Geometry.Net - Scientists: Aristotle

Aristotle
aristotle. Michael Fowler. U. Va. Physics. Notice that this approach to physics isnot heavily dependent on observation and experiment. aristotle and Alexander.
http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/lectures/aristot2.html

Extractions: Link to Previous Lecture Let us first recap briefly the emergence of philosophy and science in Athens after around 450 B.C. It all began with Socrates , who was born in 470 B.C. Socrates was a true philosopher, a lover of wisdom, who tried to elicit the truth by what has become known as the Socratic method, in which by a series of probing questions he forced successive further clarification of thought. Of course, such clarity often reveals that the other person's ideas don't in fact make much sense, so that although Socrates made a lot of things much clearer, he wasn't a favorite of many establishment politicians. For example, he could argue very convincingly that traditional morality had no logical basis. He mostly lectured to the sons of well-to-do aristocrats, one of whom was Plato , born in 428 B.C. Plato was a young man when Athens was humiliated by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War, and Plato probably attributed the loss to Athens' being a democracy, as opposed to the kind of fascist war-based state Sparta was. Plato founded an Academy. The name came (at least in legend) from one Academus , a landowner on whose estate Plato and other philosophers met regularly. The important point is that this was the first university. All the people involved were probably aristocrats, and they discussed everything: politics, economics, morality, philosophy, mathematics and science. One of their main concerns was to find what constituted an ideal city-state. Democracy didn't seem to have worked very well in their recent past. Plato's ideas are set out in the
Theophrastus [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy]
Philosopher of the Peripatetic school, successor to aristotle at the Lyceum.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/theophra.htm

Extractions: Theophrastus was a Greek philosopher of the Peripatetic school, and immediate successor of Aristotle in leadership of the Lyceum. He was a native of Eresus in Lesbos, and studied philosophy at Athens, first under Plato and afterwards under Aristotle . He became the favorite pupil of Aristotle , who named Theophrastus his successor, and bequeathed to him his library and manuscripts of his own writings. Theophrastus sustained the Aristotelian character of the Lyceum. He is said to have had 2,000 disciples, among them the comic poet Menander. He was esteemed by the kings Philippus, Cassander, and Ptolemy. He was tried for impiety, but acquitted by the Athenian jury. He died in 287 BCE, having presided over the Lyceum about thirty-five years. His age is sometimes put at 85, and 107 by others. He is said to have closed his life with the complaint about the short duration of human life, that it ended just when the insight into its problems was beginning. Although Theophrastus generally followed Aristotle's lead in philosophy, he was no mere slavish imitator, and he continued important empirical and philosophical investigations of his own. Very little of his work survives, but he seems in general to have emphasized the empiricist side of
Great Books Index - Aristotle
GREAT BOOKS INDEX. aristotle (384322 BC). An Index to OnlineGreat Books in English Translation. Writings of aristotle.
http://books.mirror.org/gb.aristotle.html
The Internet Classics Archive | On The Soul By Aristotle
De Anima On the Soul. One of the first western statements on psychology, and still influential. Full text online.
http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/soul.html
Aristotle - Wikipedia
aristotle. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. aristotle Philosophy.aristotle's Critics. aristotle has been criticised on several grounds.
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle

Extractions: Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Other languages: Deutsch Esperanto Nederlands Polski ... Svenska From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Aristotle , in most languages other than English known as Aristoteles 384 BC March 7 322 BC ) was a Greek philosopher . Along with Plato , he is often considered to be one of the two most influential philosophers in Western thought. There is a very famous line of succession that included the three greatest ancient Greek philosophers Socrates taught Plato , and Plato taught Aristotle, and the three of them together are responsible for the birth of Western philosophy as we know it. The whole line of succession occurred between 470 BC (Socrates' year of birth) and 322 BC (Aristotle's year of death).
Aristotle's Psychology
Recounts the principal and distinctive claims of aristotle's psychological writings, especially De Anima. By Christopher Shields of the University of Colorado.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-psychology/

Extractions: JAN Aristotle (384-322 BC) was born in what was to become Macedon in northern Greece, but spent most of his adult life in Athens. His life in Athens divides into two periods, first as a member of Plato's Academy (367-347) and later as director of his own school, the Lyceum (334-323). The intervening years were spent mainly in Assos and Lesbos, and briefly back in Macedon. His years away from Athens were predominantly taken up with biological research and writing. Judging on the basis of their content, Aristotle's most important psychological writings probably belong to his second residence in Athens, and so to his most mature period. His principal work in psychology, De Anima , reflects in different ways his pervasive interest in biological taxonomy and his most sophisticated physical and metaphysical theory. Because of the long tradition of exposition which has developed around Aristotle's De Anima , the interpretation of even its most central theses is sometimes disputed. Moreover, because of its evident affinities with some prominent approaches in contemporary philosophy of mind, Aristotle's psychology has received renewed interest and has incited intense interpretative dispute in recent decades. Consequently, this entry proceeds on two levels. The main article recounts the principal and distinctive claims of Aristotle's psychology, avoiding so far as possible exegetical controversy and critical commentary. At the end of appropriate sections of the main article, readers are invited to explore problematic or advanced features of Aristotle's theories by moving to a lower level.
IMSS - Multimedia Catalogue - Biography ARISTOTLE
aristotle. Stagira 384 BC. aristotle was the founder of a famous school inAthens, known as the Lyceum or Peripatetic School in around 335 BC.
http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/museo/b/earisto.html

Extractions: Stagira 384 BC. - Calcide 322 BC. Greek philosopher. Aristotle was the founder of a famous school in Athens, known as the "Lyceum" or "Peripatetic School" in around 335 B.C.. Amongst his works the following are remembered especially: the Organon , which contains his writings on Logic, the Metaphysics Physics On the Soul Nicomachean Ethics Economics Politics Poetics Rhetoric , For Aristotle "physics" signified the qualitative study of all natural phenomena, carried out without the aid of a store of mathematical knowledge. In Aristotelian cosmology the Earth was imperfect and situated at the centre of the Universe. It was composed of the four elements: earth, water, air and fire, which were characterised in terms of a rectilinear and sporadic motion. Conversely, the movement of the celestial bodies (the Sun, planets and stars, composed of ether or quintessence) was continuous and circular. In order to explain the independent motion of the planets, Aristotle proposed that they rotated on concentric spheres (see Ptolemaic System ). After the physics of Aristotle had been "Christianised" in the thirteenth century, it became the foundation of university instruction in this subject. This system was put into serious doubt with the advent of the
20th WCP: The Modernity Of Aristotles Logical Investigations
Article by George Boger, presented at the 20th World Congress in Philosophy.
http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Logi/LogiBoge.htm

Extractions: BOGER@wehle.canisius.edu ABSTRACT: Prior Analytics is a metalogical treatise on the syllogistic deduction system; 3) Aristotle recognized the epistemic efficacy of certain elemental argument patterns, and he explicitly formulated them as rules of natural deduction in corresponding sentences; 4) Prior Analytics is a proof-theoretic treatise in which Aristotle describes a natural deduction system and demonstrates certain of the logical relationships among syllogistic deduction rules (Aristotle modeled his syllogistic logic in a rudimentary way for this purpose and metasystematically established the independence of a set of deduction rules); and finally, 5) Aristotle worked with a notion of substitution sufficient for distinguishing logical syntax and semantics. In this connection he also distinguished validity from deducibility sufficiently well to note the completeness of his logic Introduction Prior Analytics : (1) logic is taken as part of epistemology; (2) syllogistic deduction is treated metalogically; (3) rules of natural deduction are explicitly formulated; (4) the syllogistic system is modeled to demonstrate logical relationships among its rules; and (5) logical syntax is distinguished from semantics. While each of these features is perhaps familiar to us, when they are viewed together they reveal the striking philosophical modernity of an ancient logician.
Philosophers Main Page
Peter Abelard Anselm of Canterbury Thomas Aquinas aristotle Augustine of Hippo FrancisBacon Pierre Bayle Jeremey Bentham George Berkeley Boethius Albert Camus
http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.asp?PhilCode=Aris
Guardian Unlimited Politics | Aristotle | Letwin, Oliver
Information about the MP for West Dorset includes contact details and biography plus parliament jobs and committees, voting record and entries in the Register of Members' Interests.
http://politics.guardian.co.uk/person/0,,-3095.html

Extractions: Go to: Guardian Unlimited home UK news World news Archive search Arts Books Business EducationGuardian.co.uk Film Football Jobs MediaGuardian.co.uk Money The Observer Online Politics Shopping SocietyGuardian.co.uk Sport Talk Travel Audio Email services Special reports The Guardian The weblog The informer The northerner The wrap Advertising guide Crossword Dating Headline service Syndication services Events / offers Help / contacts Information Newsroom Style guide Travel offers TV listings Weather Web guides Guardian Weekly Money Observer Home Ask Aristotle Whitehall Parliament ... This week Oliver Letwin's moment of infamy during the 2001 election campaign: "Mr Hague's election honeymoon came to an abrupt end when he was forced to slap down a colleague - believed to be the shadow chief Treasury secretary, Oliver Letwin - who told the Financial Times that the party could slash taxes by ¿20bn a year by 2006." Elections
EpistemeLinks.com: Philosopher Results
aristotle. Born 384 BC Died 322 BC. aristotle and Virtue Ethics, Source EthicsUpdates Author Lawrence Hinman. Commentary on aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics,
http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Aris
Zeno
The Fairbanks edition of the fragments and testimonia of Zeno, as drawn from Simplicius, aristotle and the Doxographists. Part of the Hanover Historical Texts Project.
http://history.hanover.edu/texts/presoc/zeno.htm

Extractions: Passages relating to Zeno in the Doxographists [Page 112] Zeno of Elea, son of Teleutagoras, was born early in the-fifth century B.C. He was the pupil of Parmenides, and his relations with him were so intimate that Plato calls him Parmenides's son (Soph. 241 D). Strabo (vi. 1, 1) applies to him as well as to his master the name Pythagorean, and gives him the credit of advancing the cause of law and order in Elea. Several writers say that he taught in Athens for a while. There are numerous accounts of his capture as party to a conspiracy; these accounts differ widely from each other, and the only point of agreement between them has reference to his determination in shielding his fellow conspirators. We find reference to one book which he wrote in prose (Plato, Parm. 127 c), each section of which showed the absurdity of some element in the popular belief. Literature: Lohse, Halis 1794; Gerling, de Zenosin Paralogismis, Marburg 1825; Wellmann, Zenos Beweise, G.-Pr. Frkf. a. O. 1870; Raab, D. Zenonische Beweise, Schweinf. 1880; Schneider, Philol. xxxv. 1876; Tannery, Rev. Philos. Oct. 1885; Dunan, Les arguments de Zenon, Paris 1884; Brochard, Les arguments de Zenon, Paris 1888; Frontera, Etude sur les arguments de Zenon, Paris 1891
Atomic Theories From Aristotle Thru Quantum Theory
A site for students with chemists and their atomic theories throughout history. Includes aristotle, Democritus, Dalton, Bohr, Thomson, Rutherford and the modern quantum theory.
http://www.angelfire.com/sc2/atomtheory
Ethics Of Isocrates, Aristotle, And Diogenes By Sanderson Beck
An article about his life and context by Sanderson Beck.Category Society Philosophy Philosophers Diogenes of SinopeBECK index. Isocrates, aristotle, and Diogenes. aristotle. In Stagira, aGreek colony near the Macedonian border, in 384 BC was born aristotle.
http://www.san.beck.org/EC22-Aristotle.html
Aristotle's Rhetoric
Discussion of one of aristotle's major works; by Christof Rapp.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/

Extractions: MAY Aristotle's rhetoric has had an enormous influence on the development of the art of rhetoric. Not only authors writing in the peripatetic tradition, but also the famous Roman teachers of rhetoric, such as Cicero and Quintilian, frequently used elements stemming from the Aristotelian doctrine. Nevertheless, these authors were neither interested in an authentic interpretation of the Aristotelian works nor in the philosophical sources and backgrounds of the vocabulary that Aristotle had introduced into rhetorical theory. Thus, for two millennia the interpretation of Aristotelian rhetoric has become a matter of the history of rhetoric, not of philosophy. In the most influential manuscripts and editions, Aristotle's Rhetoric was surrounded by rhetorical works and even written speeches of other Greek and Latin authors, and was seldom interpreted in the context of the whole Corpus Aristotelicum. It was not until the last few decades that the philosophically salient features of the Aristotelian rhetoric were rediscovered: in construing a general theory of the persuasive, Aristotle applies numerous concepts and arguments which are also treated in his logical, ethical, and psychological writings. His theory of rhetorical arguments, for example, is only one further application of his general doctrine of the sullogismos , which also forms the basis of dialectic, logic and his theory of demonstration. Another example is the concept of emotions: though emotions are one of the most important topics in the Aristotelian ethics, he nowhere offers such an illuminating account of single emotions as in the
The Works Of Aristotle At LibertyOnline
Translations of the Poetics, Rhetoric, and others. Hosted by Liberty Online.Category Society Philosophy Philosophers aristotle WorksThe Works of aristotle. aristotle is the first important figure inthe history of individual liberty. It is primarily aristotle's
http://libertyonline.hypermall.com/Aristotle/Default.htm

Extractions: Aristotle is the first important figure in the history of individual liberty. It is primarily Aristotle's metaphysics (nature of existence) and epistemology (the study of knowledge) that led to the Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution, and the concept that man must be free to live the life proper to man.
Www.chass.utoronto.ca8080/~ibell/aris.htm
aristotle Categories Texts (3). Site Listings aristotle Ancient Philosopher- includes biography and a summary of his works. aristotle's
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca:8080/~ibell/aris.htm
20th WCP: A DNA Account Of Propositions As Events: Dummett, Någårjuna, Aristot
Article by Khristos Nizamis presented at the 20th World Congress of Philosophy. Khristos argues that Indian Buddhism allows us to maintain an alternate antirealism that is compatible with bivalence, and the phenonomenal ontology of the world.
http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Scie/ScieNiza.htm

Extractions: knizamis@utas.edu.au khristos.nizamis@tassie.net.au ABSTRACT: Michael Dummett has argued that antirealism requires a rejection of bivalence. However, his version of antirealism is not the only available one. In fact, it is arguable that his antirealism is not sufficiently antirealist and falls short of his intentions. On the basis of a study of the Indian Buddhist philosopher, Nagarjuna, I think that a more complete and coherent kind of antirealism is possible, one that respects the phenomena of conventional ontology and retains the principles of classical logic, but reinterprets both in a radical way. Michael Dummett The set of questions I would have liked to tease out and consider here goes something like this: without essence, but only without essence. And isn't Dummett's critique of realism ultimately grounded in epistemological concerns, not metaphysical ones, given also that the relevant metaphysical problems are generated, on his account, by the classical logic itself? Instead, I shall limit this account to a problematic and erotetic that might conveniently be gathered under the following question: what can we critically determine concerning the relations that might be supposed to hold between propositions, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, events in a spacetime-causal continuum. But, it should be kept in mind that, necessarily, a proposition is itself also an event in a spacetime-causal continuum. On this matter, it should be noted, I shall not subscribe to any modern form of surreptitious metaphysical Platonism, of which, for example, any 'type/token' schema is arguably one kind of representative.
Aristotle
Biography and overview of aristotle's mathematical contributions. Provided by the University of St. Andrews, Scotland.
http://turnbull.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Aristotle.html

Extractions: Aristotle was not primarily a mathematician but made important contributions by systematising deductive logic. He wrote on physical subjects: some parts of his Analytica posteriora show an unusual grasp of the mathematical method. Primarily, however, he is important in the development of all knowledge for, as the authors of [2] write:- Aristotle, more than any other thinker, determined the orientation and the content of Western intellectual history. He was the author of a philosophical and scientific system that through the centuries became the support and vehicle for both medieval Christian and Islamic scholastic thought: until the end of the 17th century, Western culture was Aristotelian. And, even after the intellectual revolutions of centuries to follow, Aristotelian concepts and ideas remained embedded in Western thinking. Aristotle was born in Stagirus, or Stagira, or Stageirus, on the Chalcidic peninsula of northern Greece. His father was Nicomachus, a medical doctor, while his mother was named Phaestis. Nicomachus was certainly living in Chalcidice when Aristotle was born and he had probably been born in that region. Aristotle's mother, Phaestis, came from Chalcis in Euboea and her family owned property there.
Aristotle - Poetics
aristotle's Works are best viewed with Netscape 2.0. The Works of aristotle makesextensive use of Netscape 2.0's Frames feature for maximum enjoyment.
http://libertyonline.hypermall.com/Aristotle/Poetics.html

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