61. Sports - Olympics: Pankration pankration. The battle. The pankration was so violent that Milo of Croton,the most famous and successful of Greek wrestlers, avoided it. http://www.ancientgr.com/archaeonia/sports/olympics/pankration.htm

PANKRATION T he Pankration , which means " all-powerful ", was a no-holds-barred form of wrestling and boxing that was included in the events of the ancient Olympics . It took place in an area that was specially watered down to reduce the pain that is endured when wrestling on the ground. This form had undoubtedly formed from the soldier's fighting in battle. The Pankration was so violent that Milo of Croton , the most famous and successful of Greek wrestlers, avoided it. Things such as kicking joint dislocation bone breaking hair pulling strangling , and other brutalities were allowed. Biting and eye gouging were condoned by the Spartans, but not allowed in international competitions. The sole object was to force an opponent into defeat, to make him give up. The loser often ended up maimed or even dead. An example of one such brutal struggle was between Arrhacion and an opponent in 564 B.C. After winning the bout by making his opponent give up because of an anklehold , Arrhacion lay on the ground motionless and dead. He was strangled to death by his opponent, but he lived until victory was his, and then succumbed to a tragic death. One of the greatest Pankratiasts of all time was Theogenes of Thasos , who emerged as the Olympic champion in the Pankration in 476 B.C. He is said to have been compared to Milo of Croton in both skill and strength.

62. American Pankration GOD BLESS AMERICA . American pankration. Federation. IS THE. UNITED STATES. OF.American pankration Athlima. FEDERATION. PUXLAX- RASSEIN. pux-lax-rassein. http://www.thekaratevoice.com/American Pankration/

"G OD B LESS A MERICA " A merican P ankration F ederation I S T HE U NITED S TATES OF A merican P ankration A thlima F EDERATION PUX-LAX- RASSEIN pux lax rassein ORLANDO 2004 World Events Competition AMERICAN PANKRATION PRO OLYMPIC CLASSIC PYX-LAX RASSEIN APAF- February 1st, 2002 EMAIL americanpankration@msn.com For more Info

63. Wise Owl Newsletter -- Winter 2002 pankration. Hellenic Books Materials. pankration was a sporting event in the ancientGreek Olympic games that was first introduced in the games of 648 BC. http://www.druansha.com/owl/issue3/3Owl17.htm

Mailing List Article Submissions Previous Issue Winter 2002 Page 17 Erichthonius Christ Hymns / Poems Famous Quotes / What's In a Word A Grand Festival ... Theogony of Hesiod Donations Make a $25 donation to the Shrine and we will send you a FREE Gift! Greek Boxing: Discipline Contributed By: Miltos Vlaxakis Ancient Pankration The word Pankration is a Greek word which translated means "all powers" or "all powerful", both are acceptable translations by Greek scholars. Pankration was a sporting event in the ancient Greek Olympic games that was first introduced in the games of 648 BC. The rules of the sport were simple, no biting or eye gouging and victory was secured through knockout, submission or death. The historical records of the early pankration are shrouded and mixed with Greek mythology and it is not known whether these accounts of championship bouts and feats of strength of the champions were myth or actual accounts. What is known is

64. Rules Of Pankration Rules of pankration . For Olympic contest play per the INTERNATIONALFEDERATION OF pankration ATHLIMA. THE CONTEST AREA http://www.angelfire.com/sports/fppa/RulesofPankration.htm

Rules of Pankration For Olympic contest play per the: INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF PANKRATION ATHLIMA THE CONTEST AREA: The ring area is called a Palestra. The Palestra is traditionally blue in colour, with all necessary marking's made in white. The integrity of the Palestra is either a wrestling or judo type mat. The Palestra is square in shape with sides that measure 12 meters in length. The actual competition area is in the shape of a circle measuring 10 meter in diameter. The warning line from inside the ring to the outer circle (out of bounds) is 1 meter wide. The warning track is considered to be in play. In the middle of the Palestra is a circle three meters in diameter which declares the referee's and athlete's starting position. RULES AND REGULATIONS: The following is a basic explanation of the rules and regulations to be followed by everyone. Further details may be obtained through the Referee Rules. 1. Athletes and trainers must obey the formal dress code of Pankration. The dress code is decided upon by the International Federation of Pankration Athlima.

65. FEDERAÇÃO PORTUGUESA DE  FULL Translate this page WVF World Vale Tudo Federation. IVC International Vale Tudo Council. EFPEuropean Federation of pankration. UFCF United Full-Contact Federation. http://www.angelfire.com/pq/fppff/

FEDERAÇO PORTUGUESA DE FULL-CONTACT FPF® A nteriormente designada por: FEDERAÇO PORTUGUESA DE PANKRATION, FREEFIGHT, FULL-CONTACT EVENTOS actualizado em 16/03/03 NOTICIAS RANKING NACIONAIS actualizado em 09/03/03 RANKING MUNDIAIS: IUPAD WKL WKU WPKA IKF FIDAM ISKA HISTÓRIA DO FULL-CONTACT AO ULTIMATE FULL-CONTACT ... em Portugal e Mundial actualizado em 7/03/03 E-MAIL FUNDAÇO REGRAS / REGULAMENTOS TAXAS FPF-Quotas+Seguros,homologações, etc MEMBROS e Web pages PRESIDENTE STAGECOMBAT NO CONTACT FIGHTING * ULTIMATE FULL-CONTACT * FULL-CONTACT * FULL-CONTACT C/ LOWKICKS * THAI FULL-CONTACT * SOFT-CONTACT * FIRST-CONTACT * ULTIMATE FULL-CONTACT * FULL-CONTACT * FULL-CONTACT C/ LOWKICKS * THAI FULL-CONTACT * SOFT-CONTACT * FIRST-CONTACT * Federação aberta a todos os Praticantes, Ginásios, Clubes e Associações de qualquer estilo de Artes Marciais ou Desportos de Combate 14 de Dezembro/03 Vialonga - ULTIMATE Full-contact - CLIQUE + Fotos Actualizada em: Março 16, 2003

66. Pankration Style pankration First Ultimate Fighting Martial Arts in the World . pankration isthe first PreChristian form of ultimate martial arts fighting in the world. http://www.martialartsinfo.com/pankrati.htm

Martial Arts Info Although we know of no schools in the Front Range teaching Pankration, we thought it might be interesting to include a short description of the style for those of you who have never heard ot this form of fighting art. PANKRATION: "First Ultimate Fighting Martial Arts in the World" Pankration is the first Pre-Christian form of ultimate martial arts fighting in the world. Pankration, sometimes spelled pancration, or pancratium or even pankatium, was a combination of earlier forms of boxing, wrestling, and kicking, practiced by the Greeks. Some historians trace its origin to the Indian vajramushti system. It should be noted, however, that pankration and the Pyrrhic dance, a Greek armed and unarmed war-dance similar to modern karate kata, both show Indian statues depicting temple guardians in poses similar to those used latter day fighting arts. nd century B.C., which attests to the popularity of the sport. The object was to force an opponent to acknowledge defeat, and to this end almost any means might be applied. Though officials with a switch or stout rod enforced rules, a whipping must have been more desirable than being killed, for the rules sere often broken, Serious injuries and fatal accidents did occur, but they were rare. Facing one another, much as in the position taken by wrestlers, pankratiasts, as they were called, tried to bring one another violently to the ground by grappling, hitting, kicking, leg sweeping, choking, or joint-locking. There was much preliminary sparring. Hands were bare and generally held open, although the clenched first was used for hitting; feet were also bare. As in Greek boxing, there were no rules against hitting a man when down. More often than not, the contest was decided on the ground, even though, when both fighters were down. Biting and gouging were prohibited. Kicking was an essential part of pankration and the stomach area was a common target. Because of this comparatively rare tactic, historians speculate that pankration may have been one of the first, if not the first, total martial art known to mankind.

67. Pankration Event Boxing Link, Running Link, Origin Link, Rules Link, Equipment Link, CharacteristicsLink, Equestrian Link, pankration Link, Wrestling Link, Pentathlon Link, http://users.mercyhurst.edu/mmcqui36/www/Pankration.html

68. Borelands WORLD pankration CHAMPIONSHIP WINNERS Team Canada brings back 15 medal and theteam GOLD from the first World Championships. pankration Links CANADA. http://www.borelands.homestead.com/mmapankration.html

Boreland's Combat Team History March 2003 Congratulations to the Boreland's Combat Team's efforts at this years Arnold Schwarzenegger World Gracie Submission Championships: Gi Division: Tim Dixon - Gold Medal - Super Feather Weight 122 lbs. to 134 lbs Shawn Veltman - Gold Medal - Feather Weight 135 lbs. to 147 lbs Chris Boreland - Silver Medal - Middle Weight 162 lbs. to 173 lbs. February 2003: Congratulations to: TFC - FULL CONTACT MIXED MARTIAL ARTS FIGHTING Shawn Veltman on winning his Cage Match in Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A. November 2002 Congratulations to the Boreland's Combat Team's efforts at this years Canadian Grappling Open Championships hosted by Joslin's: Gi Division: Shaun Krysa - CHAMPIONSHIP BELT- Men's Gi under 141lbs Mike Large - SILVER MEDAL - Men's Gi under 141lbs Dallan Crossman - 5th place under 141lbs Andre Gear - SILVER MEDAL - Men's Gi 142-162lbs Bryan Mc Intyre- 5th place - Men's Gi 142-162lbs Dave Campbell - 5th place - Men's Gi 163-182lbs No-Gi Division: Mike Large - CHAMPIONSHIP BELT - Men's No-Gi under 141lbs. Andre Gear - 5th place - Men's No-Gi 142-162lbs October 2002 Congratulations to the Boreland's Combat Team's efforts at this years Canadian Pankration Championships. Medal winners:

69. Vuistvechten En Pankration Vuistvechten en pankration de dood loert .. De Grieken hebbenaltijd een bovenmatige belangstelling voor de atletiek gehad. http://users.pandora.be/hans.d.hollander1/Spelen tijdens de oudheid/vuistvechten

Vuistvechten en pankration: de dood loert....... De Grieken hebben altijd een bovenmatige belangstelling voor de atletiek gehad. De stadionloop, de kortste en ook de oudste loopwedstrijd, bleef de meest populaire, maar de gevechtssport bezorgden de toeschouwers meer gemoedsbeweging. Geweld was een vertrouwd bestanddeel in het leven van de oorlogvoerende Grieken. De moderne literatuur idealiseert dan ook gewillig de antieke spelen, die nochtans door de wreedheden van die tijd werden gekenmerkt. Het worstelen was de minst gewelddadige discipline. De worstelaars mochten elkaar niet slaan, elkaar niet wurgen, noch elkaars ledematen omdraaien. Het kwam er voor de kampers op aan de tegenstander met drie zuivere worpen te verslaan. Hierbij moest de tegenstander plat op de grond gehouden worden, hetzij op de heup of op de rug. Het vuistgevecht was wel gewelddadig. De beoefenaars van deze rauwe sport lieten rondom hun handen en polsen lederen banden winden die voorzien waren van een ijzeren beslag. Om hun hoofd te beschermen droegen ze een lederen of een bronzen helm. De twee tegenstanders vochten door tot één van hen zich niet meer kon verdedigen, knock-out werd geslagen of de rechter wijsvinger opstak ten teken van opgave. Dit bronzen standbeeld van een vuistvechter uit de eerste eeuw voor onze tijdrekening bevindt zich in het Thermenmuseum in Rome De eerste rake klap op het hoofd was meestal beslissend. Hoewel het ten strengste verboden was te pogen zijn tegenstander tijdens de vuistkamp te doden, zijn er toch verscheidene gevechten met een noodlottige afloop geweest. Zo is het verhaal bekend van Kleomenes van Astypolaea die, in -492, zijn tegenstander Hikkos van Epidauros doodde en door de juryleden de overwinning werd ontzegd en de olijfkrans niet kreeg. Kleomenes werd krankzinnig en terug in Astypolaea gekomen trok hij naar het schoolgebouw, sloeg de steunpilaar ervan doormidden zodat het dak instortte en een zestigtal kinderen bedolven werden.

70. Martial Power: A Martial Arts Portal--Online Kungfu Karate Wushu Taichi And Much weekly techniques,about different martial arts styles,pankration techniques,practice,exercisespictures and much more Martial Power Logo, About, http://www.martialpower.com/pankration.html

About Bruce Lee Martial Arts Stretching Shaolin Monks ... Weapons Styles Kung-Fu Karate Wu Shu Judo ... Pentjak-Silat Miscellenious Chat Guest Book Discussion Board Public Calander Others Health Tips Weight Reduction Tell A Friend Recomend this site to your friends. Email To: Search: This Site The Web A combination of wrestling and boxing already practiced as sports by the ancient Greeks, Pankration was added to the Olympic Games in 648 B.C. In order to force their opponents to concede defeat, the Pankration artist uses punches, kicks, grabs, throws, joint-locks, and chokes. Ground fighting is a large part of training. Because of its early date, Pankration is considered by some authorities to be the first true martial art. Also, because Alexander the Great's armies carried the sport with them across the Alps into Asia, and because of the similarites of basic techniques, a number of authorites are of the opinion that the Asian martial arts were based on Pankration, though no other evidence exists to support this. Similar Styles: Mu Tau - a modern version of Pankration. Newsletters!

71. BBC Schools - Ancient Greece - Olympia - Pankration Wrestling pankration Wrestling, part of BBC Schools Landmarks, a resource for Key Stage 2History. pankration wrestling was one of the contests held on the fourth day. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/landmarks/ancientgreece/olympia/wrestling.shtml

SCHOOLS TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH SATURDAY 22nd March 2003 Text Only Pankration wrestling was one of the contests held on the fourth day. It may seem very violent to us, but it was very popular among the ancient Greeks. It was a kind of wrestling with hardly any rules. Biting and eye gouging were officially banned, though some competitors tried to get away with it. One of the pankration fighters in the middle is about to be stopped by the trainer on the right. Why do you think this? Clue - remember the rules) This wine cup was made in Athens between 500-475 BC. It's decorated with scenes of athletes training. Privacy

72. New Zealand Federation Of Pangration Athlima pankration. For any information about pankration (Pangration) in New Zealand orOceania, please contact Darryl Grauman NZFPA President. +(64)27-286-3838. http://www.cade.co.nz/darryl/Pankration.htm

New Zealand Federation of Pangration Athlima Jaden Competition Info Page What is IF? Friends Page ... Timetables PANKRATION Pankration was established as an Olympic event at the 30th Olympiad (648) BC and the first victor was Lygdamis from Syacuse. Philosophers refer to the Pankration as the "worthiest contest of the Olympiads, and the most important preparation for warriors." Its name is a combination of the ancient Greek words pan (all) and kratos (strength) and thus means "with all strength." The military campaigns of Alexander the Great in Asia Minor, Persia, India, and Tibet brought Pankration to these lands where it was taught by his soldiers eight hundred years before the Monk Dhurma made his epic journey to China. Pankration became known as Kung Fu, and later Karate, Jujitsu, etc. Historians of the martial arts, such as Masutatsu Oyama, fonder of Kioku Sin Kai, in his essay Vital Karate, acknowledge the paternity of Pankration in all martial arts. Darryl recently attended the annual congress of the World Federation of Pangration Athlima in Athens, Greece. The Oceania Federation of Pangration Athlima was also constituted with Darryl Grauman (NZ) as President and Mick Cuttajah (AUS) as Vice President. Darryl with Zak Kapantaidakis, his old instructor and friend now living in Athens

73. Pankration At Perry's Full Circle pankration, . UFC fignter Keith Hackney demonstrates a pankration technique.Both fighters are wearing official pankration uniforms. http://www.perrysfullcircle.com/pankration/

PANKRATION Perry's Full Circle is actively training, promoting, and competing in Pankration, a Greek sport combining wrestling, grappling, and striking techniques which is gaining in popularity in the U.S. PFC fighters have competed in Pankration tournaments in the U.S., Greece, and Mexico For a copy of the official Pankration rules or more information about Pankration and exciting upcoming events please contact Grandmaster Jody Perry. Click here to read about the first US Pankration National Tournament UFC fignter Keith Hackney demonstrates a Pankration technique. Both fighters are wearing official Pankration uniforms.

74. Pankration Pan Am Team Trials '00 Full Circle at the pankration Pan Am Team Trials, '00, . Jayson Perry (blue pants)grapples with his opponent during the pankration Pan Am Team Trials. http://www.perrysfullcircle.com/events/sandiegopanam/

Full Circle at the Pankration Pan Am Team Trials, '00 On January 30, 2000, seven Full Circle Team members competed in the Pankration Pan Am Team Trials held in San Diego, California. Competitors from across the United States and Canada fought in this high-caliber event. Five Full Circle fighters brought home medals: From the Santa Rosa school, Jody Lucas won silver and Adam Hutchins won bronze. From the Grass Valley school, Justin Ove, Mark Letoille, and Cliff Elisson brought home silver medals. Sensei Jody Perry refereed many of the matches during the day-long tournament, which included matches in the junior, women's, and men's divisions. For a copy of the official Pankration rules or more information about Pankration and upcoming events please visit the official USA Federation of Pankration Athlima's website. See the Full Circle Pan Am Photo Album Jayson Perry (blue pants) grapples with his opponent during the Pankration Pan Am Team Trials.

75. Pankration - Www.ezboard.com Author, Comment. Brett Denison Senior Ju Jutsu instructor Posts 29(3/24/02 25923 am) Reply, pankration Supposedly, the International http://pub82.ezboard.com/fmartialarts82280frm6.showMessage?topicID=2.topic

76. The Spartan Academy Of Greek Martial Art - The Art Of Pankration The Art of pankration. WHAT IS pankration? pankration, pronounced pancrat 336BC. RULES OF ANCIENT OLYMPIC pankration. pankration was http://www.spartanacademy.com/pankration.html

Home Page SPORT PANKRATION Curriculum Grandmaster Arvanitis Bio Special Training Factoids Training Staff Inside Spartan Academy Products Contest Rules Links email SPORT Pankration WHAT IS PANKRATION? Pankration, pronounced pan-crat-ee-on in the old dialect and pan-cray-shun in its modern anglicized derivative, is an ancient Hellenic (Greek) martial art that dates back over 3000 years. Translated to mean "all-powers", pankration was the first hybrid combat sport on record, combining striking and submission grappling techniques. It was the cornerstone of the early Olympic Games, having been first entered in the 33rd Olympiad of 648 B.C. Legend has it that Theseus , who used his striking and grappling skills to defeat the fierce minotaur in the labyrinth, and Herakles (aka Hercules) were the co-founders of ancient pankration. Due to many factors, it would eventually decline as a sport in Greece and remain dormant for the next several centuries. It is also believed that pankration may have influenced the development of many other martial arts styles, including karate and kung-fu, due to the Asian conquests of Alexander the Great in 336 B.C. RULES OF ANCIENT OLYMPIC PANKRATION Pankration was as close to no-holds-barred competitive combat that any culture has ever allowed. Only biting and gouging were prohibited, although the tough Spartan contingent encouraged these, too, in their local festivals.

77. The Spartan Academy Of Greek Martial Art - Pankration Contest Rules Contest Rules RULES OF MODERN SPORT pankration (ADULT DIVISION/18years and up). The following rules apply to all contemporary all http://www.spartanacademy.com/contest_rules.html

Home Page The Art of Pankration Curriculum Grandmaster Arvanitis Bio Special Training Factoids Training Staff Inside Spartan Academy Products CONTEST RULES Links email Contest Rules RULES OF MODERN SPORT PANKRATION (ADULT DIVISION/18 years and up) The following rules apply to all contemporary "all-powers" bouts sanctioned by the United Pankration Alliance (UPA) and are inspired by the ancient event with added safeguards to make this form of pankration more acceptable for today's "reality-based" competitions. Modern sport pankration is full-contact submission fighting at its best with the goal to promote skill and technique rather than the brawn and brutality of a toughman or NHB-type event. Another of its major objectives is to preserve the tradition and honor of classical Greece. 1/ Competing Pankratiast Classifications Fighters are classified according to competitive experience based on the following guidelines: AMATEUR NOVICE: - 4 bouts INTERMEDIATE: 5 - 8 bouts (minimum 1 win at Novice class) ADVANCED: 9 - 14 bouts (minimum 2 wins at Intermediate class) PROFESSIONAL 15+ bouts (minimum 2 wins at Advanced Amateur class) 2/ Match Durations (continuous fighting) OLYMPIC/AMATEUR: 1 5-minute round Title bouts are 1 8-minute round PROFESSIONAL: 1 10-minute round Title bouts are 1 15-minute round 3/ Weight Divisions LIGHTWEIGHT: under 151 pounds MIDDLEWEIGHT: 151 - 168 pounds SUPER MIDDLEWEIGHT: 169 - 184 pounds LIGHT HEAVYWEIGHT: 185 - 199 pounds HEAVYWEIGHT: 200 pounds and above

78. What Is Pankration? Yet even accepting this, there are different views of what pankrationshould be. Exactly what pankration to go. WHAT IS pankration? By http://mmac.homestead.com/whatispankration.html

Philostratos' description of Pankration, as it was seen in Ancient Greece, reflects the interesting dichotomy that presents itself in modern Pankration - it is a sport, yet also a martial discipline designed for practical combat application. As such, it necessarily has a different dynamic than other competitive martial arts as practiced today. Yet even accepting this, there are different views of what Pankration should be. Exactly what Pankration is in today's combat sports depends on who is explaining it, or what organization is promoting it. Matt Hume's Pankration is somewhat different that the Pankration of the late Johnny Pachivas, though both programs are highly respected. The Mu Tau Pankration of Jim Arvinitis, considered by many to be the father of modern Pankration, is different still. And the rules of the World Pankration Federation, designed to develop Pankration athletes for national and world competition, reflect even more differences. So without agreement even within the Pankration world, is it any wonder there is confusion? Well, there probably doesn't need to be as much confusion as there is. The distrust of rules and officiating on the part of many fighters undoubtedly stems from the fact that they have had bad experiences with officiating in the past. However, the problem is not with the rules, which essentially protect fighters from unduly dangerous actions and circumstances, but with inept officiating. Those who have seen competitions sanctioned by some of the leading martial arts organizations such as the USA Karate Federation, see that proper rules and good officiating improve competition, and can actually serve to elevate the abilities of the athletes. And this is necessary for any athletic competition that is working toward general acceptance within the society.

79. WebGuest - Open Directory : Sports : Martial Arts : Mixed : Pankration the entire directory. Sites International Union of pankration Comprehensivesite on this Greek martial art. http://directory.webguest.com/index.cgi/Sports/Martial_Arts/Mixed/Pankration/

Browse thru 1000's of books about sports: WebGuest Bookstore - Sports About Us Privacy Statement Acceptable Use Policy ... Contact Us the entire directory only in Mixed/Pankration Top Sports Martial Arts Mixed : Pankration See also: Society: Ethnicity: Greek Sports: Martial Arts: Grappling Sports: Martial Arts: Western Sites: International Union of Pankration - Comprehensive site on this Greek martial art. Includes ranks, history, rules, techniques and events. [French/English] Mizzou Martial Arts Club - Teaches Sli Beatha-celtic combat arts and MU Pankration-(combat sport) at the University of Missouri-Columbia. Class information, history, links and general interest articles. Online Magazine of International Pakration - World news resource. U.S.A. Federation of Pankration Athlima - Includes organizational information, officers, President profile and message, news, rules, events, results, Hall of Fame, ranking, history, referees, and photos. World Pankration Federation - An international governing body that works with other organizations to promote Pankration in the Olympic Games. Includes message from the President, news, rules, and events. Last update: 5:25 PT, Thursday, February 27, 2003

80. CTCWeb Glossary: P (paedagogus To Pyxis) palmettes a floral leaf pattern; for an example, see Harvard 1925.30.51(image). pankration Click here to hear this word pronounced. http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/glossary/glossaryp.html

A B C D ... How to link to the Global Glossary P paedagogus - a slave or freedman in charge of educating children; paedagogus were employed by wealthy families that could afford their fees. paidotribes The Ancient Olympics painter - the person who painted a vase; Sometimes an ancient Greek vase painter signed a name or painted his shop's symbol on a vase thus a vase will be attributed to a person or painters' shop. palaestra scene - a scene in which wrestler are being trained; a palaestra is a wrestling school, see the Olympia, Palaestra ; for an example of a palaestra scene, see Boston 01.8019 image Palatine Hill - one of the seven hills of Rome on which was found the earliest evidence of Roman civilization (eighth century BCE ). The home of Evander and Pallas in the Aeneid. Pallas - epithet for Athena ; (2) daughter of Triton who grew up with Athena; together Athena and Pallas practiced warfare but one day, just as Pallas was about to strike Zeus feared for Athena and appeared between the two girls; Zeus held the

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