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Archytas Of Tarentum: more detail

Archytas of Tarentum: Pythagorean, Philosopher and Mathematician King by Carl Huffman, 2010-09-09

Archytas of Tarentum: An entry from Gale's Science and Its Times by Judson Knight, 2001

Archytas of Tarentum: An entry from Gale's Science and Its Times

Huffman, Carl A. AArchytas of Tarentum: Pythagorean, Philosopher, and Mathematician King.(Book review): An article from: The Review of Metaphysics by Philip Rousseau, 2006-12-01

Ancient Tarantines: Aristoxenus, Livius Andronicus, Archytas, Leonidas of Tarentum, Cleinias of Tarentum, Phalanthus of Tarentum

ARCHYTAS OF TARENTUM(C. 425 BCEC. 350 BCE): An entry from Gale's Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Carl Huffman, 2006

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Images Of Nature
The Pythagorean philosopher archytas of tarentum (5th century BC) is the allegedinventor of the screw. Screws came into common use around the 1st century BC.
http://ion.eas.asu.edu/min02_screw/min2_thumb.htm

Extractions: The Pythagorean philosopher Archytas of Tarentum (5th century BC) is the alleged inventor of the screw. Screws came into common use around the 1st century BC. These were the wooden screws that were used in wine presses, olive oil presses and for pressing clothes. Metal screws and nuts only appeared in the 15th century.
Classics Log 9505d - Message Number 22
Classics/Chicago Ancient Greek erotic magic Carl A. Huffman, Associate ProfessorClassical Studies/DePauw A study of archytas of tarentum Gayatri Chakravorty
http://omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu:8080/hyper-lists/classics-l/listserve_archive

Extractions: >>From jod@ccat.sas.upenn.edu Tue May 23 09:25:38 1995 Received: from mx5.u.washington.edu by lists.u.washington.edu (5.65+UW95.05/UW-NDC Revision: 2.33 ) id AA03457; Tue, 23 May 95 09:25:37 -0700 Received: from NOC4.DCCS.UPENN.EDU by mx5.u.washington.edu (5.65+UW95.05/UW-NDC Revision: 2.31 ) id AA24582; Tue, 23 May 95 09:25:36 -0700 Return-Path: Received: from CCAT.SAS.UPENN.EDU by noc4.dccs.upenn.edu id AA09589; Tue, 23 May 95 12:25:35 -0400 Received: (from jod@localhost) by ccat.sas.upenn.edu (8.6.12/CCAT) id MAA28427 for classics@u.washington.edu; Tue, 23 May 1995 12:19:12 -0400 From: "James O'Donnell" Message-Id:
Chapter 16: Archimedes
Among the earlier ones were archytas of tarentum, Plato's geometry teacher, Hippocratesof Chios, who tried to fit together all the rules, and Theodorus of
http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/dbanach/arch.htm

Extractions: During the 4th century B.C., Greek geometry burst its bonds and went on to the tremendous discoveries of the "age of giants." And Greek culture, too, burst from the mainland of Hellas and spread to most of the eastern Mediterranean. Both developments were connected with the romantic figure of Alexander the Great. After Plato's time, teachers and alumni from the Academy had gone on to found schools of their own. In particular, Plato's most famous associate, the great philosopher Aristotle, had set up the Lyceum in Athens, and started the systematic classification of human knowledge. And Aristotle's most renowned pupil was the warrior king Alexander of Macedon, who tried to conquer the world. In thirteen years, Alexander extended his rule over Greece proper, and Ionia, Phoenicia, Egypt, and the vast Persian domains as far as India. Then he died, and his empire broke up. But throughout those far-flung lands, he had founded Greek cities and planted the seeds of Greek civilization-the Greek language, Greek art, and, of course, Greek mathematics. Mathematicians traveled with his armies. And there is even a
Plato [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy]
In the Seventh Letter, we learn that Plato was a friend of archytas of tarentum,a wellknown Pythagorean statesman and thinker (see 339d-e), and in the Phaedo
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plato.htm

Extractions: Plato Plato is one of the world's best known and most widely read and studied philosophers. Known as the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle, he wrote in the middle of the fourth century B.C.E. His earliest works are regarded as the most reliable of the ancient sources on Socrates. His later works, including his most famous work, the Republic, blend ethics, political philosophy, moral psychology, epistemology, and metaphysics into an interconnected and systematic philosophy. It is most of all from Plato that we get the theory of Forms, according to which the world we know through the senses is only an imitation of the pure, eternal, and unchanging world of the Forms. Plato's works also contain the origins of the familiar complaint that the arts work by inflaming the passions, the ideal of "Platonic love," and the myth of Atlantis.
Pythag Tuning
This is a diatonic, 7tone scale, developed by the Pythagoreans, perhaps givento Plato by archytas of tarentum ca 400 BCE, and given to us by Plato in the
http://www.visual-euclid.org/music/monochord/pythagorean.html

Extractions: This is a diatonic, 7-tone scale, developed by the Pythagoreans, perhaps given to Plato by Archytas of Tarentum ca 400 BCE, and given to us by Plato in the Timeaus in the descending form: HTTTHTT, where T denotes the Pythagorean full-tone descending interval with length ratio 9/8 = 3 , and H denotes the hemitone, 256/243 = 2 Note 1: As these length ratios are larger than one, the intervals represented are falling intervals, and the descending scale indicated, rewritten in ascending mode: TTHTTTH , is the lydian mode of ancient Greece, and (approximately) our modern major scale. (Here, T = 1/T = 8/9, and H = 1/H = 243/256. Again, these are length ratios. Note 2: If the 7 descending intervals are sounded consecutively, the larger descending interval resulting is: TTTSTTS = TTTTTSS
Pronunciation Guide For Mathematics
Archimedian ahr kuh 'mee dee ahn. archytas of tarentum 428365 ahr 'ky tuhs tuh 'rentuhm. are (SI unit) ayr. area 'ar ee uh. Jean Robert Argand 1768-1822 ahr gahN.
http://waukesha.uwc.edu/mat/kkromare/up.html
LETTERS OF ST. JEROME LIII
Thus Pythagoras visited the prophets of Memphis; and Plato, besides visiting Egyptand archytas of tarentum, most carefully explored that part of the coast of
http://www.ccel.org/fathers/NPNF2-06/letters/letter53.htm

Extractions: Jerome urges Paulinus, bishop of Nola, (for whom see Letter LVIII .) to make a diligent study of the Scriptures and to this end reminds him of the zeal for learning displayed not only by the wisest of the pagans but also by the apostle Paul. Then going through the two Testaments in detail he describes the contents of the several books and the lessons which may be learned from them. He concludes with an appeal to Paulinus to divest himself wholly of his earthly wealth and to devote himself altogether to God. Written in 394 A.D. 1. Our brother Ambrose along with your little gifts has delivered to me a most charming letter which, though it comes at the beginning of our friendship, gives assurance of tried fidelity and of long continued attachment. A true intimacy cemented by Christ Himself is not one which depends upon material considerations, or upon the presence of the persons, or upon an insincere and exaggerated flattery; but one such as ours, wrought by a common fear of God and a joint study of the divine scriptures. 6. These instances have been just touched upon by me (the limits of a letter forbid a more discursive treatment of them) to convince you that in the holy scriptures you can make no progress unless you have a guide to shew you the way. I say nothing of the knowledge of grammarians, rhetoricians, philosophers, geometers, logicians, musicians, astronomers, astrologers, physicians, whose several kinds of skill are most useful to mankind, and may be ranged under the three heads of teaching, method, and proficiency. I will pass to the less important crafts which require manual dexterity more than mental ability. Husbandmen, masons, carpenters, workers in wood and metal, wool-dressers and fullers, as well as those artisans who make furniture and cheap utensils, cannot attain the ends they seek without instruction from qualified persons.As Horace says(1)
History Of Philosophy 2
derived his knowledge of the Pythagorean doctrines; Philolaus lived towards the endof the fifth century; (3) the fragments of archytas of tarentum are spurious
http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/hop02.htm

Extractions: THE PYTHAGOREAN SCHOOL About the time the Ionic philosophy attained its highest development in Asia Minor, another phase of philosophical thought appeared in the Greek colonies of Italy. As we turn to the Pythagorean philosophy, the first philosophy of the West, we are struck with the importance which the ethico-religious aspect assumes from the outset; philosophy now is not so much an inquiry into the causes of things as a rule of life, a way of salvation. It is remarkable, too, that this notion of philosophy never wholly died out in the subsequent development of Greek thought. Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics constantly referred philosophy to life as well as to knowledge. The Pythagorean system of speculation is sometimes contrasted with the Ionian as being an embodiment of the Doric spirit, which was artistic, conservative, ethical, while the Greeks of the Ionian colonies were characterized by worldly sense, versatility, curiosity, and commercial enterprise. Both philosophies, however, are wholly Greek. Life of Pythagoras . Samos was the home and probably the birthplace of Pythagoras. It is certain that he journeyed to Italy about the year 530 B.C., and that he founded in Crotona a philosophico-religious society. The story of his journey through Egypt, Persia, India, and Gaul is part of the Neo-Pythagorean legend, though there is good reason for believing that the account of his death at Metapontum is true.
Parents And Teachers: Activities - Fun Facts
The earliest rocketlike device can be traced to ancient Greece and the year 400BC when archytas of tarentum built a flying, steam-powered pigeon made of wood
http://www.astronomy.com/content/static/parentsteachers/activities/blastoff_sb1.

Extractions: FUN FACTS Did you know Robert H. Goddard is called the "father of modern rocketry?" He experimented with multistage rockets, solid and liquid propellants, developed a system to control flight paths using gyroscopes, and designed payload compartments to house scientific equipment. The earliest rocket-like device can be traced to ancient Greece and the year 400 B.C. when Archytas of Tarentum built a flying, steam-powered pigeon made of wood. The space shuttle has four main components: two solid rocket boosters, an external fuel tank, and the orbiter. It would take roughly 400 thousand subcompact cars to equal the combined thrust made by the space shuttle's two solid rocket boosters, 5.3 million pounds. The Saturn V rocket's initial stage produced 7.5 million pounds of thrust at liftoff. That's equal to the thrust produced by 566,000 subcompact cars.
Nepal
One tradition holds that kites were invented by archytas of tarentum, a Greek scientistin the 5th century BC, but they have been in use among Asian peoples
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/manjhamania/manjha/nepal.htm

Extractions: Kite-Flying Heritage in Nepal Nirmal Man Tuladhar nirmal@ccsl.com.np Seasonal Kite-flying Tradition and Social Belief One tradition holds that kites were invented by Archytas of Tarentum, a Greek scientist in the 5th century BC, but they have been in use among Asian peoples from time immemorial. The sport of kite-flying has long been a national pastime of the Thais, Japanese, Chinese, Malayans, Indians and Nepalis. The tradition of kite-flying has been in practice from time immemorial in Nepal. One of the social beliefs of this tradition is that it sends messages to the gods to remind them not to send any more rain. Elderly people believe that this pastime brings prosperity to the family and that it is a means of contacting and honouring dead ancestors, and of guiding recently released souls to the heaven. Nepali Kites The Nepali kites are the malay. The malay, a two-sticker without a tail, has its sticks of equal length crossed and tied with centre of one at a spot one-seventh the distance from the top of the other. A bridle attached to the kite has two legs, one from the top of the diamond and the other from the lowest point, meeting a little below the crossing of the sticks. A string pulled tight across the back of the cross stick bows the surface making the kite self-balancing. The specialty of the Nepali kites is the lokta hand-made paper out of which they are made. The Nepali Style of Kite-flying Cutting is the Greatest Fun 'Chet!'
John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation 1995 Fellows Page
Fiction. Carl A. Huffman, Associate Professor of Classical Studies,DePauw University A study of archytas of tarentum. Ann Hulbert
http://www.gf.org/95fellow.html

Extractions: top of page Henry Abelove , Professor of English, Wesleyan University: George Berkeley and colonialism. Jonathan James Graham Alexander , Professor of Fine Arts, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University: Italian Renaissance book illumination. Mark Antliff , Assistant Professor of Art History, Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario: Georges Sorel, fascism, and the European avant-garde. Skip Arnold , Performance Artist, Los Angeles: Performance art. Ruth Behar , Professor of Anthropology and Faculty Associate of Programs in Women's Studies and Latina/Latino Studies, University of Michigan: The sexual politics of the Cuban revolution. Jonathan Bennett , Professor of Philosophy, Syracuse University: Common themes in the philosophies of Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. Ravindra N. Bhatt , Professor of Electrical Engineering and Member of the Associated Faculty in Physics, Princeton University: Quantum phases and transitions in condensed matter. Linda Bierds , Poet, Bainbridge Island, Washington; Senior Lecturer in Creative Writing, University of Washington: Poetry.
History Of Mathematics Timeline
solids. 450 BC Zeno Zenos Paradox. 400 BC archytas of tarentum- Invented screws - a helix around a small metal cylinder. 300
http://www.eho.org/history_of_mathematics_timeline.htm

Extractions: ISI Books Student Guides: The Core Curriculum, Liberal Learning, US History, the Study of History, Philosophy, Political Philosophy, Economics, and Literature document.write(code); Message Boards Feature Articles Support Resource Center ... Search 3000 BC Egyptians - Fractions - Numerator always 1, ratios. 3000 BC Babylonians - Place value - Base 60 - Fractions always had 60 as the denominator. 3000 BC Babylonians - B = 3 2000 BC Egyptians - Multiplication by Repeated Addition, Division by Repeated Subtraction. 1650 BC Egyptian - Ahmes - Rhind Papyrus - Arithmetic and Algebra, Ratios for use in pyramid building 611-545 BC Anaximander - Longitude.
Webschooling
One tradition holds that kites were invented by the 5th century BC Greek scientistarchytas of tarentum, but they have been in use among Asian peoples from
http://www.webschooling.com/100011015124447.html
The Man-Machine And Artificial Intelligence
(The same story is told of archytas of tarentum.)1 The mix of fact and fictionis a subject of critical importance for the history of science and technology
http://smallwonder.hispeed.com/MindsSouls/Man-machineAI.html

Extractions: Small Wonder Home Page The Man-Machine and Artificial Intelligence By Bruce Mazlish For thousands of years humans have wrestled with the question of their "human" nature. In particular, they have attempted to define themselves in relation to the animal kingdom. Yearning either to take on some of the superior attributes of other animals or to rise above their own animal nature by becoming angelic, humans have mostly sought to define themselves as a special sort of creation. Humans have also created machines; and their new creations, in turn, have raised the question of whether animals are merely a variant of the machine and whether the machine, as a kind of monster, can turn against its creator and either "take over" or make humans over into its own image. These concerns about man's animal and mechanical nature came forcefully together in the West in the seventeenth century and did so in terms of a debate over what was called the animal-machine. Were animals mere machines, and were humans the same-that is, man-machines? In the history of mechanical contrivances, it is difficult to know how many of the automata of antiquity were constructed only in legend or by actual scientific artifice. Icarus's wings melt in the light of historical inquiry, as they were reputed to do in the myth; but was the flying automaton, attributed to a Chinese scientist of c. 380 BC actually in the air for three days, as related? (The same story is told of Archytas of Tarentum.)[1] The mix of fact and fiction is a subject of critical importance for the history of science and technology; for our purposes, the aspirations of semi-mythical inventors can be as revealing as their actual embodiment in levers and gears.
Tarentum
tarentum was a colony of Sparta founded toward the end of the VIIIth century BCtarentum was the birthplace of archytas, a Pythagorean who became a friend of
http://plato-dialogues.org/tools/loc/tarentum.htm

Extractions: Bernard SUZANNE Last updated December 9, 1998 Plato and his dialogues : Home Biography Works History of interpretation ... New hypotheses - Map of dialogues : table version or non tabular version . Tools : Index of persons and locations Detailed and synoptic chronologies - Maps of Ancient Greek World . Site information : About the author This page is part of the "tools" section of a site, Plato and his dialogues , dedicated to developing a new interpretation of Plato's dialogues. The "tools" section provides historical and geographical context (chronology, maps, entries on characters and locations) for Socrates, Plato and their time. By clicking on the minimap at the beginning of the entry, you can go to a full size map in which the city or location appears. For more information on the structure of entries and links available from them, read the notice at the beginning of the index of persons and locations City of southern Italy (today's Taranto) (area 11)
The Greek Colony Of Tarentum 5.97 Maria Daniels
The Greek Colony of tarentum Silver didrachm from tarentum, ca. from the Arthur S. Dewing Greek Numismatic Collection letters kept coming both from archytas and from the men in tarentum, eulogizing the philosophy of Dionysius, and saying
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/~maria/135/tarentum.html

Extractions: from the Arthur S. Dewing Greek Numismatic Collection The colony at Tarentum , also known as Taras or Taranto , was founded in 706 BC by a group of Spartans forced by social tensions to leave Sparta ( Boardman 1980a , p. 184) . These men, called Partheniae, were the illegitimate sons of Spartan women, born during a time when the Spartans were off at war with Messenia. These men, who had been deprived of their rights as citizens, were forced out by the free citizens. Their leader was Phalanthus , who went on the advice of the oracle at Delphi. A famous son of Tarentum was the 4th century mathematician Archytus , a friend of Plato , whose solution to the problem of doubling a cube is a construction in three dimensions. The Tarentines sent several offerings to Delphi, after winning battles against the Messapians and the Peucetii, non-Greek peoples whose territories bordered theirs in Southern Italy. In a prominent place along the first stretch of Delphi's Sacred Way, the people of Tarentum erected a sculptural group of bronze horses and captive women , of which only the bases remain.
The Greek Colony Of Tarentum 5.97 Maria Daniels
..And other letters kept coming both from archytas and from the men in tarentum,eulogizing the philosophy of Dionysius, and saying that unless I come now I
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cl135/Students/Maria_Daniels/tarentum.html

Extractions: from the Arthur S. Dewing Greek Numismatic Collection The colony at Tarentum , also known as Taras or Taranto , was founded in 706 BC by a group of Spartans forced by social tensions to leave Sparta ( Boardman 1980a , p. 184) . These men, called Partheniae, were the illegitimate sons of Spartan women, born during a time when the Spartans were off at war with Messenia. These men, who had been deprived of their rights as citizens, were forced out by the free citizens. Their leader was Phalanthus , who went on the advice of the oracle at Delphi. A famous son of Tarentum was the 4th century mathematician Archytus , a friend of Plato , whose solution to the problem of doubling a cube is a construction in three dimensions. The Tarentines sent several offerings to Delphi, after winning battles against the Messapians and the Peucetii, non-Greek peoples whose territories bordered theirs in Southern Italy. In a prominent place along the first stretch of Delphi's Sacred Way, the people of Tarentum erected a sculptural group of bronze horses and captive women , of which only the bases remain.
Lawrence Hargrave: Australian Aviation Pioneer
archytas, of tarentum, who, in the fourth century BC, is said to have launched intothe air the first flying stag, and who, according to the Greek writers
http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/timeline0.html

Extractions: Early - 1782 Would the reader please note that this section comprises, at best, distant memories of distant events and 'evidence' written centuries, if not millenia after the 'supposed' event. These entries, up until at least the the time of Roger Bacon, are included as simply an entertaining preamble to the main part of this essay. http://www.ufomind.com/ufo/topic/ancient/ Chinese emperor Shin , in perhaps the first recorded attempt to fly, jumped from a high tower wearing two large straw hats. Luckily he landed safely. http://muttley.ucdavis.edu/Book/History/instructor/jumpers.html Rameses III has constructed a pair of wings but it is said, baulks at using them Archytas , a Greek scholar, builds a wooden pigeon that moves through the air. It is unknown exactly how this was done, but most believe that the Greek connected it to a steam powered arm that made it go in circles. also...
Arkhutas
Name archytas. Occupation(s) Citizen; served 7 times as general of tarentum'sforces. From tarentum, Italy. Son of Mnesagoras. Occupation(s) Dates fl.
http://www.swan.ac.uk/classics/staff/ter/grst/People/Archytas.htm

Extractions: Name : Archytas Occupation(s): Citizen; served 7 times as general of Tarentum's forces. From : Tarentum, Italy Son of: Mnesagoras Occupation(s): Dates : fl. 375 BC Brief Biography : Leading citizen. Wrote on mathematics, philosophy, and said to have been the first to make systematic study of mechanics. Invented the rattle for the amusement of children. Context Works References Last modified: 11 March 2003
Eudoxus
He was a pupil in mathematics of archytas in tarentum and in medicine of Philistium.At 23, he moved to Athens to study philosophy at Plato's Academy.
http://www.math.sfu.ca/histmath/Europe/Euclid300BC/EUDOXUS.HTML

Extractions: 408 - 355 B.C.E. Born around 408 B.C.E. in Cnidos on the Black Sea, Eudoxus was known foremost as a mathematician, but also as an astronomer, physician and legislator. He was a pupil in mathematics of Archytas in Tarentum and in medicine of Philistium. At 23, he moved to Athens to study philosophy at Plato's Academy . Some time later, he traveled to Egypt with Plato , according to Strabo, and received a letter of recommendation to the Pharaoh Nectanebus from the Agesilaus, the king of Sparta. While there, he learned astronomy and made some observations himself. Traveling to Cyzicus, he founded a school which attracted a large number of pupils. Visiting Athens again, with pupils of his school, he held discussions on philosophy with Plato , who did not particularly agree with his views on the theory of ideas. Finally after traveling back to his home land of Cnidos, he died at the age of 53 in 355 B.C.E. He had written a book on practical astronomy, and the Eudemian Summary credits him with the authorship of the first five propositions of Book XIII of the Elements . Proclus says that he invented the theory of proportions explained in Book V. Archimedes credits Eudoxus with the proof by mean of a certain Lemma (perhaps Book X 1) of the propositions that any pyramid is one-third of a prism sharing a common base and altitude (Book XII 7 Cor. I), and that every cone is the third part of a cylinder with a common base and altitude (Book XII 10). On the basis of this and similiarly ambiguous evidence, it is widely believed Eudoxus was the creator of the so-called "method of exhaustion" that one finds in proofs about volumes and areas in ancient Greek texts.

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