This Article Appeared In The Indian Journal The medieval mathematicians like Aryabhata I (AD 476), Brahmagupta (AD 598), BhaskaraI (AD 600), Mahaviracarya (AD 850), aryabhata ii (AD 950), Sridharacarya http://www.vmacademy.com/kenneth/articles/kansara/kansara.htm
Extractions: This article appeared in the Indian Journal Sambodhi Vol. XXIII, 2000 and is reproduced here with permission. Diacritical marks have not been copied, nor have the few Sanskrit/Hindu lines of text. This article has been scanned into text and though we have done our best there may still be a few errors. For the full text please see the Journal version. Director, Akshardham Centre for Applied Research in Social Harmony (AARSH), Akshardham, Gandhinagar - (382 020) Jagadguru Shankaracharya Swami Shri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaja of Govardhan Peeth Matha, Puri, wrote or dictated a book entitled `Vedic Mathematics' based on 29 Sutras, of which 16 deal with the general case, while the rest 13 treat the special cases. The declaration of the Sutras as "Vedic" or as belonging to the Vedas, particularly to the Atharvaveda, and his claim that "the Sutras (aphorisms) apply to and cover each and every part of each and every chapter of each and every branch of mathematics including arithmetic, algebra, geometry plane and solid, trigonometry - plane and spherical, conics - geometrical and analytical, astronomy, calculus - differential and integral etc., etc.", and that "there is no part of mathematics, pure or applied, which is beyond their jurisdiction" has raised a controversy amongst the mathematicians of India, some of whom have questioned the Vedicity of the Sutras on the ground of their language, and the level of mathematics it deals with. It is endeavoured here to deal with the problem in all possible aspects, and examine the validity or otherwise of the claim.
CV: C.K. Raju of the Calculus from India to Europe, Part ii Circumstantial and Documentary Evidence ,Paper presented at the International aryabhata Conference, Trivandrum http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_pr/t_pr_raju_cv.htm
Extractions: E-mail: c_k_raju@vsnl.net Education: B.Sc. (Hons), Physics, 1973, Institute of Science, University of Bombay. M.Sc., Mathematics, 1975, Centre for Advanced Study in Mathematics, University of Bombay. Ph.D., 1980, Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta. Professional Experience: Positions: Junior/Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Advanced Study in Mathematics, Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi and Calcutta 1975-81. Lecturer, Departments of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Poona, Pune, 1981-88. Work done: Taught courses for at the M.A./M.Sc./M.Phil. level, and continued my research. Member Technical Staff EIII, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune and Delhi, 1988-95. Work done: helped build the Indian national supercomputer PARAM . Personally surveyed applications of national importance (space, oil etc.), successfully developed, adapted, and ported code on the target machine.
SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT aryabhata carried three payloads one each for X-ray, astronomy, solar physics and Bhaskara-I ii Bhaskara - I and ii were the first two experimental remote http://ceos.cnes.fr:8100/cdrom-97/ceos1/isro/abisro/old_sat.htm
Extractions: Aryabhata was the first Indian satellite launched into a near earth orbit on April 19, 1975 by an Intercosmos rocket of the erstwhile USSR. Aryabhata carried three payloads - one each for X-ray, astronomy, solar physics and aeronomy. The mission was a success and provided the early experience to ISRO for planning, developing and managing a satellite mission. Bhaskara - I and II were the first two experimental remote sensing satellites launched on June 7, 1979 and November 20, 1981 respectively by Intercosmos rockets. Both the satellites carried two TV cameras, one in visible and the other in near-infrared band and having a 1 Km resolution and a 3-frequency Passive Microwave Radiometer. The Bhaskara mission saw the birth of a systematic ground segment and applications programme. Together with the capabilities developed in satellite and sensor development, a truly indigenous space-capability was the result of the Bhaskara mission. Rohini: A series of technological/scientific satellites, launched by India's own launch vehicle, SLV-3. First one was used to measure the performance of SLV-3, second and third carried a SMARTsensor - the first Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera developed in-house. Rohini saw the entry of ISRO to the use of CCD technology and system design for sensors.
IPstat II - Statistics For Silvio Max reloads on Tue Feb 25 2003 12. host, country, date, time, browser,os. aryabhata.csl.sri.com, Commercial, Mon, 17 Mar, 225123, Netscape4, Linux. http://www.ipstat.com/cgi-bin/stats?name=silvio
Aryabhata/Indian Scientific Sat Parametry orbity 568 x 611 km; 96,5 m; 50,7°. Czas trwania 19.IV.1975 (074000UTC) 11.ii.1992. Opis misji aryabhata byl pierwszym indyjskim satelita. http://www.statki-kosmiczne.black.pl/aryabhata.html
Extractions: A ryabhata by³ pierwszym satelit± stworzonym przez Indyjsk± Organizacjê Badañ Kosmicznych ISRO. Zosta³ on wyniesiony przez ZSRR. Satelita nazwany na cze¶æ indyjskiego matematyka, prowadzi³ badania w prom. X. Satelita pracowa³ przez piêæ dni. Statek, wyniesiony 19 kwietnia 1975, powróci³ do atmosfery 11 lutego 1992. International Index: 1975-033A Charakterystyka misji: Rakieta no¶na / miejsce startu : Kosmos 11K65M (s/n 53731 - 279) / Kapustin Yar, RosjaIndie Parametry orbity : 568 x 611 km; 96,5 m; 50,7° Czas trwania : 19.IV.1975 (07:40:00 UTC) - 11.II.1992 Wymiary i masa: 26. ¶cienna bry³a o ¶rednicy 1,4 m , w tym 24 pokryte bateriami s³onecznymi (46 W), 360 kg £adunek: Cele naukowe: Opis misji: Instrumenty: Eksperyment rentgenowski korzysta³ z: licznika proporcjonalnego, wype³nionego mieszanin± argonu i CO . Mia³ on pole widzenia 8 stopni (FWHM). By³ ono równoleg³e do osi obrotu satelity (detekcja w zakresie 2,5 - 15 keV); dwóch teleskopów scyntylacyjnych NaI, zamontowanych prostopadle do osi obrotu. Prowadzi³y one obserwacje w zakresie 10 - 100 keV.
Old Satellites aryabhata First Indian satellite, launched into a near earth orbit on April 19 BhaskaraI ii Experimental remote sensing satellites launched on June 7, 1979 http://www.isro.org/old_sat.htm
SATELLITE BONRNE EXPERIMENTS band by a factor of about 3 in one and a half hours (ii) variations in The first Indiansatellite aryabhata launched in 1975 carried an Xray astronomy payload http://www.isro.org/space_science/images/IndianXrayAstronomyExperiment.htm
Extractions: Starting with the rocket flights made in 1968 by the PRL group, a number of observations of the discrete X-ray sources and the diffuse X-ray background were made in the 1968-80 period with rocket-borne instruments launched from India. Early results included the spectral measurement of Sco X-1 and the transient X-ray source Cen X-2. The energy spectrum of the supernova remnant Crab Nebula was studied by the TIFR group with thin window proportional counters flown on a Centaur rocket from Thumba in 1973. The diffuse cosmic soft X-ray background was mapped in the 0.1-0.19 keV and 0.1-0.28 keV spectral bands in a sky survey experiment carried out from a rocket flight in 1979. Two 450 cm area proportional counters equipped with 1.5 m thick polypropylene windows were used in this experiment. Several regions of excess soft X-ray emissions including the North Polar spur were detected. The temperature of the hot interstellar gas producing diffuse soft X-ray emission in the galaxy was derived by mapping intensity distribution of the soft X-ray background in different directions. It was concluded that the soft x-ray background is of local origin from a plasma of temperature The first Indian satellite Aryabhata launched in 1975 carried an X-ray astronomy payload consisting of a collimated proportional counter of 60 cm area and a collimated NaI detector covering the 2.5-155 keV range. An intensity transition in Cyg X-1 and the energy spectrum of the galactic bulge sources GX 17+2 and GX 9+9 were reported from this experiment. An X-ray sky monitor camera was placed on the Bhaskara-I satellite to detect and monitor the transient X-ray sources that suddenly appear and disappear in a manner analogous to optical novae.
Extractions: Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference The Encyclopedia of World History Subject Index PREVIOUS ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Encyclopedia of World History. Subject Index Page 6 Arabian Sea
Aryabhata/ Isaurian War 491 A.D. It would only be in 498 AD after the death of Pope Anastasius ii and the consecrationof both Symmachus and Laurentius, when we would see the end of the http://www.albertson.edu/math/History/skuek/Classical/isaurian.htm
Extractions: ACI Math Department Home Page : The Isaurian revolt begins, in response to Anastasius using a riot in Constantinople, today's Istanbul in Turkey, as a pretext to ban the Isaurians. Monophysite religious policies was another factor in the Isaurian uprising. It would only be in 498 A.D. after the death of Pope Anastasius II and the consecration of both Symmachus and Laurentius, when we would see the end of the Isaurian war. Abolition of the unpopular tax, the chrysargyron also took place, and commutation of the land tax from "in kind" to a levy in gold. The introduction of the coin reform would also begin during this process. Learn more about the Isaurian war at Main Biography Discoveries Activity ... References
Kuttaka 23 + 137m, for m an integer. Bhaskara ii later made a modificationto aryabhata's Kuttaka. Go back to the Indian History timeline. http://www.math.sfu.ca/histmath/India/5thCenturyAD/Kuttaka.html
Extractions: Aryabhata noted that any factor common to a and b should be a factor of c, otherwise the equation has no solution. Dividing a, b and c by the greatest common factor of (a,b) we can reduce the equation to the form where a and b are relatively prime. In the discussion that follows we can assume that (a,b)=1 and without loss of generality c>0.
Science After Aryabhatta aryabhata (born 476) is the author of the first of the later siddhantas chapters(i) the astronomical constants and the sine table, (ii) mathematics required http://www.hindunet.org/science_after_aryabhatta/
Extractions: Related sections In the earliest period of Indian science, it is exceptional when we know the authorship of a text or an idea. For example, although Yajnavalkya and Lagadha describe considerable astronomy, we do not know if this was developed by them or they merely summarized what was then well known. Likewise we are not sure of the individual contributions in the Shulba Sutras- of Baudhayana, Apastamba, and other authors- which describe geometry, or in Pingala's Chhandahsutra which shows how to count in a binary manner. The major exception to the anonymous nature of early Indian science is the grammatical tradition starting with Panini. This tradition is an application of the scientific method where the infinite variety of linguistic data is generated by means of a limited number of rules. With Aryabhata, we enter a new phase in which it becomes easier to trace the authorship of specific ideas. But even here there remain other aspects which are not so well understood. For example, the evolution of Indian medicine is not as well documented as that of Indian mathematics. Neither do we understand well the manner in which the philosophical basis underlying Indian science evolved.
Orbiting Astronomical Observatories -- Launch Sequence and extragalactic regions, besides Solar and ionosphere observations aryabhata homepage(HEASARC at SEDS (HTML access) 1990 June 1 (Delta ii) Rosat (Roentgen http://www.seds.org/~spider/oaos/oaos-l.html
Extractions: 1962 April 26 Ariel 1 (UK) investigated Solar UV and X-radiation, and obtained an energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays. 1964 March 27 Ariel 2 (UK) Radio astronomy 1966 April 8 (Atlas-Agena D) Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) 1 (Nasa). Active for 3 days. 1967 May 5 Ariel 3 (UK) Radio astronomy 1968 July 4 Explorer 38 (RAE-1) (Nasa). Radio Astronomy Explorer. Deployed four 230-m antennae, discovered Earth's radio radiation. 1968 December 7 (Atlas-Centaur) OAO 2 (Nasa). 11 UV telescopes, discovered a supernova (May 1972) 1970 November 30 (Atlas-Centaur) OAO-B (Nasa). Launch failure (fell into Atlantic). 1970 December 12 (Scout-B, from Italy's San Marco maritim platform near Kenia's coast) Explorer 42 (SAS-1, SAS-A, Uhuru) (Nasa) First X-ray satellite observatory.
Orbiting Astronomical Observatories aryabhata image; aryabhata homepage (HEASARC) COSB (ESA) X- and Gamma-ray satelliteobservatory, launched It was launched on June 1, 1990, by a Delta ii rocket http://www.seds.org/~spider/oaos/oaos.html
Extractions: Since the early years of spaceflight, the advantages of astronomical observing above the Earth's atmosphere were recognized, and led to the introduction of astronomical instruments on spacecraft, i.e., astronomical observatories in space (in most cases, in Earth's orbit). Please note that this list is not complete in specific Solar research satellites, and does not include planetary probes. Astronomical Satellites Launch Sequence Additions, corrections, and comments are welcome, please email me Our image shows Nasa's High Energy Astronomical Observatory (HEAO) 2 satellite, which was also named Einstein Ariel 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (UK) The honor of the first astronomical satellite project goes to Great Britain. Ariel 1 , launched April 26, 1962, investigated Solar UV and X-radiation, and obtained an energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays. Ariel 2, 3, and 4 , launched March 27, 1964 (2), May 5, 1967 (3), and December 11, 1971, respectively, investigated astronomical objects in the radio range. Ariel 5 (launched October 15, 1974) and
ISRO Success Stories BhaskaraI and ii, which were evolved from aryabhata and carrying remote sensorsin the visible, infrared and microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum http://www.flonnet.com/fl1809/18090180.htm
Extractions: FROM building the first experimental satellite Aryabhata in 1975 to the world class operational Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite series on the one hand and the third generation communication satellite INSAT-3 on the other, is indeed an impressive track record by any standards for the 30-year-old Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It could well be argued that the development of launch vehicle technology, which began in the mid-1960s, has not achieved the same degree of success. Indeed, many, both within the organisation and without, believe that the launch vehicle front did not receive the same kind of focus as satellite development did, particularly after Satish Dhawan retired from ISRO in 1984. At a time when ISRO's launch vehicle development has reached an important phase with the launch of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, it would be appropriate to put satellite technology development also in perspective. At the launch of the first Rohini-75 rocket at Thumba, 1969.
DWB2 Middle Ages Contents List Arnolfo di Cambio. Árpád. aryabhata. Ashari, al. Ashikaga Takauji. Averroës. Dante.David I. David ii. Dionysius Exiguus. Dominic, Saint. Duccio di Buoninsegna. http://www.fitzroydearborn.com/Contents/DWB2Cnt.htm
Extractions: Dictionary of World Biography Contributing Essayists List of Entrants Abelard, Peter Abu Hanifah Abul Wefa Adam de la Halle Adrian IV Afonso I Ahmad ibn Hanbal Albertus Magnus, Saint Alboin Alcuin Alexander III Alexander Nevsky Alfonso X Alfred the Great Alhazen Alp Arslan Anselm, Saint Anthony of Padua, Saint Arnold of Villanova Arnolfo di Cambio Árpád Aryabhata Ashikaga Takauji Averroës Avicenna Bacon, Roger Ball, John Basil the Macedonian Battani, al- Baybars I Becket, Thomas Bede the Venerable, Saint Benedict of Nursia, Saint Benjamin of Tudela Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint Biruni, al- Boccaccio, Giovanni Boethius Bohemond I Bonaventure, Saint Boniface, Saint Boniface VIII, Pope Boris I of Bulgaria Bracton, Henry de Brahmagupta Bruce, Robert Burgh, Hubert de Buridan, Jean Cædmon Canute the Great Carpini, Giovanni da Pian del Casimir the Great Cassiodorus Catherine of Siena, Saint Cavalcanti, Guido Charlemagne Charles IV Charles the Bald Charles Martel Chartier, Alain
NGZ Neujahrsblatt 1970 Translate this page Samos B. Seleukos von Seleukia C. Teukros der Babylonier Kapitel ii Das Grosse Yuga-SystemKapitel iiI Persische und indische Astronomie A. aryabhata B. Die http://www.ngzh.ch/Neuj1970.html
Deccan Herald, News From Karnataka director Dr RP Shenoy (2000) have been selected for the aryabhata Award . Seminary,Bangalore, has been appointed Bishop of Mysore by Pope John Paul ii. http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb13/state.asp
Extractions: Chronology of Indian History 1435 BC Aryan Kings in Western Asia. 1414 BC Date of the Bharata War according to certain Puranas. 1375 BC Worship of Aryan deities in the land of the Mitanni. 817 BC Traditional date of the birth of Parsvanatha. 558 BC Accession of Cyrus the Great, conqueror of Kapisi. 544 BC Era of Buddhas Nirvana. 527 BC Era of Mahaviras Nirvana. 522 BC Accession of Darius I, conqueror of the "Indian" satrapy of the Persian Empire. 518-517 BC Naval Expedition of Skylax and conquest of the Indian satrapy. 486 BC Cantonese date of Buddhas Nirvana. 327-326 BC Invasion of India by Alexander. 325 BC Alexander leaves India. 324 BC Rise of the Maurya Dynasty. 313 BC Jaina date of the year of Chandraguptas accession, probably as ruler of Avanti. 273-232 BC The reign of Asoka. 206 BC Indian Expedition of Antiochos III, King of Syria. 187 BC Rise of the Dynasty of Pushyamitra. 165 BC Plato, King of Bactria. 162 BC Latest possible date for the assumption of the title "Great" by Eukratides, King of Bactria and the Indian borderland. 145-101 BC Elara Chola, King of Ceylon.
A PROGRAMME OF STUDIES RELATED TO INDIA AND INDIAN VALUES and Kanishka (ii) Chandragupta, Samundragupta and Vikramaditya (iii) Gupta Period the Golden Age of India (iv) Kalidasa, Varahamihara, aryabhata, Brahamgupta http://shikshanic.nic.in/cd50years/r/2Q/92/2Q920801.htm
Extractions: Before we come to the concluding part of our report, we shall address ourselves to the important question of proposing a programme of studies related to. values cherished by India and the theme of Indian heritage and composite culture as also a programme of the study of the national freedom struggle. Referring to the period of India's struggle for freedom, we have pointed out that this period was marked by the rise of great men and women who embodied Indian values and enriched them, and that a study of our nationalist movement provides us a perennial source of inspiration. We have, therefore, recommended that we should lay a special emphasis on the study of our struggle for freedom in our educational system, particularly, in the programmes related to the training of teachers. The chronology of events of Indian history is very complex, and our history books often present this chronology in such a way as to render a synoptic view of Indian history
IANDANAE: (Greek) Papyri With Accounts, Math 6.30. Selenius, ClasOlof. Rationale of the Chaklavala Process of Jayadeva andBhaskara ii. aryabhatas Rule and Table for Sine-Differences. http://www.mathorigins.com/I.htm
Extractions: Home Color Guide Abbreviation Guide Personal Library Master key ... Y-Z IANDANAE: (Greek) papyri with accounts, math (as per E. G. Turner) P. Iand. = Papyri Iandanae, cum discipulis edidit C. Kalbfleisch, Leipzig, 1912. Pt i, Voluminum Codicumque Fragmenta Graeca cum Amuleto Christiano, ed. E. Schaefer, 1912. Pt. ii, Epistulae Privatae Graecae, ed. L. Eisner, 1913. Pt iii, Instrumenta, Graeca Publica et Privata, pt. i, ed. L. Spohr, 1913. Pt iv, Instrumenta, Graeca Publica et Privata, pt. ii, ed. G. Speiss, 1914. Pt v, Literarische Stucke und Verwandtes, ed. J. Sprey, 1931. Pt. vi, Greichische Privatbriefe, ed. G. Rosenberger, 1934. Pt vii, Greichische Verwaltungsurkunden, ed. D, Curschmann, 1934. Pt. viii, Greichische Wirtschaftsrechnungen und Verwandtes. ed. J. Hummel, 1938. P. Iand . Inv. 653 = A Sixth Century Account of Hay, ed. T. Reekmans, Brussels, 1962. P. Iand . 2.8. Letter from Ischyriôn to Antôninos: (Greek; Arsinoite) http://perseus.csad.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.05.0138 P.Iand.inv. 653: A Sixth Century Account of Hay: (Greek) With dated accounts and inventory?
