangen.
http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/No.html

Extractions: Emmy Noether's father, Max Noether, was a distinguished mathematician and a professor at Erlangen. In school, she studied German, English, French, arithmetic and was given piano lessons. She loved dancing and intended to become a language teacher. After further study of English and French, in 1900 she became a certificated teacher of English and French in Bavarian girls schools. Having completed her doctorate, the normal progression to an academic post would have been the habilitation. However this route was not open to women so Noether remained at Erlangen, helping her father. Noether also worked on her own research. Noether's reputation grew quickly as her publications appeared. In 1908, she was elected to the Circolo Matematico di Palermo, then in 1909 she was invited to become a member of the Deutsche Mathematiker Vereinigung and in the same year she was invited to address the annual meeting of the Society in Salzburg. In 1913 she lectured in Vienna. After 1919, Noether moved away from invariant theory to work on ideal theory, producing an abstract theory which helped develop ring theory into a major mathematical topic. This paper was of fundamental importance in the development of modern algebra. In this paper she gave the decomposition of ideals into intersections of primary ideals in any commutative ring with ascending chain condition. Lasker (the world chess champion) had already proved this result for polynomial rings.
B I O G R A F I A D E E M M Y N O E T H E R
Translate this page O seu pai max noether e sua mãe Ida Kaufman, que veio de uma rica família judiada cidade de Cologne, casaram-se em 1880 e tiveram quatro filhos sendo o
http://users.hotlink.com.br/marielli/matematica/mulhemat/noether.html

Extractions: garantir. Edmund Landau Emmy Noether matemática alemã, nasceu em Erlangen - Alemanha no mesmo dia, dois meses antes e vinte anos após o nascimento de David Hilbert , ou seja, no dia 23 de março de 1882. O seu pai Max Noether e sua mãe Ida Kaufman, que veio de uma rica família judia da cidade de Cologne, casaram-se em 1880 e tiveram quatro filhos sendo o primogênito, Emmy que seguiu, juntamente com outro irmão Fritz a carreira do pai. Durante nove anos freqüentou a escola Hohere Tochter Schule em Erlangen no período de 1889 a 1897 onde estudou francês e inglês, como também, teve a oportunidade de aprender a tocar piano. Em 1900, com apenas dezoito anos, ela prestou exames no Bavarian State Examination a fim de receber o seu certificado e se tornar professora de francês e inglês. Este, foi um momento para Emmy muito importante, pois ela julgava ter completado sua educação, no entanto, decidiu se submeter, também, a exames para continuar seus estudos de matemática na Universidade de Erlangen onde seu irmão, Fritz, era estudante e o seu pai era professor de matemática.
Biography Of Noeth
Her father, max noether, was a distinguished mathematician and professorat Erlangen. Her mother was Ida Kaufmann. Both were of Jewish origin.
http://www.andrews.edu/~calkins/math/biograph/bionoeth.htm

Extractions: Back to the Table of Contents Biographies of Mathematicians - Noether Emmy Amalie Noether was born on March 23, 1882 in Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany . She died at the age of 53 on April 14, 1935 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA. The cause of death was a postoperative infection after the removal of an uterine tumor. Many people were surprised as she had only told a few close friends about the tumor. Her father, Max Noether , was a distinguished mathematician and professor at Erlangen. Her mother was Ida Kaufmann. Both were of Jewish origin. Emmy was the eldest and only daughter of four children, two of whom died early on. Important Facts to Remember Emmy Noether was best known for her contributions to abstract algebra, such as... Her study of chain conditions on the ideals of rings. The Associative Law,
Biography Of Emmy Amalie Noether
picture of noether Her father, max noether, was a distinguished mathematicianand professor at Erlangen. Her mother was Ida Kaufmann.
http://www.andrews.edu/~calkins/math/biograph/199899/BIONOETH.HTM

Extractions: Back to the Table of Contents Biographies of Mathematicians - Emmy Amalie Noether Emmy Amalie Noether was born on March 23, 1882 in Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany . She died at the age of 53 on April 14, 1935 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA. The cause of death was because of a postoperative infection after the removal of an uterine tumor. Many people were surprised as she had only told a few close friends about the tumor. Her father, Max Noether, was a distinguished mathematician and professor at Erlangen. Her mother was Ida Kaufmann. Both were of Jewish origin. Emmy was the eldest and only daughter of four children, two of whom died early on. Important Facts to Remember Emmy Noether was best known for her contributions to abstract algebra, in particular, her study of chain conditions on the ideals of rings and her attention to groups and fields. In Noether's hands, the axiomatic (using atoms or properties) became a powerful tool of mathematical research. Because of her unique look on topics, she was able to see relationships that traditional algebra experts couldn't.
Emmy Noether
mathematics. Her father was max noether, a noted mathematician ofhis time. Her mother was Ida Amalie, for whom Emmy was named.
http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/noether.htm

Extractions: March 23, 1882 - April 14, 1935 Traditionally, people consider mathematicians to be men. This, however, is not entirely true. Throughout history, there have been many women mathematicians who have contributed just as much as their male-counterparts. Even though their names might have been forgotten, their contributions to mathematics have not. One of these women mathematicians was German-born Emmy Noether. Emmy Noether was born in Erlangen, Germany on March 23, 1882. She was named Amalie, but always called "Emmy". She was the eldest of four children, but one of only two that survived childhood. Her brother, Fritz also made a career of mathematics. Her father was Max Noether, a noted mathematician of his time. Her mother was Ida Amalie, for whom Emmy was named. As a child, Emmy Noether did not concentrate on mathematics. She spent her time in school studying languages, with a concentration on French and English. Her mother taught her the traditional skills of a young woman of that time. She learned to cook, clean, and play the clavier. At the time of her graduation from high school, she passed a test that allowed her to teach both French and English at schools for young women. At the age of 18, Emmy Noether decided to take classes in mathematics at the University of Erlangen. Her brother, Fritz, was a student there, and her father was a professor of mathematics. Because she was a woman, the university refused to let Emmy Noether take classes They granted her permission to audit classes. She sat in on classes for two years, and then took the exam that would permit her to be a doctoral student in mathematics. She passed the test, and finally was a student in good standing at the University. After five more years of study, she was granted the second degree to a woman in the field of mathematics. The first graduated a year earlier.
DFG - Emmy Noether-Nachwuchsgruppe
Translate this page Das Emmy noether-Programm besteht aus zwei Phasen, die sich insgesamt übersechs Jahre erstrecken Während eines zweijährigen In diesen max.
http://www.dfg.de/wissenschaftliche_karriere/nachwuchsfoerderung/emmy_noether_na

Extractions: Nachwuchsgruppe wissenschaftliche Karriere Das Emmy Noether-Programm besteht aus zwei Phasen, die sich insgesamt über sechs Jahre erstrecken: Während eines zweijährigen Forschungsaufenthalts im Ausland legen Sie die Grundlagen für ein mehrjähriges Projekt, das Sie in Phase II in Deutschland bearbeiten. In diesen max. vier Jahren fördern wir Sie als Gruppenleiterin oder -leiter gemeinsam mit einer von Ihnen geleiteten Nachwuchsgruppe. Auf diese Weise können Sie zügig die Voraussetzungen erwerben, die Sie für die Hochschullehrer-Laufbahn qualifizieren. Bitte beachten Sie: Antragstellung Sitemap Service ... Impressum
Emmy Noether FemBio: Frau Der Woche
Translate this page Emmy war das erste Kind von Ida Amalia noether und max noether, der an der UniversitätErlangen Mathematik lehrte. Auf Emmy folgten noch drei Brüder.
http://www.fembio.org/frauen-biographie/emmy-noether.shtml

Extractions: An dem "Fall Noether" läßt sich die grausame Borniertheit der deutschen Männer-Universität exemplarisch nachweisen. "Als Emmy Noether 1935 ... starb, galt sie nicht nur als Begründerin der modernen axiomatischen Algebra, sondern als die bedeutendste Mathematikerin, die je gelebt hat, und an dieser Einschätzung hat sich bis heute nichts geändert", schreibt ihre Biographin Tollmien. Aber die geniale Mathematikerin bekam an deutschen Universitäten nie mehr als einen kleinen Lehrauftrag. Sie starb mit 53 Jahren im amerikanischen Exil. Ab 1904/5 studierte sie in Erlangen bei ihrem Vater und seinem Freund Gordan als einzige Frau unter 47 Mathematikstudenten und promovierte 1907 summa cum laude. Danach lehrte und forschte sie acht Jahre lang unentgeltlich in Erlangen. 1909 wurde sie Mitglied der "Deutschen Mathematikervereinigung" und hielt ihren ersten Vortrag auf deren Jahresversammlung.
Australian Mathematics Trust
as the Erlangen Program . Emmy noether's father, max noether, wasa mathematician at Erlangen. He was a significant mathematician
http://www.amt.canberra.edu.au/noether.html

Extractions: Emmy Noether (1882-1935) Emmy Noether is one of the most significant female mathematicians in history. She was born in the Bavarian town of Erlangen. Erlangen at the time had one of Germany's three "free" Universities (i.e. independent of the churches), the other two being at Halle and Göttingen. The Erlangen University had been cast into the mathematical spotlight by one of its mathematicians named Felix Klein, who had given significant insights into the concept of a group in geometry, insights which became known as the "Erlangen Program". Emmy Noether's father, Max Noether, was a mathematician at Erlangen. He was a significant mathematician in his own right and became a Full Professor at that University. Women were not officially allowed to study at German Universities, or to hold normal teaching positions. Nevertheless Emmy became known while enrolled as an audit student and was able eventually (in 1907) to graduate with a PhD summa cum laude at Erlangen under the supervision of Paul Gordan (whom David Hilbert had described as "King of the Invariants"). In 1915 she moved to Göttingen where she was given a licence to teach without being paid. Hilbert was in fact one of her colleagues there. Her most productive years were during the 1920s, when she produced a number of significant results. She is best known for her work in abstract algebra, particularly working with structures such as rings. She also did important work on the theory of invariants, which had an influence on the formulation of Einstein's general theory of relativity.
About Emmy Noether
her academic colleagues; References for Emmy noether; max noether father of Emmy noether; Science and mathematics of Emmy noether
http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_emmy_noether.htm

Extractions: Amalie Noether, Emily Noether, Amelie Noether Born in Germany and named Amalie Emmy Noether, she was known as Emmy. Her father was a mathematics professor at the University of Erlangen and her mother was from a wealthy family. Emmy Noether studied arithmetic and languages but was not permitted as a girl to enroll in the college preparatory school, the gymnasium. Her graduation qualified her to teach French and English in girls' schools, apparently her career intention but then she changed her mind and decided she wanted to study mathematics at the university level. To enroll in a university, she had to get permission of the professors to take an entrance exam she did and she passed, after sitting in on mathematics lectures at the University of Erlangen. She was then allowed to audit courses first at the University of Erlangen and then the University of G
OPE-MAT - Historique
Translate this page Mathews, George Monge, Gaspard Nielsen, Niels Mathieu, Claude Monte, Guidobaldonoether, Emmy Mathieu, Emile Montel, Paul noether, max Mascheroni, Lorenzo
http://www.gci.ulaval.ca/PIIP/math-app/Historique/mat.htm

Extractions: Abel , Niels Akhiezer , Naum Anthemius of Tralles Abraham bar Hiyya al'Battani , Abu Allah Antiphon the Sophist Abraham, Max al'Biruni , Abu Arrayhan Apollonius of Perga Abu Kamil Shuja al'Haitam , Abu Ali Appell , Paul Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani al'Kashi , Ghiyath Arago , Francois Ackermann , Wilhelm al'Khwarizmi , Abu Arbogast , Louis Adams , John Couch Albert of Saxony Arbuthnot , John Adelard of Bath Albert , Abraham Archimedes of Syracuse Adler , August Alberti , Leone Battista Archytas of Tarentum Adrain , Robert Albertus Magnus, Saint Argand , Jean Aepinus , Franz Alcuin of York Aristaeus the Elder Agnesi , Maria Alekandrov , Pavel Aristarchus of Samos Ahmed ibn Yusuf Alexander , James Aristotle Ahmes Arnauld , Antoine Aida Yasuaki Amsler , Jacob Aronhold , Siegfried Aiken , Howard Anaxagoras of Clazomenae Artin , Emil Airy , George Anderson , Oskar Aryabhata the Elder Aitken , Alexander Angeli , Stefano degli Atwood , George Ajima , Chokuyen Anstice , Robert Richard Avicenna , Abu Ali Babbage , Charles Betti , Enrico Bossut , Charles Bachet Beurling , Arne Bouguer , Pierre Bachmann , Paul Boulliau , Ismael Bacon , Roger Bhaskara Bouquet , Jean Backus , John Bianchi , Luigi Bour , Edmond Baer , Reinhold Bieberbach , Ludwig Bourgainville , Louis Baire Billy , Jacques de Boutroux , Pierre Baker , Henry Binet , Jacques Bowditch , Nathaniel Ball , W W Rouse Biot , Jean-Baptiste Bowen , Rufus Balmer , Johann Birkhoff , George Boyle , Robert Banach , Stefan Bjerknes, Carl
EMMY NOETHER Outstanding Mathematician
Emmy noether (March 23, 1882 April 14, 1935) The only daughter of the distinguishedmathematician and Erlangen University professor max noether first tended
http://www.cosy.sbg.ac.at/~jpfalz/ENOETHER.html

Extractions: The only daughter of the distinguished mathematician and Erlangen University professor Max Noether first tended towards languages and took an exam for teaching French and English (1900). Three years later she turned to studying mathematics at the universities of Göttingen and Erlangen, where she was granted a doctorate (1907). Though highly acknowledged by the mathematicians of her time she, nevertheless, had to surmount huge obstacles before being admitted to habilitation - not open to women then - and allowed to teach under her own name (1919). Fortunately, two of the most prominent and important mathematicians of that century, David Hilbert and Felix Klein, supported Emmy Noether decisively. In 1922 she received the title "außerordentlicher Professor" (adjunct, not-ordinary professor), but still no salary to live on. Until 1923, when her lecturing began to be paid, she had not obtained any income from her scientific work and had faced severe economic problems. Being of Jewish origin, she had to emigrate in 1933 and accepted a visiting professorship in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, USA, where she died. In recognition of her outstanding mathematical contributions, especially in the development of modern algebra, Emmy Noether achieved numerous honours.

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