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This book addresses comparisons between human-environmentalhealth and the health of the natural world by authors from severaldisciplines such as molecular biology, toxicology, ecology, riskassessment and risk perception, economics, psychology and literature.Because the subject of the book is necessarily multidisciplinary, theauthors have written their contributions with readers of otherdisciplines in mind. ... Read more

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Following the original initiative of the InternationalOrganisation for Biological Control some 15 years ago, research groupsand agrochemical companies have been investigating the effects ofpesticides on beneficial organisms, devising laboratory and field testmethods and lately developing protocols for regulatory testingrequirements in Europe. This work, and the application of agreed protocols for testing, is ofcrucial importance to the environmentally acceptable use of pesticidesand to the further development of Integrated Pest Management systems,and the objective of this book is to review the origins and progressof the research -- what has been accomplished, what is thecurrent position and what still needs to be done. ... Read more

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This book is the first on SARs in environmental science as wellas a reference for SAR experts. The aim of SAR techniques is twofold:(a)the scientific analysis of processes resulting in environmentaldamage, and (b) the prediction of activity and effects for potentialcontaminants, when experimental data, as often, are not available.The second application makes SAR a valuable tool to reduce animaltesting, whilst improving the identification of priority pollutants.The book features the three fundamentals of SAR: descriptors of thechemical structures, environmental fate and ecotoxicity relatedactivity endpoings and statistical techniques to formalize therelationships. Based on this background information, the availableSAR models are critically discussed with regard to their reliabilityand their aptness in environmental hazard and risk assessments. ... Read more

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Demography in Ecotoxicology focuses on the interface between toxicology, life history and demographic theory. This comprehensive book examines the different ways of adequately assessing the potential impact of toxic stress on populations and discusses how to obtain an insight into the underlying physiological and genetic mechanisms. The theory is illustrated with empiricial observations on a number of species and organisational levels and the book incorporates:

• case studies;
• real data;
• life history models;
• methodologies; and,
• recommendations for risk assessment

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Provides valuable background to anyone being introduced to toxicity testing, those who need general information in toxicology fields other than their own. Concentrates on the techniques & particularly on the tests used for prediction. Paper. DLC: Pollution - Environmental aspects. ... Read more

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Ecotoxicology is the science of toxic substances in the environment and their impact on living organisms. Today we use many more chemicals in everyday life than we did 30-40 years ago. Our knowledge of the fate and effect of such chemicals in the environment has not yet followed the rate of chemical innovation in spite of our expanding knowledge of ecotoxicology. About 50,000 different chemicals are produced on an industrial scale, but we have only sufficient data to evaluate the environmental consequences of a few per cent of these. The need for ecotoxicological knowledge has never been more pronounced than it is today. Even more resources must be allocated in this field in the near future, if we are to be able to cope with the threat of more toxic chemical compounds in our environment. This book outlines the state of the art of modelling the fate and effects of toxic substances in the environment. Modelling in ecotoxicology differs from modelling in other fields by the great lack of data. ... Read more

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Population Ecotoxicology explores the science of contaminants in the biosphere and toxicant effects on populations. Topics include:

• The population context for ecotoxicology
• Epidemiology of noninfectious disease in populations
• Population dynamics and demography
• Translating individual effects to population effects using energy allocation theory and phenotypic plasticity
• Toxicant-related natural selection
• The effect of toxicants on the genetic qualities of populations

... Read more

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One of the most difficult decisions facing those responsible for the enforcement of environmental regulations and laws is how much clean-up is necessary. A decision to do too little may cause irreversible damage to the environment, while a decision to do more than is necessary may waste resources better spent elsewhere. Using an approach similar to clinical biochemistry in human medicine, this book is a critical examination of the use of biomarkers (the physiological or biochemical changes caused by chemicals) to indicate the state of health of wildlife in the environment. Because of the increasing concern over the effects of toxic chemicals on the biosphere, the choice of reliable indicators to measure the effect of them in animals is therefore absolutely crucial. David Peakall has been involved in researching biomarkers for many years and has been active in a number of international advisory bodies dealing with pollution problems. His book looks at the range of biomarkers, their usefulness in monitoring pollution and the prediction of the biotoxic effects of the release of toxic chemicals.He concludes that basing decisions on the physiological function of organisms, using the biomarkers and the concept of "exclusion zones", is a more rational and successful approach to pollution problems compared with the classical toxicological approach of setting pollution "levels". ... Read more

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The use of chemicals in any workplace in the developed world is governed by stringent health, safety and environmental legislation, and companies spend significant amounts of time and money assessing the risks associated with the handling and use of chemicals. In practice, those risk assessments are generally carried out by a range of competent people, be it the corporate safety manager, the R&D chemist or the manufacturing unit manager. This book will guide those personnel in the understanding, interpretation and application of toxicological and ecotoxicological information, supplied on a material safety data sheet, when planning the safe handling and use of chemicals.

This volume is directed at corporate health & safety officers and safety managers; R&D chemists; process chemists and engineers, and manufacturing unit managers & supervisors in the pharmaceutical industry and the bulk, fine and specialty chemicals industries. ... Read more

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The interaction between environment and health is far more complex than is commonly understood. In particular, little attention has been paid to the interaction of different pollutants in the human body as well as in the environment. Even low level exposure over a period of time to a complex cocktail of pollutants in air, water, food and consumer products is likely to contribute significantly to the health status of European citizens. The present book represents new knowlege both human and environmental risk assessment procedures and although it is generally acknowledged that chemical, biological, radiological, and other stressors can cause a variety of human health or ecological health effects, assessing the risks associated with them is considerably more complex methodologically and computationally than current risk assessment practices. The current book is designed to reduce the uncertainty in our current knowledge of ecotoxicology. Four basic topics it embraces are (I) The Science of Ecotoxicology, (II) Ecological Risk Assessment and Multiple Stressors, (III) Methods and Tools in Ecotoxicology and Ecological Risk Assessment and (IV) Ecotoxicology and Toxicity Monitoring

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This publication is based primarily on a workshop held at the Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology in Schmallenberg-Grafschaft, Federal Republic of Germany, in July 1985. The thirteen papers and eight case studies in this collection examine the ecotoxicological principles applicable to climatic conditions found in regions other than the temperate zones. Presents data from the tropical, arid, sub-polar, and high mountain regions on the fate of environmental chemicals and the response of ecosystems to chemical stress. They also point the way to future research and monitoring. ... Read more

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Many industrialized and developing countries are faced with theassessment of potential risks associated with contaminated land. Avariety of human activities have left their impacts on soils in theform of elevated and locally high concentrations of potentialtoxicants. In several cases sources have not yet been stopped andcontamination continues. Decisions on the management of contaminatedsites and on the regulation of chemicals in the terrestrialenvironment require information on the extent to which toxicantsadversely affect the life support function of soils. Ecologicalinsights into the soil as an ecosystem may support such decisions.This book reviews the latest ecological principles that should beconsidered in this respect. ... Read more

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This book provides a comprehensive examination of all aspects of the ecotoxicology of soil organisms. The book explains how contaminants reach the soil, traces their transport through the soil, and then moves on to examine the effects of contaminants on different groups of soil organisms (e.g., microorganisms, micro- and mesofauna, larger soil animals including vertebrates). The book also considers food chain transfer and discusses risk assessment procedures that are specific to soil conditions. Ecotoxicology of Soil Organisms is the only book to take such a sweeping approach toward soil ecotoxicology. ... Read more