21. Turing Digital Archive Home Page Large database of unpublished papers and photographs as well as letters, obituaries, and memoirs written by colleagues of turing. Read an intro and use the search tool. turing, alan Mathison (19121954) FRS OBE http://www.turingarchive.org/

Turing, Alan Mathison (1912-1954) FRS OBE This digital archive contains mainly unpublished personal papers and photographs of Alan Turing from 1923-1972. The originals are in the Turing archive in King's College Cambridge. This is a pilot project which will hopefully be extended to the whole collection in the future. It contains letters, obituaries and memoirs written by colleagues and used by Sara Turing for her biography of her son (Heffers : Cambridge, 1959); talks and publications on the Automatic Computing Engine, his work at the National Physical Laboratory, the theories of computable numbers, digital computers, morphogenisis and the chemical development of cells. Links Photo from 1930s. K/7/9 Sponsors

22. Turing Alan Mathison Translate this page turing alan Mathison, 16-04-2001. np. h. PERS (23/06/1912 - 07/06/1954)Mathématicien, logicien et informaticien britannique, qui http://matrix.samizdat.net/pratique/jargon_3.2.119/T/Turing_Alan_Mathison.html

Turing Alan Mathison np. h. PERS ] (23/06/1912 - 07/06/1954) Mathématicien, logicien et informaticien britannique, qui fut l'un des fondateurs de l'informatique moderne, avec Von Neumann John et Wiener Norbert . La Machine de Turing est la machine contenant toutes les possibilités de transformation de toutes les autres machines. C'est grâce à Turing que les alliés ont percé le secret d'Enigma, le système de chiffrement des Allemands. Au lieu de devenir un héros, il fut accusé d'avoir des relations homosexuelles (ce qui fut un crime jusqu'à la fin des années 60 en Angleterre). On le força alors à se faire traiter par des hormones féminines, et quand il commença à avoir de la poitrine, il enduisit une pomme d'arsenic pour se suicider. http://www.turing.org.uk/ Articles liés à celui-ci : Church Alonzo Colossus test de Turing Von Neumann John ... Wiener Norbert Articles voisins : tunelling tuner tuning tuple ... Courrier

23. Alan Turing British mathematician, cryptographer, and one of the key inventors of the modern computer. After his profound contributions to helping win World War II, he was persecuted for his homosexuality by his own government, and driven to suicide. Superb site maintained by noted turing biographer Andrew Hodges extensive resources and links, online versions of several long essays on turing's extraordinary impact. http://www.turing.org.uk/

A L A N T U R I N G Website maintained by Andrew Hodges andrew@synth.co.uk The domain www.turing.org.uk is dedicated to ALAN TURING founder of computer science: The Alan Turing Home Page My book It is maintained by Andrew Hodges, author of the biography Alan Turing: the Enigma Andrew Hodges Main Page Continue to the Alan Turing Home Page Or Search the Site: or go directly to these areas of the site: Short Turing biography Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook Philosophy Area My publications Archives, photographs Turing Bibliography A branch of the Virtual Library and Virtual Museum of Computing

24. AlanTuring.net Connect to the turing Archive for the History of Computing that is one of the largest collections of digital facsimiles and original documents by turing. of original documents by. turing and other pioneers of computing. Plus articles about. turing and his work, including Artificial http://www.alanturing.net/

AlanTuring.net The Turing Archive for the History of Computing Largest web collection of digital facsimiles of original documents by Turing and other pioneers of computing. Plus articles about Turing and his work, including Artificial Intelligence. NEW Recently declassified previously top-secret documents about codebreaking. The Turing Archive for the History of Computing is now hosted in two locations FOR FASTEST ACCESS TIMES click the location closest to you The Turing Archive for the History of Computing is hosted by University of Canterbury in New Zealand University of San Francisco in the United States. Site maintained by Jack Copeland and Gordon Aston . Last updated 1 October 2001

25. Alan Turing - Home Page alan turing Home Page. Guide to a large website maintained by Andrew Hodges,biographer of alan turing (19121954). The alan turing Internet Scrapbook. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/

The Alan Turing Home Page Maintained by Andrew Hodges, author of Alan Turing: the Enigma. Quick Links: This page is the guide to a large website dedicated to Alan Turing (1912-1954) Who was Alan Turing? Founder of computer science, mathematician, philosopher, codebreaker, strange visionary and a gay man before his time: 1912 (23 June): Birth, Paddington, London 1926-31: Sherborne School 1930: Death of friend Christopher Morcom 1931-34: Undergraduate at King's College, Cambridge University 1932-35: Quantum mechanics, probability, logic 1935: Elected fellow of King's College, Cambridge 1936: The Turing machine, computability, universal machine 1936-38: Princeton University. Ph.D. Logic, algebra, number theory 1938-39: Return to Cambridge. Introduced to German Enigma cipher machine 1939-40: The Bombe, machine for Enigma decryption 1939-42: Breaking of U-boat Enigma, saving battle of the Atlantic 1943-45: Chief Anglo-American crypto consultant. Electronic work. 1945: National Physical Laboratory, London 1946: Computer and software design leading the world.

26. Turing Main index. alan turing was born at Paddington, London. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Turing.html

Alan Mathison Turing Born: 23 June 1912 in London, England Died: 7 June 1954 in Wilmslow, Cheshire, England Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Alan Turing was born at Paddington, London. His father, Julius Mathison Turing, was a British member of the Indian Civil Service and he was often abroad. Alan's mother, Ethel Sara Stoney, was the daughter of the chief engineer of the Madras railways and Alan's parents had met and married in India. When Alan was about one year old his mother rejoined her husband in India, leaving Alan in England with friends of the family. Alan was sent to school but did not seem to be obtaining any benefit so he was removed from the school after a few months. Next he was sent to Hazlehurst Preparatory School where he seemed to be an average to good pupil in most subjects but was greatly taken up with following his own ideas. He became interested in chess while at this school and he joined the debating society. He completed his Common Entrance Examination in 1926 and then went to Sherborne School. Now 1926 was the year of the general strike and when the strike was in progress Turing cycled 60 miles to the school from his home, not too demanding a task for Turing who later was to become a fine athlete of almost Olympic standard. He found it very difficult to fit into what was expected at this public school, yet his mother had been so determined that he should have a public school education. Many of the most original thinkers have found conventional schooling an almost incomprehensible process and this seems to have been the case for Turing. His genius drove him in his own directions rather than those required by his teachers.

27. Alan Turing Stories involving turing.Category Science Math History People turing, alan Mathison...... Moore Ted Nelson Kim Polese Eric Raymond Sandy Robertson Richard Stallman Neal StephensonSandy Stone Alvin Toffler Linus Torvalds alan turing Sherry Turkle http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/people/alan_turing/

SEARCH: Wired Magazine Wired News Webmonkey Animation Express HotWired Archives The Web -> HotBot SUBSCRIBE New - Special Offer! Give Wired International Renew ... Customer Service BROWSE ARCHIVE Issue-Date 11.04-Apr 03 11.03-Mar 03 11.02-Feb 03 11.01-Jan 03 10.12-Dec 02 10.11-Nov 02 10.10-Oct 02 10.09-Sep 02 10.08-Aug 02 10.07-Jul 02 10.06-Jun 02 10.05-May 02 10.04-Apr 02 10.03-Mar 02 10.02-Feb 02 10.01-Jan 02 9.12-Dec 01 9.11-Nov 01 9.10-Oct 01 9.09-Sep 01 9.08-Aug 01 9.07-Jul 01 9.06-Jun 01 9.05-May 01 9.04-Apr 01 9.03-Mar 01 9.02-Feb 01 9.01-Jan 01 8.12-Dec 00 8.11-Nov 00 8.10-Oct 00 8.09-Sep 00 8.08-Aug 00 8.07-Jul 00 8.06-Jun 00 8.05-May 00 8.04-Apr 00 8.03-Mar 00 8.02-Feb 00 8.01-Jan 00 7.12-Dec 99 7.11-Nov 99 7.10-Oct 99 7.09-Sep 99 7.08-Aug 99 7.07-Jul 99 7.06-Jun 99 7.05-May 99 7.04-Apr 99 7.03-Mar 99 7.02-Feb 99 7.01-Jan 99 6.12-Dec 98 6.11-Nov 98 6.10-Oct 98 6.09-Sep 98 6.08-Aug 98 6.07-Jul 98 6.06-Jun 98 6.05-May 98 6.04-Apr 98 6.03-Mar 98 6.02-Feb 98 6.01-Jan 98 5.12-Dec 97 5.11-Nov 97 5.10-Oct 97 5.09-Sep 97 5.08-Aug 97 5.07-Jul 97 5.06-Jun 97 5.05-May 97 5.04-Apr 97 5.03-Mar 97

28. Computing Machinery And Intelligence - A.m. Turing, 1950 The classic 1950 article by alan turing on machine intelligence, where he introduces the famous turing test. http://www.abelard.org/turpap/turpap.htm

[VOL. LIX. No.236.] [October, 1950] MIND A QUARTERLY REVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY Index 1 The Imitation Game 2 Critique of the New Problem 3 The Machine concerned in the Game 4 Digital Computers ... 5 Universality of Digital Computers 6 Contrary Views on the Main Question (1) The Theological Objection (2) The 'Heads in the Sand' Objection (3) The Mathematical Objection (4) The Argument from Consciousness ... Foot notes 1 - COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE BY A.M.TURING 1 The Imitation Game I PROPOSE to consider the question, 'Can machines think?' This should begin with definitions of the meaning of the terms 'machine 'and 'think'. The definitions might be framed so as to reflect so far as possible the normal use of the words, but this attitude is dangerous. If the meaning of the words 'machine' and 'think 'are to be found by examining how they are commonly used it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the meaning and the answer to the question, 'Can machines think?' is to be sought in a statistical survey such as a Gallup poll. But this is absurd. Instead of attempting such a definition I shall replace the question by another, which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words. The new form of the problem can be described' in terms of a game which we call the 'imitation game'. It is played with three people, a man (A), a woman (B), and an interrogator (C) who may be of either sex. The interrogator stays in a room apart from the other two. The object of the game for the interrogator is to determine which of the other two is the man and which is the woman. He knows them by labels X and Y, and at the end of the game he says either 'X is A and Y is B' or 'X is B and Y is A'. The interrogator is allowed to put questions to A and B thus:

29. King's College, Cambridge » Modern Archives Collection record of Turings papers at Kings College, Cambridge. http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/library/archives/modern/catalogue/turing/

King's College, Cambridge Library Archive Centre Modern Archives ... Tour of College archives Links to other pages of interest Research - Home - - Search - Modern archive collections Alan Turing (Collection level record) Personal name: Turing, Alan Mathison (1912-1954) K.C.C. Full catalogue available online Catalogue also available in hard-copy in the Archive Centre Local call number: AMT PAPERS Description: Personal papers Dates: 1923-1972 Physical description: six boxes, one oversize item, and one volume Arrangement: Under the following headings : Biographical and Personal; Publications, lectures, talks; Unpublished manuscripts, notes and drafts; Correspondence Access restriction: Document consultation is by appointment only Contents: Contains letters, obituaries and memoirs written by colleagues and used by Sara Turing for her biography of her son, Alan M. Turing (Heffers : Cambridge, 1959); talks and publications on the Automatic Computing Engine and Turing's work at the National Physical Laboratory, the theories of computable numbers, digital computers, morphogenisis and the chemical development of cells Also available is the Turing Digital Archive , which includes an online version of the catalogue archivist@kings.cam.ac.uk

30. CompaqNet Een uitgebreid artikel over alan turing, ©©n van de grondleggers van de informatica, en de door hem ontwikkelde turing machines. http://users.compaqnet.be/stijn-heymans/Turing/AlanTuringnl.html

Home FR NL

31. Alan Turing: PopSubCulture.com's The Biography Project - Creator Of The Turing T Biography, bibliography and links. http://www.popsubculture.com/pop/bio_project/alan_turing.html

Alan Turing: biography, bibliography, and links INTERNAL LINKS Bletchley Park World War II amazon uk books Ludwig Wittgenstein ... site map Alan Turing Biographical Notes Alan Mathison Turing was born on 23 June 1912, in a nursing home in Paddington, London. His father Julius was employed in the Indian Civil Service. His father's brother, H. D. Turing, was, at the time, a well known expert on fly fishing. Alan spends his first thirteen years in India suffering through a series of intellectually discouraging English foster homes. Upon returning to England in 1926, he is entered into the Sherborne School. Meets Christopher Morcom in 1928, who was to become one of the key figures in his life. Turing is extremely attracted to Morcom. They form an intellectual companionship, which is highly stimulating to Turing. Morcom dies suddenly in 1930, devastating Turing. Turing then becomes obsessed with the problem of how the human mind is embodied in matter; of how the mind might be preserved after the death. Towards this end, he begins to study quantum mechanics. In 1931, Turing enters King's College in

32. Alan Turing Lebenslauf und Informationen zu den Anf¤ngen der EnigmaEntschl¼sselung. http://www-ivs.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/bs/lehre/wise0102/progb/vortraege/jahn/turing

33. References For Turing References for alan turing. Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography(New York 19701990). S turing, alan M turing (Cambridge, 1959). http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Turing.html

References for Alan Turing Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Books: J L Britton, D C Ince and P T Sanuders (eds.), Collected works of A M Turing A Hodges, Alan Turing : The Enigma A Hodges, Alan Turing : A natural philosopher S Turing, Alan M Turing (Cambridge, 1959). Articles: W A Atherton, Alan Mathison Turing (1912-1954): the solitary genius who wanted to build a brain, Electronics and wireless world B J Copeland and D Proudfoot, On Alan Turing's anticipation of connectionism, Synthese P Hilton, Working with Alan Turing, The Mathematical Intelligencer A Hodges, Alan Turing and the Turing machine, The universal Turing machine: a half-century survey (New York, 1988), 3-15. F L Morris and C B Jones, An early program proof by Alan Turing, Ann. Hist. Comput. M H A Newman, Alan Mathison Turing, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London H Whitemore, Writing about Alan Turing, The Mathematical Intelligencer S L Zabell, Alan Turing and the Central Limit Theorem

34. Alan M. Turing -- Part II 2, pp. 139143. turing, alan M. 1937. On Computable Numbers with an Applicationto the Entscheidungs-problem4 , Proc. 42, pp. 230-65. turing, alan M. 1948. http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Turing.2.html

In a set of interviews in 1992 with I. Jack Good and Donald Michie[2], both colleagues of Turing during his Bletchley Park sojourn, I led them to discuss their knowledge of Turing's homosexuality: Good: ... when we walked down King's Parade [in 1947] that was the first time I discovered that he was homosexual. That was when he said that he was going to Paris to "see a boy". It was obvious that he was admitting or proclaiming his homosexuality. Lee: He was very open about it? Good: Yes, at that time. Michie: He certainly wasn't during the war, for some of us, including both of us, were quite unaware ... I took quite seriously his engagement to ... Good: Joan Clarke? Michie: At the same time I was thoroughly aware that the whole problem of converse with women was a great burden, and problem, for him. And I recall him explaining to me once, I didn't think he was homosexual as a result of this conversation, because I [saw him through] the eyes of a rather priggish young person (me) who had just left school and just experimenting with female company - I had grown up to look on women as undereducated relative to men, which to put it that way, which in perhaps to some extent in those days was the case. But he put it in a very grotesque way to me and said "you know, the problem is that you have to talk them", "If you take a girl out, you have to talk to her. And then so often when a woman says something, to me it is as though a frog has suddenly jumped out of her mouth." It was an extremely unpleasant metaphor.

35. Alan Turing The mathematician alan turing was the first to imagine the possibility of machinesreally thinking and his work happened to be of crucial importance to the http://cgi.student.nada.kth.se/cgi-bin/d95-aeh/get/turingeng

36. Komputaj Masxinoj Kaj Inteligenteco; A. M. Turing (Computing machinery and intelligence). La fama artikolo de alan turing, tradukita en Esperanton. http://www.forst.tu-muenchen.de/EXT/AIS/scio/turing/TuringEo.html

AIS San Marino is indebted to Oxford University Press who granted us the right to publish an Esperanto translation of Turing's famous article in the World Wide Web for the duration of one year, starting with the date of payment. As the cheque was booked on 2000-08-29, this page had to be removed from the WWW on Tuesday, 2001-08-28. We regret that AIS cannot afford to make the translation available any longer. AIS San Marino dankas al Oxford University Press , kiu donis al ni la rajton publikigi Esperanto-tradukon de la fama artikolo de Turing en la Tut-Tera Teksajxo por la dauxro de unu jaro ek de la pago de la fakturo. Cxar la cxeko estis registrita je 2000-08-29, ni devis forigi tiun cxi pagxon de la TTT je mardo, 2001-08-28. AIS bedauxras, ke gxi ne disponas la rimedojn por plu disponigi la tradukon. The original article La originala artikolo Turing, A.M: Computing machinery and intelligence. appeared in 1950 in aperis en la jaro 1950 en la revuo Mind La traduko estis forigita post malvalidigxo de la publikig-permeso. The translation was withdrawn after expiration of the publication period.

37. The Church-Turing Thesis Alonzo Church and alan turing formulated the thesis that computability coincides with recursivity; by Jack Copeland. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/church-turing/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z content revised AUG The Church-Turing Thesis There are various equivalent formulations of the Church-Turing thesis. A common one is that every effective computation can be carried out by a Turing machine. The Church-Turing thesis is often misunderstood, particularly in recent writing in the philosophy of mind. The Thesis and its History Misunderstandings of the Thesis Some Key Remarks by Turing Bibliography ... Related Entries The Thesis and its History The Church-Turing thesis concerns the notion of an effective or mechanical M is set out in terms of a finite number of exact instructions (each instruction being expressed by means of a finite number of symbols); M will, if carried out without error, produce the desired result in a finite number of steps; M can (in practice or in principle) be carried out by a human being unaided by any machinery save paper and pencil; M demands no insight or ingenuity on the part of the human being carrying it out. A well-known example of an effective method is the truth table test for tautologousness. In practice, of course, this test is unworkable for formulae containing a large number of propositional variables, but in principle one could apply it successfully to any formula of the propositional calculus, given sufficient time, tenacity, paper, and pencils.

38. Turing Machine Article on turing Machines from the Stanford Encyclopedia.Category Science Math History People turing, alan Mathison...... Related Entries. artificial intelligence Churchturing Thesis functionalism turing, alan Acknowledgement. The Editors would http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-machine/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z content revised FEB Turing Machine History Later Developments Bibliography Other Internet Resources ... Related Entries History Turing machines were first proposed by Alan Turing, in an attempt to give a mathematically precise definition of "algorithm" or "mechanical procedure". Early work by Turing and Alonzo Church spawned the branch of mathematical logic now known as recursive function theory. Later Developments The concept of a Turing machine has played an important role in the recent philosophy of mind. The suggestion has been made that mental states just are functional states of a probabilistic automaton, in which binary inputs and outputs have been replaced by sensory inputs and motor outputs. This idea underlies the theory of mind known as "machine functionalism". Bibliography Turing, A., "On Computable Numbers, With an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Soceity , Series 2, Volume 42, 1936; reprinted in M. David (ed.)

39. The Virtual Museum Of Computing A comprehensive set of links to online resources concerning the history of computing around the world, including Pioneers of Computing such as alan turing. http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/other/museums/computing.html

Virtual Library Museums Computing The Virtual Museum of Computing (VMoC) Now accessible as: vmoc.i.am This virtual museum includes an eclectic collection of World Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks connected with the history of computing and on-line computer-based exhibits available both locally and around the world. You are visitor number since this museum opened on st June 1995 The museum currently receives about 200 visitors each day. Please mail J.P.Bowen@reading.ac.uk if you know of relevant on-line information not included here. Mirror sites are available in Sweden and USA courtesy of ICOM , and also elsewhere , including the UK , if you experience poor access speed. Automatic redirection to a mirror site is available. Selected recent additions and events EDSAC 99 , 50th Anniversary of the EDSAC 1 computer, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK, 15-16 April 1999 50th Anniversary of Joe Lyons' decision to give the go ahead to the building of LEO 15 October 1999 Tommy Flowers , MBE, codebreaking engineer at Bletchley Park who worked on Colossus, died on 28 October 1998, aged 92

40. TIME 100 Scientists Thinkers - Alan Turing Computer Scientist alan turing While addressing a problem in the arcane field ofmathematical logic, he imagined a machine that could mimic human reasoning. http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html

Sigmund Freud Leo Baekeland Albert Einstein Alexander Fleming ... Tim Berners-Lee Computer Scientist Alan Turing While addressing a problem in the arcane field of mathematical logic, he imagined a machine that could mimic human reasoning. Sound familiar? BY PAUL GRAY If all Alan Turing had done was answer, in the negative, a vexing question in the arcane realm of mathematical logic, few nonspecialists today would have any reason to remember him. But the method Turing used to show that certain propositions in a closed logical system cannot be proved within that systema corollary to the proof that made Kurt Godel famoushad enormous consequences in the world at large. For what this eccentric young Cambridge don did was to dream up an imaginary machinea fairly simple typewriter-like contraption capable somehow of scanning, or reading, instructions encoded on a tape of theoretically infinite length. As the scanner moved from one square of the tape to the nextresponding to the sequential commands and modifying its mechanical response if so orderedthe output of such a process, Turing demonstrated, could replicate logical human thought. The device in this inspired mind-experiment quickly acquired a name: the Turing machine. And so did another of Turing's insights. Since the instructions on the tape governed the behavior of the machine, by changing those instructions, one could induce the machine to perform the functions of all such machines. In other words, depending on the tape it scanned, the same machine could calculate numbers or play chess or do anything else of a comparable nature. Hence his device acquired a new and even grander name: the Universal Turing Machine.

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