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Ibn Sinan Ibrahim:     more detail

Ibrahim Ibn Sinan. Logique Et Geometrie Au Xe Siecle (Islamic Philosophy, Theology, and Science) (French Edition) by Roshdi Rashed, Helene Bellosta, 2000-05-01 Mathématicien de Perse: Omar Khayyam, Nasir Ad-Din At-Tusi, Al-Biruni, Al-Khawarizmi, Abu L-Wafa, Ibrahim Ibn Sinan, 'abd Al-Hamid Ibn Turk (French Edition) Mathématiques Arabes: Ibrahim Ibn Sinan, Ibn Tahir Al-Baghdadi, Chronologie Des Mathématiques Arabes, Figures Géométriques Arabes, Al-Kachi (French Edition) Décès En 946: Al-Qaim Bi-Amr Allah, Ibrahim Ibn Sinan, Edmond Ier D'angleterre, Muhammad Ben Tughj, Marin Ii, Yeghishe Rechtouni (French Edition) Naissance à Bagdad: Al-Ma'mun, Ali Bader, Zaha Hadid, Muntadhar Al Zaidi, Salman Ben Yerouam, Ziriab, Ahmad Ibn Touloun, Ibrahim Ibn Sinan (French Edition) Ibrahim ibn Sinan: Logique et geometrie au Xe siecle.(Book Review): An article from: The Journal of the American Oriental Society by Robert S. Morrison, 2002-10-01 Personnalité Du Xe Siècle: Geoffroy Ier D'anjou, Louis Iii L'aveugle, Ibrahim Ibn Sinan, Raoul D'ivry, Ibn Rustah, Théophano Skleraina (French Edition)

lists with details

81. SEJARAH FALSAFAH SAINS MODEN
    West Jabir ibn Hayyan, alKindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Farghani, al-Razi, Thabit ibnQurra, al-Battani, Hunain bin Ishaq, al-Farabi, ibrahim ibn sinan, al-Masudi  
    http://el.usm.my/academic/sploo/PLG333/333t11.htm
    
    Extractions: SAINS, NILAI DAN AGAMA Apakah nilai dan etika? Pertindihan positif di antara sains dan agama Konflik pertama di antara sains dan agama Konflik moden di antara sains dan agama Apakah Etika dan Nilai? Etika ialah tatatertib tingkahlaku yang diterima oleh sesuatu kumpulan atau profesion sebagai amalan baik atau buruk. Etika dan nilai bertindih kerana etika ialah pengajian falsafah nilai. Etika tidak semesti melibatkan nilai-nilai moral atau agama; etika profesion mungkin melibatkan nilai-nilai rasional tentang apa yang paling memanfaat pihak majoriti atau pihak yang signifikan. Contohnya, pengguguran anak ialah amalan beretika di Barat kerana kepentingan ibu dianggap lebih penting daripada embrio tetapi dari segi pandangan agama tertentu dianggap dosa atau tidak bermoral. Etika salah satu bidang pengajian dalam falsafah tetapi pada amnya etika tidak dipertimbangkan dalam falsafah dan amalan sains. Sebabnya – SAINS (usaha menjanakan pengetahuan teoretikal) mesti dibezakan daripada TEKNOLOGI SAINS (usaha menggunakan pengetahuan sains).

82. Untitled
    said The Substitutes in this Community are thirty like ibrahim the Friend of inIraq? He said Yes, Muhammad ibn Wasi`, Hassan ibn Abi sinan, and Malik  
    http://www.sunnah.org/publication/salafi/salafi_unveiled/p14.htm
    
    Extractions: One of the tenets of "Salafi" philosophy is their disbelief in the hadiths of the Prophet which contradict their opinion. Thus they deny the reality of the abdal , Allah's great saints to whom He granted a rank of blessing and favor in creation through which all of creation benefits. They even adduce verses of Qur'an to justify their blind and irrational rejection of them. We find the following in the "Salafi" book of misguidance: The Islaamic Belief [is]: Allaah is in charge of creation [because] Allaah (Subhaanahuwata`ala) says "And Allaah is a Wakil (Guardian) over all things" (11:12) [and] "He (Allaah) arranges (every) affair from the heavens to the earth" (Qur'aan, Chapter 32, Verse 4) [But] The Naqshbandi Belief [is]: Shaykh is in charge of creation. Answer It is part of the belief of Muslims that the abdal or Substitute-saints exist so called because, as the Prophet said (see below), "None of them dies except Allah substitutes another in his place" and that they are among the religious leaders of the Community concerning whom there is no doubt among Muslims. No less than Ibn Taymiyya writes at the end of his `Aqida wasitiyya The true adherents of Islam in its pristine purity are Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama`a . In their ranks the truthful saints (siddiqin) , the martyrs, and the righteous are to be found. Among them are the great men of guidance and illumination, of recorded integrity and celebrated virtue. The Substitutes

83. OPE-MAT - Historique
    Translate this page ibrahim, ibn sinan Kaestner, Abraham Kochin, Nikolai Ingham, Albert Kagan, BenjaminKoebe, Paul Ivory, James Kalmár, László Kolmogorov, Andrey Kaluza  
    http://www.gci.ulaval.ca/PIIP/math-app/Historique/mat.htm
    
    Extractions: Abel , Niels Akhiezer , Naum Anthemius of Tralles Abraham bar Hiyya al'Battani , Abu Allah Antiphon the Sophist Abraham, Max al'Biruni , Abu Arrayhan Apollonius of Perga Abu Kamil Shuja al'Haitam , Abu Ali Appell , Paul Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani al'Kashi , Ghiyath Arago , Francois Ackermann , Wilhelm al'Khwarizmi , Abu Arbogast , Louis Adams , John Couch Albert of Saxony Arbuthnot , John Adelard of Bath Albert , Abraham Archimedes of Syracuse Adler , August Alberti , Leone Battista Archytas of Tarentum Adrain , Robert Albertus Magnus, Saint Argand , Jean Aepinus , Franz Alcuin of York Aristaeus the Elder Agnesi , Maria Alekandrov , Pavel Aristarchus of Samos Ahmed ibn Yusuf Alexander , James Aristotle Ahmes Arnauld , Antoine Aida Yasuaki Amsler , Jacob Aronhold , Siegfried Aiken , Howard Anaxagoras of Clazomenae Artin , Emil Airy , George Anderson , Oskar Aryabhata the Elder Aitken , Alexander Angeli , Stefano degli Atwood , George Ajima , Chokuyen Anstice , Robert Richard Avicenna , Abu Ali Babbage , Charles Betti , Enrico Bossut , Charles Bachet Beurling , Arne Bouguer , Pierre Bachmann , Paul Boulliau , Ismael Bacon , Roger Bhaskara Bouquet , Jean Backus , John Bianchi , Luigi Bour , Edmond Baer , Reinhold Bieberbach , Ludwig Bourgainville , Louis Baire Billy , Jacques de Boutroux , Pierre Baker , Henry Binet , Jacques Bowditch , Nathaniel Ball , W W Rouse Biot , Jean-Baptiste Bowen , Rufus Balmer , Johann Birkhoff , George Boyle , Robert Banach , Stefan Bjerknes, Carl

84. Salaam Knowledge
    sinan ibn Sabit ibn Qurrah, 943, A Chief of sinan Kwhaja Mimar, 1489 - 1578, Thegreatest Muslim Sinasi ibrahim Effendi, 1826 - 1870, The Turkish journalist, known  
    http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/bio_letter.php?letter=s

85. H Z .  ÝBRAHÝM   A.S.
    Firavunu çok zâlim ve cebbâr, sinan bin Ulvân gayet güler yüzlü birer´gençsuretinde ibrahim aleyhisselam in as) ve Israfil (as) oldugu ibni Abbas  
    http://www.menzil.net/ptarih/ibrahim.html
    
    Extractions: Allahü Teâlâ Kur'an-ý Kerim'de : «Ýbrahim, babasý Âzer'e...» buyurmaktadýr. Bu âyetten anlaþýlacaðý gibi Hz. Ýbrahim'in babasý Âzer isminde idi. Ama, bazýlarýna göre Ýbrahim aleyhisselamýn babasý -Kur'anda bildirilen- putperest Âzer deðil, mü'min olan Târuh idi. Bu görüsü destekleyenler arasýnda meþhurlarý Abdülhakim Arvâsi, Kadi Beydâvi ve Senâullah Dehlevi vardýr, ama Þii'ler de bunu söylemektedirler . Bir rivâyete göre Âzer Hz. Ýbrahim'in - amcasý olup - Târuh'un ölmesiyle Emile ile evlenip, Hz. Ýbrahim'in üvey babasý oldu. Tefsir yönünden bunu böyle açýklamaktadýrlar : En'am suresinin manasý : «Ýbrahim, Âzer olan babasýna dediði zaman»

86. Muslim Hadith Page 2
    in resemblance with him was Urwah ibn Mas'ud, and I saw ibrahim (blessings of NarratedSuhayb ibn sinan arRumi The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) said  
    http://www.rizla.freeserve.co.uk/Hadith htm/muslim hadith page 2.htm

87. Contenidos Iniciacion
    Translate this page Carta del Emir de los Creyentes Ali ibn Abu Talib. sinan, genio de la arquitecturaislámica por RH Shamsuddín Elía. Tiempo de ayuno por Hashim ibrahim Cabrera.  
    http://www.webislam.com/Cont/cont_iniciac.htm

88. List Of Electronic Texts Available At LETRS: Al-Hadith Database
    Title ABU DAWUD No.2293 Author Furay'ah, daughter of Malik ibn sinan Title AL ofMu'awiyah Title ABU DAWUD No.5221 Author Hassan ibn ibrahim Title SAHIH AL  
    http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/text-tools/textlists/alhadithb-i.html

89. Ammar Ibn Yaser
    O fire be cool and peaceful on Ammar as you were on ibrahim peace be Abu sinan AlDuali, the Companion of the Prophet says I saw Ammar ibn Yaser (on  
    http://www.ummah.net/islam/taqwapalace/stories/ammar-ibn-yaser.html

90. Khayyam
    Umar ibn ibrahim Khayyami He lived in the middle of this period of eclipseof ibn sinan philosophy, between ibn Sina's students and Tusi, and must be  
    http://www.cis-ca.org/voices/k/khayyam.htm
    
    Extractions: The Poet Scientist Khayyam as Philosopher Seyyed Hossein Nasr Umar ibn Ibrahim Khayyam-i Nayshapuri (439/1048-526/1131) known in the West simply as Omar Khayyam is the most famous Asian poet in the West and since the 19th century efforts by historians of science such as Amelie Sedillot and Franz Woepke followed by many 20th century scholars, he has also become established as one of the major mathematicians and astronomers of the medieval period, the author of the most important treatise on algebra before modern times, as well as a significant work on the criticism of the Euclidean parallel lines postulate. His reputation is therefore well established as both a poet and a scientist. What is much less known about him, however, is his significance as a philosopher and his few remaining philosophical works have not received anywhere the same attention in the Occident as have his scientific or poetic writings to the extent that he hardly figures in general histories of Islamic philosophy written in Europe It has become usually forgotten that in traditional Islamic sources he was known essentially as a philosopher-scientist.

91. Medical Giants
    the scientific team of the great Muslim mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakirat He left his legacy with sons (ibrahim and sinan), grandsons (Thabit  
    http://www.unaniremedies.net/med9.htm
    
    Extractions: Known in the West as Thebit , he is known for his work on mechanics, astronomy, pure mathematics and geometry. Thabit ibn Qurrah ibn Marwan al-Harrani was born in 836 C.E. at Harran (present Turkey) and died in Baghdad in 901 C.E. He joined the scientific team of the great Muslim mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa Ibn Shakir at Baghdad, which was established by the Abbasid Caliphs. Thabit's original work on Mechanics and Physics involves examining conditions of equilibrium of bodies, beams and levers. Some historians have recognized him as the Founder of Statics. He was among the early critics of Ptolemaic views on astronomy. He also criticized several theorems of Euclid's elements and proposed important improvements. Thabit added the ninth sphere to Ptolemic astronomy.

92. Las Matemáticas En El Islam Medieval
    Translate this page ibrahim ibn sinan (n. 908), que introdujo un método de integración más generalque el de Arquímedes, y al-Quhi (n. 940), fueron figuras relevantes en el  
    http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/0105/Article.html
    
    Extractions: Indice Las matemáticas en el Islam medieval Enrique A. Chaparro Este artículo es parte de una serie, cuyo propósito es divulgar los aspectos más destacados del desarrollo de las matemáticas en el Islam medieval. Este documento en particular proporciona una introducción general al asunto, y presenta con mayor extensión al más notable de los matemáticos del siglo IX, al-Khwarizmi; otros documentos de esta serie analizarán las contribuciones de los científicos del Islam en este campo, particularmente entre los siglos IX y XII. Durante mucho tiempo, y aún entre los historiadores de la ciencia, se ha sostenido que, luego de un brillante período en que los griegos establecieron las fundaciones de las matemáticas, hubo un lapso de estancamiento antes de que los europeos, a comienzos del siglo XVI, reiniciaran el camino en el punto en que los griegos lo dejaran. La percepción común del período de alrededor de mil años entre los antiguos griegos y el Renacimiento europeo es que pocas novedades surgieron en el campo matemático, excepto por algunas traducciones árabes de obras griegas que preservaron las enseñanzas helénicas para que estuvieran disponibles para los europeos al comenzar el siglo XVI. No debería sorprendernos la generalidad de esta percepción. Muchos importantes historiadores de la ciencia han contribuido a sostener esta visión, ya sea omitiendo cualquier mención a las matemáticas del Islam en el desarrollo histórico, o con declaraciones como la de Duhem en [

93. MuslimHeritage.com - Topics
    Suleymania Complex, Istanbul, 15501557, sinan's master piece. mosque of Aleppo, builtby Hasan ibn Mufarraj al father Adam and restored by Prophet ibrahim and his  
    http://www.muslimheritage.com/virtual_civilization/monument_across.cfm

94. Science And Technology In Islam
    Jabir ibn Haiyan, Hunain ibn Ishaq, alKhwarizmi, al Kindi, Al-Asma'i, al-arghani,al-Razi, Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Battani, al-Farabi, ibrahim ibn sinan, al-as  
    http://www.fam.aust.com/helal/alhaqq/newslttr/nl_11a.html
    
    Extractions: Early Muslims Scientists and their contribution to modern science Prepared by: MOHAMMED HELAL Muslim Scholars divide The compulsory duties (Fard) into two types: Fard Ayn (a duty that must be performed by each Muslim) and Fard Kifaiah (Collective obligation, a duty that must be fulfilled by the whole of the Muslim Ummah). All Muslims know that Fard Ayn include Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Syam, and Haj. Muslims also know that Salat Janazah (the Prayer on the dead) as the best example for Fard Kifaiah, and if a few performed it, it is no longer required from the rest. It is important to know what Fard Kifaiah covers and what conditions that are required to say it is performed. The Muslim Ummah will fulfil the only if there are enough skilled people to cover all types of services that will make the Muslim Ummah safe, free, strong, developed, and with high standard of living for all the Muslims. Science and Technology is definitely a Fard Kifaiah as one of the Scholars said: As we are going to see in the following few words, early Muslims understood the true meaning of Fard Kifaiah. We are living nowadays in the age of science. Science is synonymous with applied knowledge. Unfortunately, in many quarters today, science is regarded as an intellectual exercise alien to religion. It is considered as a materialistic pursuit devoid of any belief in Allah. This conception, or rather misconception, about science and its attainments has promoted the growth of rejectionism and atheism in the world.

95. 7
    Translate this page 159. JAOUICHE, K. Aperçu sur le problème des cercles tangents chezIbrahim ibn sinan, ibn al-Haytham et Viète p. 179. KOELBLEN  
    http://www.ashm.ass.dz/cahier8f/derpub8f.htm
    
    Extractions: 7. Derniers publications 7 . 1. HELAINE SELIN : Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medecine in Non-Western Cultures (Encylclopédie d’Histoire de la Sciences, de la Technologie et de Médecine dans les cultures non occidentales), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London, 1997, 1117p. Les Articles suivants traitent de l’histoire des mathématiques arabes : BRENTJES, S. : Elements-Reception of Euclid’s Elements in the Arabic World, p.277 ; al-Jawhari, p.470 ; al- Nayrizi, p.776. DJEBBAR, A. : Combinatorics in Islamic Mathematics, p.230 ; Ibn al-Yasamin, p.414 ; Ibn Muncim, p.427 ; Mathematics of Africa : the Maghreb, p.613, al-Qalasadi, p.830. DOLD-SAMPLONIUS, Y. : Abu’l-Wafa, p.8 ; al-Mahani, p.544 ; al-Quhi, p.837 ; al-Sijzi, p.898 ; Sinan ibn Thabit, p.902. GUERGOUR, Y. : Ibn Qunfudh, p.428. HOGENDIJK, J.P. : Abu Jaafr al-Khazin, p.3 ; Conics, p.235 ; Mathematics in Islam, p.437 ; al-Mu’taman ibn Hud, p.753 ; Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi, p.894 ; Yaaqub ibn Tariq, p.1044. KING, D.A. : Astronomical Instruments in the Islamic World, p.86

96. Uczony Heretyk - Nowinki Matematyczne - Wirtualny Wszech¶wiat
    W historii matematyki zapisali sie jeszcze jego syn sinan ibn Tabit oraz wnukIbrahim ibn sinan ibn Tabit, choc nie ciesza sie slawa ojca i dziadka.  
    http://www.wiw.pl/nowinki/matematyka/200102/20010219-001.asp
    
    Extractions: W iw.pl Na bie¿±co: I nformacje C o nowego Matematyka i przyroda: A stronomia B iologia ... odelowanie rzeczywisto¶ci Humanistyka: F ilozofia H istoria ... ztuka Czytaj: B iblioteka D elta ... ielcy i wiêksi Przydatne: S ³owniki C o i gdzie studiowaæ ... szech¶wiat w obrazkach Jeste¶ tutaj: Wirtualny Wszech¶wiat Informacje Nowinki 2000-2002 Matematyka Jeste¶ tutaj nowinka: Tabit Ibn Qurra (ok. 826-901) Dok³adna data urodzin Tabita Ibn Qurry (Thabit ibn Qurra) nie jest znana; mie¶ci siê w przedziale lat 824-836. Wiadomo natomiast, ¿e Tabit pochodzi³ z Harranu w Górnej Mezopotamii (obecnie Turcja), gdzie podobno w m³odo¶ci para³ siê wymian± pieniêdzy. Miasto to by³o o¶rodkiem kultu astralnego: cz³onkowie tamtejszej sekty sabijczyków utrzymywali, ¿e jako pierwsi uprawiali ziemiê, budowali miasta i... rozwinêli naukê. Dzieje Harranu tak siê potoczy³y, ¿e jego mieszkañcy przyswoili sobie jêzyk grecki w epoce hellenistycznej, a po podboju przez Arabów - arabski, zachowuj±c jednak ojczysty aramejski wraz z religi± przodków. Niemniej wolnomy¶licielskie pogl±dy Tabita sprawi³y, ¿e popad³ w konflikt z sabijczykami i opu¶ci³ Harran. Wêdruj±c spotka³ na swej drodze matematyka Muhammada Ibn Musê Ibn Shakira (jednego ze s³ynnych trzech braci Banu Musa), na którym g³êbia wiedzy matematycznej i filozoficznej Ibn Qurry, jak równie¿ jego bieg³o¶æ w jêzykach wywar³y olbrzymie wra¿enie. Muhhamad zaprosi³ go do Bagdadu, gdzie pod rz±dami dynastii Abbasydów rozkwita³a nauka. Najwybitniejszym jej patronem by³ kalif Al-Mamun, który za³o¿y³ Dom M±dro¶ci (

97. Mathematicians
    900. Sridhara (c. 900). Ahmad ibn Yusuf (fl. c. 900905) *SB. ibrahim ibn Sinanibn Thabit ibn Qurra (909-946) *SB. Manjula (c. 930). Abu Sahl al-Kuhi (c. 950).  
    http://www.chill.org/csss/mathcsss/mathematicians.html
    
    Extractions: List of Mathematicians printed from: http://aleph0.clarku.edu:80/~djoyce/mathhist/mathhist.html 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *mt 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *mt Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *mt Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *mt Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *mt Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB Hippias of Elis (fl. c. 425) *SB *mt Theodorus of Cyrene (c. 425) Socrates (469-399) Philolaus of Croton (d. c. 390) *SB Democritus of Abdera (c. 460-370) *SB *mt 400 B.C.E. Hippasus of Metapontum (or of Sybaris or Croton) (c. 400?) Archytas of Tarentum (of Taras) (c. 428-c. 347) *SB *mt Plato (427-347) *SB *MT Theaetetus of Athens (c. 415-c. 369) *mt Leodamas of Thasos (fl. c. 380) *SB

98. Ulema,Alim Ve Evliyalar
    Sivâsi Abdülmecit Efendi; ibrahim Hakki Efendi; Said Pasa Hazretleri. MütefekkirlerIbni Haldun; Süleyman Çelebi; Mimar sinan; Mehmet Akif Ersoy; Muhammed Ikbal  
    http://www.enfal.de/ulema.htm

99. Harran'lý Bir Bilim Hanedaný: Sabit Bin Kurra Ve Ailesi
    yüzyilda arkadas canlisi sayilarla ugrasmis bir diger müslüman bilginIbn Haldun'a göre, tilsimla sinan'in kizi ile ibrahim bin Zahrun  
    http://www.araf.net/dergi/sayi07/tane196m/tane196m.shtml
    
    Extractions: Taner Bilgiç (1001 Gece Masallarý, Sultan Þahriyar ile kardeþinin hikayesinden) Ýslâmda Hârun Reþid'in halifeliði ile baþlayan dönem batýda en çok 1001 Gece Masallarý ile bilinir. Oysa bu dönem sadece edebiyat ve müzikte deðil bilimde de Ýslâmýn dünya kültürüne eþsiz katkýlarýnýn gerçekleþtiði bir dönemdir. Abbasi halifeleri kendileri geometri, astronomi ve matematikle ilgilendikleri gibi bilim adamlarýný himaye etmiþler ve Yunan, Ýbraný, Süryavý, ve Sanskrit dillerinden önemli eserlerin Arapça'ya çevrilmesine de ön ayak olmuþlardýr. Özellikle halife Me'mun zamanýnda Baðdat'da kurulan ``Hikmet Evi''nde (Dar-ûl Hikme) bilim adamlarý himaye edilmiþ ve zamanýn en deðerli bilim adamlarýnýn yetiþeceði bir ortam hazýrlanmýþtýr. Müslüman alimlerin bilimlere katkýlarý Bilim Tarihi kitaplarýnda yerini aldý ( Taton 1963 ). Bu yazýda, Harran'lý Sabit bin Kurra'yý merkez alarak oðullarýnýn kendisini izlemesi ile ortaya çýkan Harran'lý ve Sabiî ``bilim hanedaný''nýn üzerinde duracaðým. Bir aile geleneði olarak bilimle uðraþan bu insanlar Sabiî kökenlerinden kaynaklanan ``sorgulayan akýl''larý sayesinde dünya bilimine önemli katkýlarda bulunmuþlardýr. Ayrýca, müslümanlar arasýndaki azýnlýk konumlarý nedeniyle týp ile uðraþarak kendilerini bir ``itibar þemsiyesi'' altýnda gizlemeyi de baþarmýþlardýr. Sabit bin Kurra ile baþlayan bu Sabiî bilim hanedanýný tarih içinde izlemek hem Ýslâmýn dünya bilimlerine eþsiz katkýlarýnýn olduðu bir döneme ýþýk tutuyor hem de hemen ardýndan gelen çöküþ konusunda ipuçlarý veriyor.

100. The Math Forum Trig/Calc Problem Of The Week Archive
     The most common answer was Archimedes; however, another possible answer is Ibrahimibn sinan, a tenthcentury Arab mathematician born in Baghdad (now in Iraq).  
     http://mathforum.org/calcpow/solutions/solution.ehtml?puzzle=45

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