Untitled Document 6. Abi'l Wafa alBizjani (940-997), one of the greatest arabian mathematicians,wrote a commentary on the Elements, but p. 86 did not complete it 51 . http://www.headmap.com/book/euclid/before/arabia.htm
Extractions: [p. 75] We are told by [Hnull]ÄjÄ« Khalfa that the Caliph al-MansÅ«r (754-775) sent a mission to the Byzantine Emperor as the result of which he obtained from him a copy of Euclid among other Greek books, and again that the Caliph al-Ma'mÅ«n (813-833) obtained manuscripts of Euclid, among others, from the Byzantines. The version of the Elements by al-[Hnull]ajjÄj b. YÅ«suf b. Matar is, if not the very first, at least one of the first books translated from the Greek into Arabic . According to the Fihrist it was translated by al-[Hnull]ajjÄj twice; the first translation was known as âHÄrÅ«niâ (âfor HÄrÅ«nâ), the second bore the name âMa'mÅ«niâ (âfor al-Ma'mÅ«nâ) and was the more trustworthy. Six Books of the second of these versions survive in a Leiden MS. (Codex Leidensis 399, 1) now in part published by Besthorn and Heiberg . In the preface to this MS. it is stated that, in the reign of HÄrÅ«n ar-RashÄ«d (786-809), al-[Hnull]ajjÄj was commanded by Ya[hnull]yÄ b. KhÄlid b. Barmak to translate the book into Arabic. Then, when al-Ma'mÅ«n became Caliph, as he was devoted to learning, al-[Hnull]ajjÄj saw that he would secure the favour of al-Ma'mÅ«n âif he illustrated and expounded this book and reduced it to smaller dimensions. He accordingly left out the superfluities, filled up the gaps, corrected or removed the errors, until he had gone through the book and reduced it, when corrected and explained, to smaller dimensions, as in this copy, but without altering the substance, for the use of men endowed with ability and devoted to learning, the earlier edition being left in the hands of readers.â
FitzGerald owes a great deal to Euclid and other pure geometers, to the Greek and arabian mathematicianswho invented our scale of numeration and algebra, to Galileo and http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/FitzGerald.html
Extractions: George FitzGerald was a brilliant mathematical physicist who today he is known by most scientists as one of the proposers of the FitzGerald-Lorentz contraction in the theory of relativity. However, this suggestion by FitzGerald, as we shall see below, was not in the area in which he undertook most of his research, and he would certainly not have rated this his greatest contribution. George FitzGerald's parents were William FitzGerald and Anne Frances Stoney. His father William was a minister in the Irish Protestant Church and rector of St Ann's Dublin at the time of George's birth. William, although having no scientific interests himself, was an intellectual who went on to become Bishop of Cork and later Bishop of Killaloe. It seems that George's later interest in metaphysics came from his father's side of the family. George's mother was the daughter of George Stoney from Birr in King's County and she was also from an intellectual family. George Johnstone Stoney, who was Anne's brother, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and George FitzGerald's liking for mathematics and physics seems to have come mainly from his mother's side of the family. William and Anne had three sons, George being the middle of the three. Maurice FitzGerald, one of George's two brothers, also went on to achieve academic success in the sciences, becoming Professor of Engineering at Queen's College Belfast. George's schooling was at home where, together with his brothers and sisters, he was tutored by M A Boole, who was George
CUBEBS These problems were also attacked by the arabian mathematicians; Tobit ben Korra(836901) is credited with a solution, while Abul Gud solved it by means of http://83.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CU/CUBEBS.htm
Extractions: being the Historiafisica y polWca, and also the earlier work on which they are based, Historia económica-polltica y estadistica de - . Cuba (Havana, 1831); treatises on administrative law in Cuba by J. M. Morilla (Havana, 1847; 2nd ed., I865, 2 vols.) and Pt. Govin (~ vols., Havana, f882I883); A. S. Rowan and M. M. Ramsay, The Island of Cuba (New York, 1896); Coleccion de rca/es ordenes, decretos y disposiciones (Havana, serial, 1857f 898); Spanish Rule in Cuba. Laws Governing the Island. Reviews Published by the Coloisiai Office in Madrid - - - (New York, for the Spanish legation, 1896); and compilations of Spanish colonial laws listed under, article INDIEs, LAWS OF TIlE. On the new Republican régime: Gaceta Oficial (Havana, 1903 ); reports of departments of government; M. Romero Palafox, Agenda de la republita de Cuba (Havana, 1905). See also the Civil Reports of the United States military governors, J. R. Brooke (2 vols., 1899; Havana and Washington, 1900), L. Wood (33 vOls., 1900f902; Washington, 19011902). History.The works (see above) of Sagra, Humboldt and Arango are indispensable; also those of Francisco Calcagno, Diccionarw biogrdfico Cubano (ostensibly, New York, 1878); Vidal Morales y Morales, Iniciadores y primeros mdrtires de Ia revoiución Cabana (Havana, 1901); Jose Ahumada y Centurion, Memoria histórica politica de - - . Cuba (Havana, 1874); Jacobo de Ia Pezuela, Diccionario geogrdfico-estadistico-histôrico de - . - Cuba (4 tom., Madrid, 18631866); Historia de - - - Cuba, (4 tom., Madrid, 18681878; supplanting his Ensayo histórico de - . . Cuba, Madrid and New York, 1842); and José Antonio Saco, Obras (2 vols., New York, 1853), Papeles (3 tom., Paris, 18581859), and Coleccion ~ostuma de Papeles (Havana, 1881). Also: Rodriguez Ferrer, op. cit. above, vol. 2 (Madrid, 1888); P. G. Guitéras, Historia de
The Magic Of Nines This test was invented by arabian mathematicians in the 8th century, that makesthis relatively new compared to other mathematics (Eg ancient Greece Egypt). http://home.c2i.net/greaker/comenius/prepare/9798/nine_2.htm
Extractions: THE MAGIC OF NINES Written by Espen Hænes Kristiansen, Magnus Kristiansen and Øystein Myksvoll Lande Through the history of mathematics it has been claimed that the number nine has some mysterious properties. To Joe Public this may seem pretty absurd. Magical possibilities is something we link to David Copperfield, and not a number. There are probably several reasons why the number 9 has earned this reputation. Here we will deal with two of them. These are practical examples of what you can use the number 9 to. The examples we will work with is called "The test of nines" and "The table of nines". "THE TABLE OF NINES" First we will show you the table of nines (multiplication), which has this special look: When we look at this table we can see the construction of it is very simple. The last number in every number is the counting from 9-0. The next number goes from 0-9 and so on. The third number also goes from 0-9, but this time each number is used 10 times. Using this technique it is possible to find all the numbers in the table of nines without calculating them. This is what is called the "beautiful table of nines". But is this special for the number 9, what about other numbers? Here are some other tables: From these results it is possible to make different conclusions. The table of nines is special, and its table is built in a very simple way. But at the same time several other numbers makes special multiplication tables. The number nine is special, but can we call it magic? In our eyes, no.
Nostradamus - 1999 P2 Zero in Arabia' is significant for another reason. It was the arabian mathematicianswho introduced the sifr or cipher or numeral zero to mathematics. http://kingx.faithweb.com/nostp2.html
Extractions: It is noteworthy that roy d'Angolmois = king of Angolmois, is very similar to au chef Anglois = to the English chief. Perhaps Angolmois is Anglois moi = English me. 'The chief English in Nimes' is the word 'mine' or 'me'. Nostradamus (me) in English = Our Lady. Nimes is a port on the Mediterranean. There is a town of Salon very near Nimes, so if one journeyed too far past Salon they'd find Nimes. (N lived in Salon). Is he referring to himself? Or aid from Our Lady? Is it he who will return, as hinted by the events and astrology surrounding the opening of his grave in 1700? (he had foreseen this 145 years earlier and the skeleton had a medallion with 1700 engraved on it!). That is, thru his quatrains? See Nostra Domus in line 4 below. The Nimes reference must also figure in WWII.
Nature Publishing Group Segments of glass spheres had, in fact, been used in ancient times, andarabian mathematicians had sometimes worked with primitive lenses. http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nrm/journal/v2/n6/full/nrm0601_
Timeline, 507 CE To 831 CE 750 CE arabian mathematicians begin using numbers that originated in India,are an advance of Roman numerals and that Muslims will pass to Europeans. http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/timeline.html
Extractions: CE = Common Era, also known as AD CE The Franks, who are Catholic, use the Arian Christianity of the Visigoths as an excuse to expand against them Catholics seeing Arianism as a heresy. The Franks defeat the Visigoths, kill their king, Alaric II, and drive them into Spain. CE Clovis, king of the Franks, dies and, as is custom among the Franks, the lands of Clovis are divided among his four sons, beginning the sordid rule of Europe's "Merovingian" kings. CE In northern China, power within the Tuoba Wei family ( a Xiongnu family rather than Chinese) has passed to a dowager queen who is a devout Buddhist Queen Hu. CE One of the four sons of Clovis, Clodomer, dies, and two of the other sons of Clovis, Clotaire and Childebert, seize Clodomer's lands for themselves and murder his children. CE Living in Italy under the rule of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, Boethius has been accused of treason and imprisoned. He has written his work On the Consolation of Philosophy while in captivity, and in a year he is executed.
BookRags E-Book: Bygone Beliefs Nor was he, of course, by any means the first mathematician there was a long lineof Greek and arabian mathematicians behind him, men whose knowledge of the http://www.bookrags.com/books/byblf/PART13.htm
ThinkQuest Library Of Entries But Indian mathematians actively used symbols and they made Indoarabian numbers.They also used decimal system. Indian mathematicians thought about the http://library.thinkquest.org/22584/emh1300.htm
Extractions: The web site you have requested, Mathematics History , is one of over 4000 student created entries in our Library. Before using our Library, please be sure that you have read and agreed to our To learn more about ThinkQuest. You can browse other ThinkQuest Library Entries To proceed to Mathematics History click here Back to the Previous Page The Site you have Requested ... click here to view this site Click image for the Site Languages : Site Desciption An extensive history of mathematics is at your fingertips, from Babylonian cuneiforms to advances in Egyptian geometry, from Mayan numbers to contemporary theories of axiomatical mathematics. You will find it all here. Biographical information about a number of important mathematicians is included at this excellent site.
Extractions: The superlative achievements of the shining stars in Islamic academic circles is little known to the world, indeed even including Muslims themselves. Muslims know some odd facts or two, such as algebra comes from al-jabr, but this is the tip of the iceberg in the overall contributions Muslims have played in the diffusion of knowledge and practice in the world today. This much-needed book fills the void, and educates of the expansive contributions made by scholars past. A tradition, perhaps now devoid and lacking in today's Islamic world, thrived in the years of our Prophet Muhammed (pbuh) and the following generations, producing boundary-less repositories of useful knowledge and erudition. The concept that the sciences are exclusively the products of Western minds remains unquestioned by most individuals. A review of any of the standard texts or encyclopedias regarding the history of science would support this view. As these books are perused, it becomes evident that the only contributors given significant mention are Europeans and/or Americans. It is hardly necessary to repeat the oft-mentioned names: Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, Bacon, Newton, Da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, etc. The unavoidable conclusion is that major contributions to the development of the modern sciences by other cultures is minimal. Most texts give little or no mention of the advancements made by ancient Indian, Chinese or, particularly, Muslim scholars.
Famous Mathematicians (Reference) The following list contains some of the great mathematicians through history. AlKhowârizmî,Muhammed (about 780850); arabian; Algebra. http://teachervision.com/lesson-plans/lesson-4360.html
Arabian Nights: 15 Tale 5 - THE LOVES OF AL-HAYFA AND YUSUF> his rest in haste and anxiety until Allah caused the morn to morrow and break inits sheen and it shone, whereupon the King summoned the mathematicians and the http://www.wollamshram.ca/1001/Sn_5/15tale5.htm
Extractions: I had a familiar in the Northern region who was called 'Adb al-Jaw d and he was one of the greatest of merchants there and made of money; also he loved voyage and travel, and at whatever time I visited him and we forgathered, I and he, we exchanged citations of poetry. Now one day my heart yearned to visit him, so I repaired to his place and found him there; and as we came together we both sat down in friendly converse, I and he; and he said to me "O my brother, do thou hear what happened and was accomplished for me in these times. I travelled to the land of Al-Yaman and therein met a familiar who, when we sat down to talk, I and he, said, 'O my brother, verily there befel me and betided me in the land of Al-Hind a case that was strange and an adventure that was admirable and it ran as follows. There was erewhile a King of the kings of India and one of her greatest, who was abundant in money and troops and guards and he was called Al-Mihrj n. [FN#178] [FN#179] [FN#180] for her seemlihead. Then he gifted the midwife'"And Shahrazad was surprised by the dawn of day and ceased to say her permitted say. Then quoth her sister Dunyazad, "How sweet is thy story, O sister mine and how enjoyable and delectable!" Quoth she, "And where is this compared with that I would relate to you on the coming night an the King suffer me to survive?" Now when it was the next night and that was
Arabian Nights of the Abbasid Caliphate; The arabian Nights stories; Map of the Abbasid Caliphate;The first four Caliphs; Early Muslim scientists, mathematicians astronomers; http://www.wayland.demon.co.uk/games/1001.htm
Extractions: This is a source page for players intending to participate in SFC's Arabian Nights game due to be held in Nottinghamshire, UK in November 1998. Happy hunting: Bagdad: the metropolis of the Abbasid Caliphate The Arabian Nights stories Map of the Abbasid Caliphate The first four Caliphs ... LRP costume resources in the UK
Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci for two centuries anticipated of the WestEuropean mathematicians of his time. Fibonaccigot the mathematical education in the arabian educational institutions http://www.goldenmuseum.com/0401Fibonacci_engl.html
Extractions: Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci The "Middle Ages" in our consciousness associate with the concept of inquisition orgy, campfires, on which witches and heretics are incinerated, and crusades for "the body of God". The science in those times obviously was not "in a center of society attention". In these conditions appearance of the mathematical book "Liber abaci" ("the book about an abacus"), written in 1202 by the Italian mathematician Leonardo Pisano (by the nickname of Fibonacci) was the relevant event in the "scientific life of society". Who was Fibonacci? And why his mathematical works are so important for the West-European mathematics? To answer these questions it is necessary to reproduce the historical epoch, in which Fibonacci lived and worked. One of the most interesting persons of the Crusades epoch, a harbinger of the Renaissance epoch, was the emperor Fridrich Gogenstaufen, an apprentice of the Sicilian Arabs and an admirer of the Arabian culture. At his palace in Pisa the greatest European mathematician of the Middle Ages Leonardo Pisano (by the nickname of Fibonacci that means the son of Bonacci) lived and worked. Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci (1170-1228) About Fibonacci life it is known a little. Even the exact date of his birth is obscure. It is supposed, that Fibonacci was born in the eighth decade of the 12th century (presumptively in 1170). His father was a merchant and a government official, the representative of the new class of the businessmen generated by the "Commercial Revolution". In that time the city of Pisa was one of the largest commercial Italian centers actively cooperating with the Islam East, and Fibonacci's father traded in one of the trading posts, founded by Italians on the northern coast of Africa. Due to this circumstance he can give his son, the future mathematician Fibonacci, good mathematical education in one of the Arabian educational institutions.
Jabir_ibn_Aflah astronomer Qutb alDin al-Shirazi, who was a pupil of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi; on theHispano-arabian philosopher ibn Rushd mathematicians born in the same country. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Jabir_ibn_Aflah.html
Extractions: Jabir ibn Aflah is often known by the Latinised form of his name, namely Geber. Although not he was not in the first rank of Arabic mathematicians, he is important in the development of mathematics since his works were translated into Latin, and so became available to European mathematicians, whereas the work of some of the top rank Arabic mathematicians such as Abu'l-Wafa were not translated into Latin. Very little information is available regarding Jabir ibn Aflah's life. That he came from Seville is known from two sources. Firstly he is described as "al-Ishbili" in manuscripts containing his treatises; this means "from Seville". The other source gives us not only the information that he came from Seville, but also a good estimate for the period in which he lived. The information comes from Maimonides. The Guide of the Perplexed in Arabic in which he writes of:- ... ibn Aflah of Seville, whose son I have met ...
Extractions: Problem One In this problem you will use what mathematicians call Modular Arithmetic. That means you may answer the question by thinking about the numbers on a clock face. If it is now 10:45 AM, what time will it be in (a.) 96 hours? (b.) 15 hours? (c.) 32 hours? Problem Two I would like one gold coin on the first square; two gold coins on the second square; four gold coins on the third square; and eight gold coins on the fourth square. Please, continue the pattern until all of the squares are filled? The king accepted his Ministers request as a reasonable one. How many gold pieces, was the Noble King obligated to give his minister? Problem Three The numbers in this problem form a Magic Square about 30. Notice the sum of the numbers in the fourth row. Continue around the outside of the square. Make the sum of the first column 30. Then complete the first row and the fourth column so that each sum is 30. Complete each remaining row and column. How many different ways can you find 30 in this Magic Square?
Extractions: In November 1877 the Blunts began the first of their journeys into the Arabian desert, in search of the horse of the Bedouin tribes Their plan was to acquire the best of the desert blood wherever they could find it, and the journeys took them to "romantic" destinations like Bagdad, Damascus, Hail, and into the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. They travelled across vast deserts mounted on camels or horses, living simply under the stars, experiencing the rigorous life of the tribesmen at first hand. They recorded their adventures in diaries, water-colours and poems, which are invaluable records in themselves. They also began to purchase, not without some difficulties, the first Arabian horses for their Stud. When Lady Anne died in 1917 the Crabbet horses comprised the largest group of pure Arabian horses outside the desert. The dream had been realised. The Blunts' only surviving child Judith Lady Wentworth was born in 1873. She inherited her parents' talent for the arts, as well as an eye for fine horses, breeding both Thoroughbred and Arabian horses. Her masterstroke was the addition of the classical white stallion SKOWRONEK to the Stud in 1920. She also bred some of her Arabians taller than they had previously been. People called them "the Superhorses". They were horses like Oran, Grand Royal and Silver Drift, although in fact some of them were not as tall as their reputations. RIFFAL, the tallest of them all was actually bred by Lady Yule, albeit from Crabbet stock. Lady Wentworth also used the smaller stallions like DARGEE and SKOWRONEK. Like her parents she understood the art of blending types and bloodlines successfully.
Extractions: American History, American...... American Indians Anthropology, Folklore, My...... Antiques Architecture Art Astronomy Biology and Medicine Bridge and Other Card Game...... Chemistry Chess Children Consumer Catalogs Cookbooks, Nutrition Crafts Detective Stories, Science...... Dover Phoenix Editions Earth Science Engineering Ethnic Interest Features Science Gift Certificates Gift Ideas Giftpack History, Political Science...... Holidays Humor Languages And Linguistics Literature Magic, Legerdemain Mathematics Military History, Weapons ...... Music Nature Performing Arts, Drama, Fi...... Philosophy And Religion Photography Physics Psychology Puzzles, Amusement, Recrea...... Reference Specialty Stores Sports, Out-of-door Activi...... Science and Mathematics Stationery, Gift Sets Summer Fun Shop Travel and Adventure Women's Studies (Usually ships in 24 to 48 hours) Format: Book ISBN: Page Count: Dimensions: 4 5/8 x 6 Catchy rhymes and engaging woodcuts that set the childrens book world afire in last centurypart of first rithmetic book that made multiplication fanciful, with easy-to-remember rhymes. Available again in exact photographic reproduction of 1841 edition, with all original woodcuts.
Mathematical Circles Table of Contents Hindu Mathematics; arabian Mathematics; The Return of Kowa; SomeLesser Seventh and Eighteenth-Century British mathematicians; Some lesser http://www.maa.org/pubs/books/cr3.html
Extractions: In Mathematical Circles , the first two books, were published to acclaim in 1969. They are bound together here as Volume I of the Mathematical Circles Collection. Mathematical Circles Revisited and Mathematical Circles Squared are bound together as Volume 2 of the Collection, and Mathematical Circles Adieu and Return to Mathematical Circle as Volume 3. This three-volume set is a must for all who enjoy the mathematical enterprise, especially those who appreciate the human and cultural aspects of mathematics. A Selection of Mathematical Stories and Anecdotes Quadrants I, II, II, and IV Howard Eves Quadrants 1 Table of Contents Quadrant I: The Animal World, Real and Imaginary; Primitive Man; Pre-Hellenic Mathematics; A Few Later Chinese Stories; Thales; Pythagoras; The Pythagorean Brotherhood; Pythagoreanism; Plato; Euclid; Archimedes; Eratosthenes and Appolonius; Diophantus; The End of the Greek Period. Table of Contents Some Minor Stories About Some Minor Men; Pre-Newtonian Versus Post-Newtonian Mathematics; Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; The Bernoullis; The Small Initial Understanding of the Calculus; Bonaventura Cavalieri, Yoshida Koyu and Seri Kowa; Some Lesser Seventh- and Eighteenth-Century British Mathematicians; Some lesser Seventeenth-and Eighteenth Century Continental Mathematicians; Leonhard Euler; Lagrange; Laplace; Napoleon Bonaparte.
Serials And Journals Database arabian Gulf University, Manama. English, Arabic. English summary. Arab J. Math. ArabJournal of Mathematics. The Union of Arab Physicists and mathematicians, http://www.zblmath.fiz-karlsruhe.de/MATH/serials/zbl/journals/all/a/dir?query_st
