David MacKay: Dynamics: History Of Dynamics 190BC120BC hipparchus of rhodes measured the angular height of the star AlphaVirginis above the ecliptic and compared it with 150-yr-old Babylonian http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/teaching/dynamics/history.html
Extractions: Home 1B Dynamics Aristotle Aristarchus of Samos proposed the Heliocentric theory. Hipparchus of Rhodes measured the angular height of the star Alpha Virginis above the ecliptic and compared it with 150-yr-old Babylonian observations. From the change of 2 degrees, he deduced that the Earth's axis precesses at 47 arc-seconds per year. He also made detailed observations of the moon and estimated the earth-moon distance with similar accuracy. Ptolemy knocks heliocentricity on the head because it violates Aristotle's ideas. Building on Hipparchus's work, he wrote a detailed mathematical theory of the motions of the Sun, Moon, and planets. Galileo Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler Christiaan Huygens [In 1656 he patented the first pendulum clock and applied it to longitude determination.]
Martian Chronicles - July 2001 astronomer of ancient times. Sometimes referenced as Hipparchus of Nicaeaor hipparchus of rhodes, his name was also spelled Hipparchos. http://www.roamingastronomer.com/marsastro/mc0107.htm
Extractions: Martian Chronicles Newsletter of the Museum Astronomical Resource Society Volume 17, Number 7 July 2001 CONTENTS Back to Top UPCOMING EVENTS JULY 2001 AUGUST 2001 MOSI SkyWatch: Observing sessions held every Saturday evening at MOSI. SkyWatch is held in the lobby on cloudy evenings. Call to check on any schedule changes. The Saunders Planetarium: 813-987-6360; MOSI Information Desk: 813-987-6012 SPAC Star Parties: Hosted by the St. Petersburg Astronomy Club (SPAC). Held on the Saturday evenings nearest the new moon, at Hickory Hill near Brooksville. For more information call the SPAC hotline: 813-792-0721
JCA: Education: Parallax & Parsec hipparchus of rhodes estimated the distance to the Moon from measurements takenduring a solar eclipsein 189BCE. The eclipse was full in Hellespont (NW. http://www.jca.umbc.edu/~george/html/courses/glossary/parallax.html
Extractions: Index Definition , Historical: Solar-system Stellar Parallax is the apparent change of position of a (closer) object as measured against the positions of more distant object(s) due to the movement of the observer. (see Bothun , Fig.1.3; also Silk A Parsec is defined as the distance of an object that exhibits parallax of 1 arcsec (Easy to remember since the word parsec is a construction from par allax and arc sec Image EnchantedLeaning.com 1 parsec = 3.085678 x 10 m = 3.261633 lyr (light years) Note: Make sure you understand that Larger parallax means smaller distance We how know that the measurement of the parallax of objects in the Solar System is hampered by the vast distances (hence small parallax angles) invloved. Furthermore, of course before the first telescopes were invented (c.1600), all observations were performed using the naked-eye. Moon Hipparchus of Rhodes estimated the distance to the Moon from measurements taken during a solar eclipsein . The eclipse was "full" in Hellespont (NW. Turkey), but only partial in Alexandria (Egypt) where 20% of the Sun's disk remained visible. Since 20% of the Sun's disk corresponds to 6~arcmins, then by estimating the distance between Hellespont and Alexandria (derived from their latitude [using say Polaris], and knowing the circumference of the Earth), one can derive the distance of the Moon.
Alexandria Alexandria. Yet it was Claudius Ptolemy (believed to be Egyptian) thatprovided us with our best knowledge of hipparchus of rhodes. And http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/topics/alexandria.html
Extractions: 700 Years Of Excellence Before the arrival of the Greeks there was agriculture, tremendous yields because of favorable climate, rich silty soils, and abundant fresh water. Wherever there is an agricultural surplus, trade is essential. With trade an area gains renown. Stronger (or hungrier) nations want the area as their own. With the establishment of the city by Alexander, fertile ideas became the greatest crop of the Nile delta. A storehouse for surplus knowledge was soon needed. Many things may have contributed to the success of Alexander's plan. Centrality? Athens was a great seaport with access to the Mediterranean. By contrast, Alexandria had land bridges to three continents and access to the Mediterranean as well as access to the Indian Ocean. Hence, a diverse nature was grounded in more than just theory. The geography allowed for the arrival of many new peoples and ideas while at the same time promoting export of goods and services. Central to the city itself was the compilation of the world's knowledge - a kind of internet for the ancient world. Even if learning was not a person's primary interest, there was trade and favorable climate. Alexandria must have been an exciting place just to visit with all of the things that were being brought in from around the world. Collegiality? Sequels and examples of one-upmanship either did not survive the centuries or did not greatly exist. For example, Eratosthenes provided the world with a calculation for the earth's circumference. Hipparchus criticized Eratosthenes' geography and refined it. Yet he and Claudius Ptolemy were able to use the earth circumference calculations along with Pythagorean and Euclidian principles to determine the earth's diameter, distance to the moon and the moon's diameter. Possibly Rhodes would be seen as an area in competition to the knowledge that was taking place in Alexandria. Yet it was Claudius Ptolemy (believed to be Egyptian) that provided us with our best knowledge of Hipparchus of Rhodes. And the ancient world was also provided with the Colossus of Rhodes and the Lighthouse of Pharos rather than Colossus I and Colossus II.
Title 287 to 212 BCE. Eratosthenes, Ca. 275 to 200 BCE. Apollonius of Perga, Ca. 260 to190 BCE. hipparchus of rhodes, Ca. 190 to 120 BCE. Claudius Ptolemy, Ca. 86 to 165AD. http://www.math.uvic.ca/courses/math415/Math415Web/greece/gmen.html
Extractions: Thales of Miletus Ca. 625 to 550 BCE Pythagoras of Samos Ca. 572 to 495 BCE Zeno of Elea Ca. 490 to 430 BCE Hippocrates of Chios Ca. 470 to 410 BCE Archytas of Tarentum Ca. 430 to 350 BCE Plato Ca. 427 to 347 BCE Theaetetus of Athens Ca. 415 to 369 BCE Eudoxus of Cnidus Ca. 410 to 355 BCE Menaechmus Ca. 380 to 320 BCE Euclid Ca. 325 to 265 BCE Archimedes of Syracuse Ca. 287 to 212 BCE Eratosthenes Ca. 275 to 200 BCE Apollonius of Perga Ca. 260 to 190 BCE Hipparchus of Rhodes Ca. 190 to 120 BCE Claudius Ptolemy Ca. 86 to 165 AD Diophantus of Alexandria Ca. 200 to 285 AD Hypatia of Alexandria Ca. 370 to 415 AD
Historia Matematica Mailing List Archive: By Thread HM Chord Table Possibly by hipparchus of rhodes Barnabas Hughes(Sun Jan 02 2000 135622 EST) Re HM Chord Table Possibly http://sunsite.utk.edu/math_archives/.http/hypermail/historia/jan00/
Extractions: Re: [HM] Poetry and Mathematics Don Cook (Mon Jan 10 2000 - 01:10:58 EST) Re: [HM] desmic? Julio Gonzalez Cabillon (Sat Jan 01 2000 - 13:09:44 EST) Re: [HM] the term 'arithmetization' Julio Gonzalez Cabillon (Sun Jan 02 2000 - 11:14:26 EST) Re: [HM] the term 'arithmetization' Michael Detlefsen (Mon Jan 03 2000 - 13:55:33 EST) Re: [HM] the term 'arithmetization' Bill Everdell (Mon Jan 03 2000 - 23:38:45 EST) Re: [HM] Barrow Alejandro Rivero
About The Mission Hipparchus the Greek. hipparchus of rhodes was a Greek astronomer andgeographer who lived circa 150 BC. During his life, Hipparchus http://sci.esa.int/content/doc/94/28820_.htm
Extractions: Homepage ESA Science missions Gaia jump to: Future missions Home page Missions in progress Our missions Past missions Space topics BepiColombo Cluster COROT Cos-B Darwin Eddington Exosat Gaia Giotto Herschel Hipparcos Hubble Huygens INTEGRAL ISO IUE LISA Mars Express NGST Planck Rosetta SMART-1 SMART-2 SOHO Solar Orbiter Ulysses XMM-Newton Xeus The mission Discoveries galore The spacecraft The L2 orbit ... Hipparchus: the Greek The mission Gaia will survey more than one billion stars, including many of the closest stars to the Sun. Its goal is to make the largest, most precise map of where we live in space by surveying an unprecedented one per cent of our Galaxy's population of 100 billion stars. The map is crucial to our modern understanding of the Milky Way, the Galaxy in which we live. The reason is that, during the mapping, Gaia will detect the motion of each star in its orbit around the centre of the Galaxy. Much of this motion was imparted upon each star during its birth and studying it allows astronomers to peer back in time, to when the Galaxy was first forming. So, by constructing this map of the stars, Gaia will help to uncover the mysteries surrounding how the Milky Way formed in the first place.
GO.HRW.COM hipparchus of rhodes Click here to find out more about Hipparchus andhis use of trigonometry to figure out some astronomical mysteries. http://go.hrw.com/ndNSAPI.nd/gohrw_rls1/pKeywordResults?keyword=sc0 greek scient
Stellar Greek astronomer hipparchus of rhodes is recognized as being the firstperson to catalog the Constellation of RX7. Regretfully the http://www.q-net.net.au/~orinoco/stellar.html
Extractions: Greek astronomer Hipparchus of Rhodes is recognized as being the first person to catalog the Constellation of RX7. Regretfully the Greeks were unable to integrate RX7 into their existing mythology, despite Hipparchus suggesting it was the preferred Chariot of the Gods. Ridiculed, Hipparchus directed his talents to Mediterranean trade and was to later establish the first branch of the Rotary Club. After examining the pictured sky chart, many current owners are disturbed by a significant stellar event originating in the night sky south west of RX7. Star Cluster, Major Service (due at 80 000 light years), is expected to cross RX7 towards the end of this month. With Nebula Minor Service descending behind the southern horizon, owners expect RX7 to remain sky high for some time. Big Bang Theorists now concede it may have just been RX7 back firing on a cold stellar morning. Viewing Tips: Today the casual observer need only stand on the road side after sunset to view the approaching lights of RX7. Back to Home.
Extractions: Important Astronomers, their Instruments and Discoveries by Paul M. Rybski Part 1 Pre-telescopic Instruments, their Inventors and Users Babylonian observations (1500 BC?) recorded solar and lunar eclipses as well as planetary observations using merkets and waterclocks. Macedonian philosopher Thales of Miletus (575-532 BC?) predicted a solar eclipse using Babylonian observations and mapped out constellations to aid navigation. Alexandrian astronomer Eratosthenes (260-201 BC?) measured the circumference of the Earth using comparative shadow rod measurements in two places and knowledge of the distance between them. Alexandrian astronomers Aristillus and Timocharis charted the positions of the brighter stars (284 BC), producing the first star catalog using a Cross-staff. Aristarchus of Samos (250 BC?) calculated the distance of the Sun from the Earth and the Moon and Sun's sizes relative to Earth by observations during solar and lunar eclipses and at first quarter Moon using a Cross-staff. Eratosthenes (204 BC) catalogued more than seven hundred stars using one, and possibly two, armillary spheres.
Astronomy 311: Exploring The Universe II There is a long history of measuring the brightness of stars, dating back tothe Greek astronomer hipparchus of rhodes (190120 BC), around 150 BC. http://www.astro.ubc.ca/people/newbury/astro311/030124.html
How Jesus Got A Life -- The Probing Mind In 128 BCE the Greek astronomer hipparchus of rhodes discovered the precessionof the equinoxes see Figure 2. Because the earth's axis is tilted http://www.atheists.org/church/jesuslife.html
Extractions: Our world is an unstable place. Nations rise, and governments topple. Unbalanced people the world around torture and kill each other for the sake of religion or other groundless causes. Earthquakes, volcanoes, and wars periodically scourge our globe. Continents drift about and collide with each other, and oceans form and disappear. Even planet Earth itself has the wobblies. As it spins on its axis, the earth is not stable. Like the center peg of a toy top, the axis of the spinning earth slowly wobbles in a circle, tracing out the surface of a double cone in space [ see Figure 1 Figure 1. As the earth's axis slowly shifts its orientation in space, it traces out the surface of a double cone in space. Because of the axial wandering, the points where the celestial equator (the projection of the earth's equator onto the celestial sphere) intersects the ecliptic (the apparent path made by the sun against the background of "fixed stars") move also, shifting clockwise around the ecliptic as seen by the northern hemisphere. It takes 25,800 years for the points of the intersection to move all the way around the ecliptic. This motion of the earth's axis is called precession , and it is, I believe, a major component of the causes long ago that led to the creation of Christianity. The character now known as Christ, or Jesus, was not born of a virgin; rather, it was the product of an unstably rotating earth. If the earth's axis did not precess, the Christ character would never have been invented. Christianity as we know it would not exist.
OML: Neptune's Realm: Ocean Divided hipparchus of rhodes (c. 167127 BC), one of the greatest of Greek astronomers,had marked off the earth's surface at the equator into 360 partsthe degrees http://www.usm.maine.edu/maps/exhibit8/nrlong.html
Extractions: Charting Neptune's Realm An Ocean Divided As voyaging increased into the uncharted regions of the open ocean, mariners brought back their findings to be retained in written records and represented on maps. To create accurate maps cartographers needed more than recounted tales and estimated distances. It became apparent that a grid system dividing the earth into coordinates of latitude and longitude was necessary. Thus, a grid was constructed whereupon any point on the earth's surface could be located. London: Sayer and Bennet, 1777 In his "New General Chart of the Atlantic or Western Ocean and Adjacent Seas," de Fleurieu placed great emphasis on geographic accuracy as determined by astronomical observations for latitude and longitude. On this English edition of one of his charts, two prime meridiansthe starting line of zero degrees longitudeare indicated by longitude scales at the top of the chart: one, located at the Greenwich Observatory in England; the other, positioned in Paris. A third scale at the bottom of the chart shows Time in hours and minutes, in effect another way of indicating longitude. Even latitude, with its fixed reference points of the equator and poles, is marked off in two different scales. Latitude on the left-hand margin of the chart is measured in degrees, while latitude on the right-hand margin is expressed in marine leagues.
Issue 8 - SpaceTides hipparchus of rhodes (±190 120 BC) was a gifted Greek astronomerand mathematician who discovered the precession of the equinoxes. http://www.geocities.com/assabfn/spacetides/issues/issue_08.htm
Extractions: 3) Sky Observation and Astronomy: Supernova! Arcturus in Boötes 4) This week's question: Orbital Junkyard 5) Interesting Space Facts: Most volcanically active! 6) Historical Notes: The story behind Supernova 1987A 7) Persons in the World of Astronomy: Hipparchus 8) Weblinks: Exploding stars, Britannica.com NEWS FROM BOYDEN OBSERVATORY: In the famous Dr. Harlow Shapley , director of Harvard College Observatory at that time, gave the order for the observatory at Arequipa in Peru to move to its new site at Bloemfontein , South Africa - on a koppie 24 km out of the city overlooking Maselspoort. Funds for the transfer came from Harvard and the International Education Board Dismantling the equipment at Arequipa commenced in and in February the instruments were shipped to Bloemfontein.
Persons In Astronomy - SpaceTides of Persons Before 1 BC hipparchus of rhodes (± 190 120 BC) was a gifted Greekastronomer and mathematician who discovered the precession of the equinoxes. http://www.geocities.com/assabfn/spacetides/persons.htm
Extractions: Edwin Eugene Aldrin, Jr. Byname 'Buzz Aldrin'. Born in in Montclair US, Aldrin was an astronaut who set a record for extravehicular activity (space walks) and was the second man to set foot on the Moon A graduate of the US military , Aldrin became an air force pilot . He flew 66 combat missions in Korea and later served in West Germany . In , he earned his Ph.D
Extractions: Some of the most famous scientists in history were cheats. And at this very moment thousands of researchers are fiddling their results to fit their theories. Yet we persist in thinking that science offers objective truth and ignore that what the scientist discovers is inevitably subjective. Illustrations: Jim Needle The great astronomer of antiquity, this second-century Egyptians theories of the universe held sway for 1,500 years. However, he did most of his observing in the library at Alexandria. Here he calmly lifted the work of an earlier Greek astronomer, Hipparchus of Rhodes. The fraud was not discovered until the nineteenth century when scientists re-examining Ptolemys original data noticed that the Egyptian astronomer had a blind spot for stars clearly visible from Alexandria - but was remarkably well able to see those visible from Rhodes. Galileo Galilei Best known for dropping stones from the leaning tower of Pisa and saying the earth went round the sun, Galileo Galilei was the first to insist on experiment as the only way of discovering truth. But colleagues of the seventeenth-century Italian physicist had considerable difficulty in reproducing some of his results
Comments On 20290 | MetaFilter model of planetary movement around a fixed earth devised by Apollonius of Pergaand hipparchus of rhodes (later superceded by the heliocentric model of http://www.metafilter.com/mefi/20290
Extractions: Saturday, March 29, 2003 1:17 PM PST Home Archives MetaTalk Login ... Donate ADVERTISEMENT ADVERTISEMENT In 1900 a sponge diver called Elias Stadiatos discovered the wreck of an ancient merchant ship off the tiny island of Antikythera near Crete. The corbita , dating from the first century B.C., was heavily laden with treasure of all kinds, original bronze life-size statues, marble reproductions of older works, jewelry, wine, fine furniture and one immensely complicated scientific instrument. The Antikythera mechanism was originally housed in a wooden box about the size of a shoebox with dials on the outside and a complex clockwork assembly of gears inscribed and configured to produce solar and lunar positions in synchronization with the calendar year . By rotating a handle on its side, its owner could read on its front and back dials the progressions of the lunar and synodic months over four-year cycles. The device has been estimated to be accurate to 1 part in 40,000 . (more inside...)
Science Timeline Hilschmann, Norbert, 1965. Hinshelwood, Cyril, 1950. hipparchus of rhodes,134 bce. Hippocrates of Chios, 430 bce. Hippocrates of Cos, 400 bce, 1185. http://www.sciencetimeline.net/siteindex_h.htm
Extractions: a b c d ... w-x-y-z Haber, Edgar, 1962 Haber, Fritz,1909, 1915 Habermas, Jurgen, 1968 hackers, 1959 Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich, 1859, 1866, 1940 Hahn, Otto, 1938 Haken, Wolfgang, 1976 Haldane, John Burdon Sanderson, 1924, 1926, 1929, 1932, 1937, 1941 Hale, George Ellery, 1908, 1949 Hales, Stephen, 1727, 1733 Haley, Jay, 1952 Hall, Benjamin D., 1961 Hall, Chester More, 1733 Hall, Edwin Herbert, 1879, 1980 Hall, Howard, 1999 Hall, James, 1795 Hall, Jeffrey C., 1984, 1986, 1991 Hall, John L., 1989 Hall, Marshall, 1833 Halley, Edmund, 1678, 1693, 1705, 1718, 1758, 1759, 1835 hallucinagenic mushroom, 7000 bce Halm, Jacob, 1911 Hamburger, Viktor, 1975 Hamer, Dean H., 1993
History Of Geometry hipparchus of rhodes (190120 BC) is the first to systematically use anddocument the foundations of trigonometry, and may have invented it. http://geometryalgorithms.com/history.htm
Extractions: A Short History of Geometry Ancient This page gives a short outline of geometry's history, exemplified by major geometers responsible for it's evolution. Click on a person's picture or name for an expanded biography at the excellent: History of Mathematics Archive (Univ of St Andrews, Scotland). Also, Click these links for our recommended: Greek Medieval Modern History Books ... History Web Sites The geometry of Babylon (in Mesopotamia) and Egypt was mostly experimentally derived rules used by the engineers of those civilizations. They knew how to compute areas, and even knew the "Pythagorian Theorem" 1000 years before the Greeks (see: Pythagoras's theorem in Babylonian mathematics ). But there is no evidence that they logically deduced geometric facts from basic principles. Nevertheless, they established the framework that inspired Greek geometry. A detailed analysis of Egyptian mathematics is given in the book: Mathematics in the Time of the Pharaohs India (1500 BC - 200 BC)
The Math Forum Trig/Calc Problem Of The Week Archive More about Hipparchus can be found in the MacTutor History of Mathematicsarchives; see hipparchus of rhodes. Highlighted solutions http://mathforum.org/calcpow/solutions/solution.ehtml?puzzle=44
