Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
A modelling method has been developed to map PM"1"0 and PM"2"."5 concentrations across the UK at background and roadside locations. Separate models have been calibrated using gravimetric measurements and Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance instruments (TEOM) using source apportionments appropriate to the size fractions and sampling methods. Maps have been prepared for a base year of 2004 and predictions have been calculated for 2010 and 2020 on the basis of current policies. Comparisons of the modelling results with air quality regulations suggest that exceedences of the EU Daughter Directive stage 1 24-h limit value for PM"1"0 at the roadside in 2004 will be largely eliminated by 2020. The concentration cap of 25@mgm^-^3 for PM"2"."5 proposed within the CAFE Directive is expected to be met at all locations. Projections for 2010 and 2020 suggest that the proposed exposure reduction (ER) target is likely to be considerably more stringent and require additional measures beyond current policies. Thus the model results suggest that the balance between the stringency of the concentration cap and the ER target in the proposed directive is appropriate. Measures to achieve greater reductions should therefore have the maximum public health benefit and air quality policy is not driven by the need to reduce concentrations at isolated 'hotspots'. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
The Center for Space Research (CSR) is exploring new approaches to integrate data collected by the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor, flown on NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites, into a real-time prediction methodology to support operational air quality forecasts issued by the Monitoring Operations Division (MOD) of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). Air pollution is a widespread problem in the United States, with over 130 million individuals exposed to levels of air pollution that exceed one or more health-based standards. Texas air quality is under assault by a variety of anthropogenic sources associated with a rapidly growing population along with increases in emissions from the diesel engines that drive international trade between the US and Central America. The challenges of meeting air quality standards established by the Environmental Protection Agency are further impacted by the transport of pollution into Texas that originates from outside its borders and are cumulative with those generated by local sources. In an earlier study, CSR demonstrated the value of MODIS imagery and aerosol products for monitoring ozone-laden pollution that originated in the central US before migrating into Texas and causing TCEQ to issue a health alert for 150 counties. Now, data from this same event are re-analyzed in an attempt to predict air quality from MODIS aerosol optical thickness (AOT) observations. The results demonstrate a method to forecast air quality from remotely sensed satellite observations when the transient pollution can be isolated from local sources. These pollution sources can be separated using TCEQ's network of ground-based Continuous Air quality Monitoring (CAM) stations. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
The Pacific 2001 Air Quality Study was a major program on ambient particulate matter carried out in the Lower Fraser Valley. This paper provides an overview of the study and gives accounts of the measurements in each major components of the field measurement program, including ground sites specifically targeted on traffic emissions, urban mixing, urban to rural transition, biogenic emissions from forest, and a mixture of urban and forest, and an airborne measurement program to link the ground based components. A summary of major findings is given in the paper, along with a general background for the papers in this issue. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Eulerian-based air quality models encounter a serious numerical problem in solving the advection equation. In addition, mass conservation is often violated when meteorological model output is used as input to air quality models. The trajectory-grid algorithm handles the advection and eddy-diffusion in the Lagrangian and Eulerian framework, respectively. It is very accurate and can be used to trivially solve the advection equation for molar mixing ratios to address (but not correct) the mass conservation issue. We incorporated the algorithm into the state-of-the-science comprehensive air quality model with extensions (CAMx). Applications of the model reveal the inaccuracy of the commonly used Bott advection scheme, and the subsequent compensating errors of the model. The results clearly call for a more reliable description of eddy diffusivity and emissions inventory in order to truly improve the reliability and predictive capability of air quality models. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Measurements of total non-methane hydrocarbon in whole air canisters collected from the top of a skyscraper on the western edge of Houston, Texas are summarized with an emphasis on samples collected during the passage of plumes of O"3 and the associated rapid increase in the mixing ratio of this species. The back-trajectories associated with these events showed a pronounced deceleration of air parcels over central and western Houston and were not necessarily associated with direct passage over the petrochemical plants located in the heavily industrialized eastern part of Houston. As a result of the time these air parcels spent over the central and western parts of Houston, their VOC mix and associated chemical production rates were expected to differ from similar observations made over eastern Houston from aircraft sampling at low altitudes. Although periods of high O"3 in the western part of the city were closely associated with light alkenes, these same observations show isoprene to make a significant contribution to the total VOC reactivity in the early afternoon (the start of peak photochemical activity) in contrast to observations made east of our sampling site that found the reactivity to be dominated by anthropogenic species. By initializing a 0-dimensional chemical kinetic model with observations made at the Williams Tower, we find that the ozone production efficiency scaled linearly to the ratio of total hydrocarbons and NO"x, with an average OPE of 7.2, ranging from 2.3 to 16.9; these values are smaller than those reported in eastern Houston, suggesting a strong gradient in photochemical productivity across the city. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
The data management and archiving activities of the Pacific 2001 Air Quality Study were handled by the Pacific 2001 Data Centre which was run by the National Atmospheric Chemistry (NAtChem) Database and Analysis Facility of Environment Canada. To ensure that the Pacific 2001 Air Quality Study data were archived in a common way, the NARSTO Data Exchange Standard (DES) was used as the mandatory format for the data files, partially because it allowed for the inclusion of metadata within the data files and partially because it provided the necessary flexibility for handling the many measurement types used in the study. Described in detail in the paper, the DES is now readily available to the scientific community. After each DES data file was submitted to the Data Centre, a read-and-verify program was run to check its conformity to the DES and to detect incorrect and problematic data. The errors detected by the read-and-verify program were automatically documented and an error report was sent to the data originators for data correction and resubmission. Statistical summaries and data plots were created for all data files and subsequently sent to the data originators for review and further error detection. Of the 125 data files submitted to the Data Centre, only 5 were error-free upon first submission. A test of 17 randomly selected files determined that all but two required at least four iterations of the submission-error checking-resubmission cycle in order to produce final error-free files. It was therefore concluded that both data originators and data centres alike should assume that errors exist in all submitted data files until proven differently by a set of automated error-checking programs. It was also concluded that data visualization plots and statistical summaries are highly effective tools for detecting errors in data files. Metadata associated with the measurement data were documented in Quality Assurance Project Plans that were archived in the Data Centre with the DES data files. ... Read more