21. Summary Of Pythagorean Theology I: Introduction xenocrates of chalcedon (396314), a later head of Plato's Academy (339-314), exploredthe hierarchies of the Gods and other Divine Spirits, work which I have http://www.cs.utk.edu/~mclennan/OM/BA/ETP/I.html

A Summary of Pythagorean Theology Part I: Introduction May Hermes, the God of Eloquence, stand by my side to aid me, and the Muses also and Apollo, the Leader of the Muses..., and may They grant that I utter only what the Gods approve that people should say and believe about Them. Julian (Oration IV) Contents History Theogony Triadic Structure History This document presents a summary and synthesis of the theology of Pythagoreanism, a spiritual tradition that has been practiced continuously, in one form or another, for at least twenty-six centuries. But first, a little history. (Note: I will refer to all of the following philosophers and theologians as Pythagoreans or Platonists, which is what they usually called themselves, for the terms "Neo-Pythagorean" and "Neo-Platonist" are modern inventions. This history is of necessity incomplete and superficial.) According to ancient Greek tradition, Pythagoras (572-497 BCE) studied with the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Chaldeans, Brahmans, and Zoroastrians, and was initiated into all their mysteries. He is supposed to have met with Zoroaster (Zarathustra), but, since scholars now believe that Zoroaster probably lived in the second millennium BCE, it is likely that the Greek tradition reflects a meeting between Pythagoras and Zoroastrian Magi. In any case, there are many traces of Zoroastrianism in Pythagorean doctrine. In particular, there are similarities between the central Duality of Pythagoreanism and the dual Gods of Zoroaster (Ahura-Mazda and Ahriman). However, there are also connections to

22. Philosophy - Plato Overview in the first of these were Speusippus (son of Plato's sister), who succeeded himas the head of the school (till 339), and xenocrates of chalcedon (till 314). http://www.ancientgr.com/archaeonia/philosophy/plato/main.htm

23. Encyclopædia Britannica Journals and magazines. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Britannica StudentEncyclopedia. The Web's Best Sites. xenocrates of chalcedon University of St. http://search.britannica.com/search?query=Plato's Academy - 428 - 347BC

24. Encyclopædia Britannica Educational Resources. Free articles, lectures and seminars from the world'sexperts, The Web's Best Sites, xenocrates of chalcedon University of St. http://search.britannica.com/search?query=plato&ct=igv&fuzzy=N&show=10&start=26

25. Sages Directory W, Wang Chung, Wang Pi, Wang T'ung, Wang Yang Ming, King Wen, King Wu,. X,xenocrates of chalcedon. Y, Yang Tzu, Emperor Yao, Emperor Yu, Yogaswami. http://www.wisdomportal.com/Enlightenment/SagesDirectory.html

Sages Directory: wisdom from enlightened sages A B C D ... Z A Abu Said, Albert Magnus , Ammonius Saccas, St. Thomas Aquinas , Aristotle, Ashvaghosha, Atmanada, Attar, St. Augustine , Aurobindo, Averroes, Avicenna B Basho , St. Bernard, St. Benedict, Bodhidharma, Boehme, St. Bonaventure, Paul Brunton , Buddha C Chaitanya, Chang Tsai, Chao Chou, Cheng Hao, Cheng I, Chinmayananda , Chou Tun-Yi, Chu Hsi, Chuang Tzu , Clement of Alexandria, Confucius D Damascius, Anthony Damiani Dante , Dionysius the Areopagite, Dogen, Duns Scotus, Freeman Dyson E Eckhart, Einstein , Emerson, Empedocles, Epictetus Euclid F al-Farabi, al-Farid, Ficino, St. Francis of Assissi, Fu Hsi G Gaudapada, al Ghazzali, Goethe, Goraknath, Govinda H Hafiz, Hakuin, Han Yu, Heraclitus, Huang-Po , Hui-Hai, Hui-Neng , Hung-Jen I Iamblichus, Ibn Arabi J Jami, Jili, Jesus Christ, John the Baptist, St. John Cruz, St. John of Patmos K Kabir, Kalidasa, Kierkegaard , Ko Hung, Krishna, J. Krishnamurti U. G. Krishnamurti L Lao Tzu, Brother Lawrence, Longinus, Lu Hsiang Shan M Macrobius, Madhva, Mahakashyapa, Maimonides, Mencius , Milarepa, Mohammed, Moses, Mu Hsiu N Nagarjuna , Nanak, Nicolas de Cusa O Ocellus Lucannus, Omar Khayam, Orpheus, Origen

26. Chronology Project Timeline postulate a new atomic system. 339 xenocrates of chalcedon becomeshead of Plato's Academy (to 314). 337 Philip II declares war http://www.udayton.edu/~hume/timeline.htm

Chronology Project Timeline As you scroll through the timeline you will see links to articles on particular topics. You may also proceed to the topics page. In some cases there are links within the articles as well that will take you to related topics. The timeline extends from 9000 BCE (Before the Common Era) to 2000 CE (Common Era). The general timeline is an ongoing project of Dr. Hume’s, so please report all mistakes and make suggestions for topics I missed by writing to hume@udayton.edu 9000 BCE – 1000 BCE The Agricultural Revolution The Old Kingdom in Egypt (2815-2294) Astronomical Observations begin; 365 Day Calendar instituted (2772); Great Pyramids are built Astronomical Observations begin in Babylonia, China and India Hyksos rule of Egypt and the Middle Kingdom (to 1700) First Libraries established in Egypt China: Hsai Dynasty (2000-1760) Lunar Year of 360 days changed to variable sun/moon calendar; Equinoxes and Solstices determined Decline of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt, civil war Greeks begin to settle along the Mediterranean (2000-1000) Minoan Civilization on Crete Decimal system used Babylonia: Hammurabi's Code (Includes medical practices and fees) Signs of the Zodiac developed India: Engineers build dams for irrigation India develops theory of the Four Elements (Fire, Air, Water, Earth)

27. Quotes I am from the bottom up. X St.Francis Xavier. Give me the children until theyare seven and anyone may have them afterwards. xenocrates of chalcedon. http://sritterbush.tripod.com/docket/quote5.htm

28. Stoicism - A School Of Thought He was apparently well versed in Platonic thought, for he had studied at Plato'sAcademy both with xenocrates of chalcedon and with Polemon of Athens http://www.kat.gr/kat/history/Rel/Stoicism.htm

Stoicism A school of thought that flourished in Greek and Roman antiquity. It was one of the loftiest and most sublime philosophies in the record of Western civilization. In urging participation in the affairs of man, Stoics have always believed that the goal of all inquiry is to provide man with a mode of conduct characterized by tranquillity of mind and certainty of moral worth. Nature and scope of Stoicism For the early Stoic philosopher, as for all the post-Aristotelian schools, knowledge and its pursuit are no longer held to be ends in themselves. The Hellenistic Age was a time of transition, and the Stoic philosopher was perhaps its most influential spokesman. A new culture was in the making. The heritage of an earlier period, with Athens as its intellectual leader, was to continue, but to undergo many changes. If, as with Socrates , to know is to know oneself, rationality as the sole means by which something outside of the self might be achieved may be said to be the hallmark of Stoic belief. As a Hellenistic philosophy, Stoicism presented an ars vitae

29. Mathematicians Callipus of Cyzicus (fl. c. 370) *SB. xenocrates of chalcedon (c. 396314).Heraclides of Pontus (c. 390-c. 322). Bryson of Heraclea (c 350?). http://www.chill.org/csss/mathcsss/mathematicians.html

30. Peter Fosl's Philosophical Chronology 389 314? BCE) Ecphantus of Syracuse (4th century BCE) Sphettus (fl.early 4th century BCE) xenocrates of chalcedon ( ? - c 314 http://www.transy.edu/homepages/philosophy/chronology.html

TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM A PHILOSOPHICAL CHRONOLOGY By Peter S. Fosl Use your "find in page" command (under "Edit" in your browser) to search for particular entries or use the table below to take you to the indicated date. The Big Bang 400 BCE Homo Sapiens 300 BCE ... 500 BCE s s Big Bang postulated (15-16 billion years ago) Formation of the Earth (c 4,500,000,000 years ago) Precambrian Age (4,000,000,000 - 540,000,000 y.a., origin of life [Archeaozoic era] thought to be 4 billion y.a.) Earliest known life in fossil record (c 3,500,000,000 y.a.) Paleozoic Age (540,000,000 - 200,000,000 y.a.) (insects, chondrichthyes, amphibians, reptiles, plants except angiospermae) Mesozoic Age (200,000,000 - 60, 000,000 y.a.) (bony fish, birds, mammals, angiospermae) Dinosaurs become extinct (c 65,000,000 y.a.) Cenozoic Age begins (60,000,000 y.a.) Australopithecus (2,600,000 y.a.) Pleistocene Era (2,000,000 - 10,000 y.a., development of hominids) Appearance of homo sapiens (c 200,000 BCE) Earliest known artwork (c 29,000 BCE) (Willendorf Venus; painted blocks of La Ferrassie)

31. ClementAlex effrontery). xenocrates of chalcedon indicates that the planets are sevengods, and that the universe. composed of all these, is an eighth. http://www2.roanoke.edu/religion/Maclean/Relg210/ClementAlex.html

Clement of Alexandria, Exhortation the Greeks V-VI Chapter V.-The Opinions of the Philosophers Respecting God. This was also the case with Heraclitus and his followers, who worshipped fire as the first cause; for this fire others named Hephaestus. The Persian Magi, too, and many of the inhabitants of Asia, worshipped fire; and besides them, the Macedonians, as Diogenes relates in the first book of his Persica. Why specify the Sauromatae, who are said by Nymphodorus, in his Barbaric Customs, to pay sacred honours to fire? or the Persians, or the Medes, or the Magi? These, Dino tells us, sacrifice beneath the open sky, regarding fire and water as the only images of the gods. Nor have I failed to reveal their ignorance; for, however much they think to keep clear of error in one form, they slide into it in another. Chapter VI.-By Divine Inspiration Philosophers Sometimes Hit on the Truth. Why so? by Himself, I beseech you! For He can by no means be expressed. Well done, Plato! Thou hast touched on the truth. But do not flag. Undertake with me the inquiry respecting the Good. For into all men whatever, especially those who are occupied with intellectual pursuits, a certain divine effluence has been instilled; wherefore, though reluctantly, they confess that God is one, indestructible, unbegotten, and that somewhere above in the tracts of heaven, in His own peculiar appropriate eminence, whence He surveys all things, He has an existence true and eternal. "Tell me what I am to conceive God to be

32. Concerts Festivals Shows the first of these were Speusippus (son of Plato's sister), who succeeded him asthe head of the school (till 339 BCE), and xenocrates of chalcedon (till 314 http://www.song3.com/aristotle.htm

Aristotle Born at Stagira in Macedonia, the son of Nicomachus, Aristotle was together with Plato the most influential philosopher of the western tradition. At age 17 he entered Plato's academy in Athens, and remained there until Plato's death. Aristotle then accepted the invitation of Hermias to reside at Assos. Upon the death of Hermias (whose niece, Pythias, he married) in 345, Aristotle went to Mytilene on the island of Lesbos. Between 343/2 and 340 he acted as the tutor to the young Alexander the Great. In 335 he returned to Athens where he founded a school, the Lyceum. Here he organized and conducted research on many subjects, and built the first great library of antiquity. After the death of Pythias he lived with Herpyllis, by whom he had a son, Nicomachus. On the death of Alexander in 325 anti-Macedonian feeling in Athens caused Aristotle to retire to Chalcis where he died in 322. Plato The school founded by Plato, called the Academy (from the name of the grove of the Attic hero Academus where he used to deliver his lectures) continued for long after. In regard to the main tendencies of its members, it was divided into the three periods of the Old, Middle, and New Academy. The chief personages in the first of these were Speusippus (son of Plato's sister), who succeeded him as the head of the school (till 339 BCE), and Xenocrates of Chalcedon (till 314 BCE). Both of them sought to fuse Pythagorean speculations on number with Plato's theory of ideas. The two other Academies were still further removed from the specific doctrines of Plato, and advocated

33. EPISCOPACY To him xenocrates of chalcedon dedicated his four books on the art of governing;and it is specially mentioned that he bestowed great care on the education of http://19.1911encyclopedia.org/E/EP/EPISCOPACY.htm

document.write(""); EPISCOPACY Euchologion of about the year 795, now in the Vatican. The prayers recite that at His baptism Christ hallowed the waters by His presence in Jordan,i and ask that they may now be blessed by the Holy Spirit visiting them, by its power and inworking, as the streams of Jordan were blessed. So they will be able to purify soul and body of all who draw up and partake of them. The hymn sung contains such clauses as these: “To-day the grace of the Holy Spirit hallowing the waters appears (iiru~atvs~ai , cf. Epiphany) - - - To-day the systems of waters spread out their backs under the Lord’s footsteps. To-day the unseen is seen, that he may reveal himself to us. To-day the Increate is of his own will ordained (lit. hath hands laid on him) by his own creature. To-day the Unbending bends his neck to his own servant, in order to free us from servitude. To-day we were liberated from darkness and are illumined by light of divine knowledge. To-day for us the Lord by means of rebirth (1st. palingenesy) of the Image reshapes the Archetype.” This last clause is obscure. In the Armenian hymns the ideas of the rebirth not only of believers, but of Jesus, and of the latter’s ordination by John, are very prominent.

34. Greece: Ancient, Athens Greece, Greek, Map Of Greece, Greek, Greece, Gods, Pictu of Chios (Mathematician) Hypatia of Alexandria Pappus of Alexandria Pythagoras ofSamos Pythagoras Pythagoras Thales of Miletus xenocrates of chalcedon Zeno of http://www.1000dictionaries.com/greece4.html

ALEXANDER THE GREAT ALPHABET, LANGUAGE ARGONAUTICA ART, ARCHAEOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE ... (Delete "147" From E-mail Address) 1996-2003 SOULIS Soulis.com An Internet Directory LinkBase on Greece (Part IV) Optimized for Internet Explorer 5.x Welcome to the 4th Hellenic (Greek) section of Soulis.com in the Sunshine State of Florida . We have tried to list links from many areas about the grandeur of Greece: the Cradle of Western Civilization . If you think we should include a page that you are fond of, just drop us a note. Don't forget to go to the main page. There are many high resolution pictures there, created entirely by SOULIS, that you can download. There are currently over 2,300 links to Greece-related items. Would you like to download the full-sized high resolution (1024x768) "Hello From SOULIS!" image (shot and computer-enhanced by Soulis)? If you do, please click on it, or the tag under it We want you to have lots of fun with our colorful and informative pages. Thank you for coming. Enjoy your visit, and please come back! SOULIS Hello From SOULIS!

35. Selected Older Individuals From Graeco-Roman Antiquity 84). Plato's disciple xenocrates of chalcedon, head of the Academyfrom 339 to 314 (8184). Antigonus I Monopthalmos (81). 300 BC. the http://www.clas.canterbury.ac.nz/oldancientss.html

Selected Older Individuals from Graeco-Roman Antiquity designed to complement Tim Parkin's Old Age in the Roman World: A Cultural and Social History (Johns Hopkins UP, 2003). Please send any comments, or suggestions for changes or additions, to Tim Parkin at tim.parkin@canterbury.ac.nz A roughly chronological order, by date of death, is followed ( 500 BC 400 BC 300 BC 200 BC ... AD 400 Where appropriate, reference is made to my Old Age in the Roman World book (referred to here as Old Age ), where further examples are also discussed. Abbreviations, most of which should be self-evident, are also explained in that book. For the sake of some brevity, most references to literary testimony are omitted, especially if discussed in Old Age RE will usually supply abundant material. Ages at death - exact, approximate, or merely alleged - are given in brackets; no guarantee as to the authenticity or accuracy of any figure, especially when derived solely from ancient sources, can usually be given. The list thus serves also on occasion to highlight the wide variety of figures extant. Homer and Hesiod (?): The

36. Philosophy Time Line Ancient-450 Tl_phil0000 340 (d. 27 1 ) After the suicide of Plato's nephew Speusippus, xenocrates of chalcedonbecomes the head of Athens Academy (-339 to -314) Isocrates, Athenian http://www.ubmail.ubalt.edu/~pfitz/time/tl_phil0000.html

Philosophy Ancient – 450 -3000 to -2501 Sumerian chief deities are Mother Goddess Innin and her son Tammuz; similar divinities are worshiped by Egyptians, Hittites, Phoenicians, and Scandinavians Pharaoh, the god-king in Egypt Major religious festival in Sumeria celebrates victory of god of spring over goddess of chaos -2500 to -2001 The snake and the bull are religious symbols in early Minoan culture on Crete Isis and Osiris cult in Egypt (resurrection from death) Ishtar is worshiped as goddess of love -2000 to -1501 Marduk becomes god of Babylon Stonehenge, England, is center of religious worship Hammurabi, king of Babylon, sets laws of kingdom in order and provides first of all legal systems The "Book of the Dead," collection of religious documents of the 18th Egyptian dynsty Thutmose I of Egypt builds first tomb in Valley of Kings -1500 to -1001 Vedic religion assigns different powers to the separate deities of the heavens, the air, and the earth Ikhnaton (Amenhotep IV) of Egypt destroys the old gods and sets up Aton, the sun god, as only god (- 1385); this monotheistic religion is shortlived; his successor, Tutankhamen, reinstates the earlier deities Moses receives the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai Age of the "Judges" elected from 12 Israelite tribes

37. A Brief Biography Of Aristotle left the beloved Academy behind for the city of Assos in what is today northwesternTurkey, his friend, the lethargic xenocrates of chalcedon, went with him. http://progressiveliving.org/aristotle_biography.htm

A Brief Biography of Aristotle A Progressive Living Biography " We must not listen to those who urge us to think human thoughts since we are human, and mortal thoughts since we are mortal; rather, we should as far as possible immortalize ourselves and do all we can to live by the finest element in us — for if it is small in bulk, it is far greater than anything else in power and worth." On the Importance and Reputation of Aristotle Who was Aristotle, and why should anyone care today? Aristotle was no disembodied intellect, indifferent to the passions of life or to the problems of his time. He was a loving husband, the parent of two children, a devoted friend, and a committed teacher. Apart from such human and historical considerations, one of the best reasons to read Aristotle is for the excitement of seeing a great mind come to grips with many of the problems that have troubled people from his day to ours. Aristotle shows us vividly both how to do philosophy, and what can be expected to come of it. Of course, some of Aristotle's writing has now dated, and some of his views, such as those regarding non-Greeks, strike us as offensive today. Given the passage of some 2,500 years, this is hardly surprising. What perhaps

38. Quote Collection work.’ – Thomas Edison. ‘I have often repented speaking, but neverof holding my tongue.’ xenocrates of chalcedon. ‘I have spread http://axisgrid.tripod.com/onetree/allquotes.html

Quote Collection Updated 01Dec02 ‘A compliment is like a kiss through a veil.’ - Victor Hugo ‘A good plan executed violently today is better than a perfect plan executed at some indefinite point in the future.’ George Patton ‘A great deal of talent is lost to the world for want of a little courage. Every day sends to their graves obscure men whom timidity prevented from making a first effort.’ - Sydney Smith ‘A man who has never made a woman angry is a failure in life.’ - Christopher Morley ‘A person who walks in another’s tracks leaves no footprints of his own.’ - Anonymous ‘A successful man continues to look for work after he has found a job.’ - Anonymous ‘A woman has got to love a bad man once or twice in her life to be thankful for a good one.’ - Mae West (1892-1980) ‘Above all, we must realize that no arsenal, or no weapon in the arsenals of the world, is so formidable as the will and moral courage of free men and women. It is a weapon our adversaries in today’s world do not have.’ - Ronald Reagan ‘Absence diminishes small loves and increases great ones, as the wind blows out the candle and blows up the bonfire.’ - Francois de La Rouchefoucauld

39. Medieval Sourcebook: Justin Martyr: Second Apology [Trypho] xenocrates of chalcedon indicates that the planets are seven gods,and that the universe. 191. composed of all these, is an eighth. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/justin-apology2.html

Back to Medieval Source Book ORB Main Page Links to Other Medieval Sites Medieval Sourcebook: Justin Martyr: Second Apology [Dialogue with Trypho] [Note: pagination of the Ante-Nicene Fathers edition preserved. The numbers in parentheses are references to footnotes in the printed edition, but not reproduced here.] THE SECOND APOLOGY OF JUSTIN FOR THE CHRISTIANS ADDRESSED TO THE ROMAN SENATE CHAP. I.INTRODUCTION. CHAP. II.URBICUS CONDEMNS THE CHRISTIANS TO DEATH. the Divine has become a drama; and what is sacred you have acted in comedies under the masks of demons, travestying true religion by your demon-worship[superstition]. But he, striking the lyre, began to sing beautifully."(1) Sing to us, Homer, that beautiful song About the amours of Ares and Venus with the beautiful crown: How first they slept together in the palace of Hephaestus Secretly; and he gave many gifts, and dishonoured the bed and chamber of king Hephaestus. Who shall refuse to look on any temples And altars, worthless seats of dumb stones, And idols of stone, and images made by hands

40. Earliest Known Uses Of Some Of The Words Of Mathematics (L) Andrews website, the term logic was introduced by xenocrates of chalcedon(396 BC 314 BC). Aristotle's name for logic was analytics. http://mail.mcjh.kl.edu.tw/~chenkwn/mathword/l.html

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