41. ZUR ZAHL Pi - Vom Mittelalter Bis Zur Moderne Translate this page Mehr als 1000 Jahre nach tsu ch'ung-chi entdeckte Adriaen Metius dieselbe Näherung355/113, als er das arithmetische Mittel von Zähler und Nenner der beiden http://www.pimath.de/quadratur/pi_geschichte2.html

Zur Geschichte der Zahl Pi ( p Vom Mittelalter bis zur Moderne Adriaen Metius, Valentius Otho Ludolph von Ceulen Jacob Marcelis Reihenentwicklungen ... weiter Im Mittelalter wurden, in Europa, die Verfahren zur Berechnung von p erheblich verfeinert. Tycho de Brahe p den Wert: und Rechtsgelehrte Francois Viete p bis auf 9 Dezimalstellen angab. Viete , (lateinisch Vieta) der "Vater" der modernen Algebra, stellte erstmals eine geschlossene Formel für p F. Rudio im Jahre 1891 beweisen. Adrian Metius , Valentius Otho Mehr als 1000 Jahre nach Tsu Ch'ung-Chi entdeckte Adriaen Metius Beachtenswert ist hier, das durch den relativ einfachen Bruch 333/106 insgesamt 4 Dezimalstellen von p anfallen: Valentinus Otho bekannt wurde. Ludolph von Ceulen Ludolf von Ceulen (1539-1610). Er errechnete p auf 35 Stellen genau. p Ludolph van Ceulen widmete einen grossen Teil seiner Arbeit und seines Lebens der Berechnung der Zahl p . 1596 errechnete er 20 richtige Stellen und kurz vor seinem Tod weitere 15. Dabei diente ihm die Archimedische Methode als Grundlage. Er benutzte ein- und umschriebene Polygone mit 2 Seiten. Die letzten drei der von ihm berechneten Ziffern wurden in seinen Grabstein eingemeisselt.

42. Taihi3-1 , ?, sui. ?, jui. , ?, ch'ung. ?, shu. ?, , ?, ching. ?, chi. ?, chi. ?, chi. , ?, ch'ieh. ?, che. ?, ?, ?, chu. ?, tsu. ?, tsu. ?, tsu. http://www.inr.co.jp/zakkaya/taihi/taihi3-1.htm

‘O•Å‚Ö–ß‚é ƒKƒCƒh‚Ö–ß‚é shui ch'ui ch'ui shuai shuai t'ui shuai sui ’N shui sui jui ch'ung shu ching shih cheng sheng ch'eng hsi sheng chih hsing cheng hsing ch'i ch'ing cheng hsing ch'ing sheng ch'ing shih sheng ch'eng ching chih ching cheng shui hsi ch'ih hsi ch'ih hsi hsi chih chi hsi tse chi chi chi ch'ieh che chieh she hsueh shuo chieh she chueh ch'ien ch'uan hsien chan hsien ‘O ch'ien hsuan jan ch'uan hsi chuan ch'ien ‘D ch'uan ‘F ch'uan chan ‘K ch'ien ch'ien hsien ‘I hsuan ‘N hsien ‘S ch'uan ‘P shan ‘R jan ‘T ch'an chu ‘c tsu ‘j tsu ‘d tsu ‘f su ‘e ts'u ‘g tsu ‘i su ch'u ‘h su chao tsao ‘s chuang cheng ‘v sung tsou tsung ‘t tsou hsiang ts'ao sung ‘q ts'ang sou ŒK sang ts'ao ch'ao sao ‘u shuang ‘n ch'uang ts'eng sao tsang chuang ‘m seng tsung ‘w ts'eng ts'ao shuang sao tsao tseng ts'ang tse chi shu tsu tse hsi su su tsu shu su tsei hsu tsu shuai ts'un ts'un sun tsun sun ‘O•Å‚Ö

43. The EM Chiu Chang Suan Shu /EM (Nine Chapters On The tsu ch'ungchih, and then further improved by the tsu ch'ung-chih's son tsu Keng-chih Thisarticle discusses one of these, the chi-Chü, or piling up of http://math.truman.edu/~thammond/history/ChiuChangSuanShu.html

Chiu Chang Suan Shu (Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art) - Mathematics and the Liberal Arts The Chiu Chang Suan Shu (Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art) - Mathematics and the Liberal Arts To expand search, see China . Laterally related topics: Yang Hui The I Ching , and Chu Shih-chieh The Mathematics and the Liberal Arts pages are intended to be a resource for student research projects and for teachers interested in using the history of mathematics in their courses. Many pages focus on ethnomathematics and in the connections between mathematics and other disciplines. The notes in these pages are intended as much to evoke ideas as to indicate what the books and articles are about. They are not intended as reviews. However, some items have been reviewed in Mathematical Reviews , published by The American Mathematical Society. When the mathematical review (MR) number and reviewer are known to the author of these pages, they are given as part of the bibliographic citation. Subscribing institutions can access the more recent MR reviews online through MathSciNet Mathews, Jerold. A Neolithic oral tradition for the van der Waerden/Seidenberg origin of mathematics.

44. Honen’s Establishment Of A Chinese Lineage thirteenth century) established the T'ient'ai lineage in his Fo-tsu-t'ung-chi. Thefirst begins with Bodhiruci and follows to Hui-ch'ung, Tao-chang, T'an Luan http://www.jodo.or.jp/jsri/English/Honen/TEACHINGS/clineage.html

45. Yet Another Story Of Pi About 150 AD, Ptolemy of Alexandria (Egypt) gave its value as 377/120 andin about 500 AD the chinese tsu ch'ungchi gave the value as 355/113. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/3550/pi.htm

The story of pi by Lazarus Mudehwe Undoubtedly, pi is one of the most famous and most remarkable numbers you have ever met. The number, which is the ratio of circumference of a circle to its diameter, has a long story about its value. Even nowadays supercomputers are used to try and find its decimal expansion to as many places as possible. For pi is one of those numbers that cannot be evaluated exactly as a decimal - it is in that class of numbers called irrationals. The hunt for pi began in Egypt and in Babylon about two thousand years before Christ. The Egyptians obtained the value (4/3)^4 and the Babylonians the value 3 1/8 for pi. About the same time, the Indians used the square root of 10 for pi. These approximations to pi had an error only as from the second decimal place. (4/3)^4 = 3,160493827... 3 1/8 = 3.125 root 10 = 3,16227766... pi = 3,1415926535... The next indication of the value of pi occurs in the Bible. It is found in 1 Kings chapter 7 verse 23, where using the Authorised Version, it is written "... and he made a molten sea, ten cubits from one brim to the other : it was round about ... and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about." Thus their value of pi was approximately 3. Even though this is not as accurate as values obtained by the Egyptians, Babylonians and Indians, it was good enough for measurements needed at that time. Jewish rabbinical tradition asserts that there is a much more accurate approximation for pi hidden in the original Hebrew text of the said verse and 2 Chronicles 4:2. In English, the word 'round' is used in both verses. But in the original Hebrew, the words meaning 'round' are different. Now, in Hebrew, etters of the alphabet represent numbers. Thus the two words represent two numbers. And - wait for this - the ratio of the two numbers represents a very accurate continued fraction representation of pi! Question is, is that a coincidence or ...

46. Full Alphabetical Index Translate this page 1364*) Cesàro, Ernesto (186*) Ceulen, Ludolph van (223*), Ceva, Giovanni (296)Ceva, Tommaso (172) Ch'in chiu-Shao (62) ch'ung chi tsu (127*) Chandrasekhar http://www.maththinking.com/boat/mathematicians.html

Full Alphabetical Index Click below to go to one of the separate alphabetical indexes A B C D ... XYZ The number of words in the biography is given in brackets. A * indicates that there is a portrait. A Abbe , Ernst (602*) Abel , Niels Henrik (2899*) Abraham bar Hiyya (641) Abraham, Max Abu Kamil Shuja (1012) Abu Jafar Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzjani (1115) Ackermann , Wilhelm (205) Adams, John Couch Adams, J Frank Adelard of Bath (1008) Adler , August (114) Adrain , Robert (79*) Adrianus , Romanus (419) Aepinus , Franz (124) Agnesi , Maria (2018*) Ahlfors , Lars (725*) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (660) Ahmes Aida Yasuaki (696) Aiken , Howard (665*) Airy , George (313*) Aitken , Alec (825*) Ajima , Naonobu (144) Akhiezer , Naum Il'ich (248*) al-Baghdadi , Abu (947) al-Banna , al-Marrakushi (861) al-Battani , Abu Allah (1333*) al-Biruni , Abu Arrayhan (3002*) al-Farisi , Kamal (1102) al-Haitam , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Hasib Abu Kamil (1012) al-Haytham , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Jawhari , al-Abbas (627) al-Jayyani , Abu (892) al-Karaji , Abu (1789) al-Karkhi al-Kashi , Ghiyath (1725*) al-Khazin , Abu (1148) al-Khalili , Shams (677) al-Khayyami , Omar (2140*) al-Khwarizmi , Abu (2847*) al-Khujandi , Abu (713) al-Kindi , Abu (1151) al-Kuhi , Abu (1146) al-Maghribi , Muhyi (602) al-Mahani , Abu (507) al-Marrakushi , ibn al-Banna (861) al-Nasawi , Abu (681) al-Nayrizi , Abu'l (621) al-Qalasadi , Abu'l (1247) al-Quhi , Abu (1146) al-Samarqandi , Shams (202) al-Samawal , Ibn (1569) al-Sijzi , Abu (708) al-Tusi , Nasir (1912) al-Tusi , Sharaf (1138) al-Umawi , Abu (1014) al-Uqlidisi , Abu'l (1028) Albanese , Giacomo (282) Albategnius (al-Battani) (1333*)

47. The Imperial Dynasties Of China T'aikeng, Hsiao-chia, Yung-chi, T'ai-wu, Chung-ting, Wai-jen, Qin/Han War. 207 -202BC. Kao tsu, 202 - 195 BC. Liu Bang, Shun Ti, 145 - 146. ch'ung Ti, 146 - 147. chihTi, http://homepages.tesco.net/~plk33/plk33/History/KingListsFarEast/ChinaDynasties.

FAR EAST KINGDOMS CHINA CHINA The Legendary Period, Age of the Five Rulers - 647 years HSIA / XIA DYNASTY 2205 - 1766 BC (1962 - 1523 BC) 2205 BC Yu the Great Upper China; Longhan Period. Founder of Xia Dynasty. First historical Dynasty of China. Capital probably at Erlitou. 16 succeeding emperors in this line. SHANG DYNASTY 1766 - 1122 BC (1523 - 1028 BC) BC Ch'eng-tang T'ai-chia Wu-ling T'ai-keng Hsiao-chia Yung-chi T'ai-wu Chung-ting Wai-jen Tsien-chia Tsu-yi Tsu-hsin Ch'iang-chia Tsu-ting Nan-keng Hu-chia P'an-keng Hsiao-hsin Hsiao-yi Wu-ting Tsu-kêng Tsu-chia Lin-hsin K'ang-tin Wu-yi Wên-wu-ting Ti-yi - 1122 BC Ti-hsin CHOU / ZHOU DYNASTY 1122 - 255 BC (1027 - 256 BC) EARLY ZHOU PERIOD 1122 - 771 BC WESTERN ZHOU EASTERN ZHOU 1122 - 722 BC 1122 - 722 BC Capital: Hao. Capital: Luoyang. 1100 BC Wu Wang Western Zhou. Chêng Wang K'ang Wang ar.950 BC Chao Wang Western Zhou. Mu Wang Kung Wang I Wang Hsiao Wang I Wang 878 BC Li Wang 841 BC First solid date in Chinese chronology. 827 BC Hsüan Wang 781 - 771 BC Yu Wang Western Zhou.

48. Romanization Chart - Chinese cheng, ch'eng, chi, ch'ih, chong, ch'ung. chou, ch'ou, chu, ch'u, chua, ch'ua. hun,hun, huo, huo, ji, chi. jia, chia, jian, chien, jiang, chiang. zhuo, cho, zi, tzu(tsu), zong, tsung. http://www.hawaii.edu/asiaref/chroman.html

Hawai'i Voyager (Library Catalog) Asia Collection Home Page Library Home China Collection Home Page Romanization Chart for Chinese Conversion from Pinyin to Wade-Giles System The asterisk (*) in this table indicates the letter u Pinyin Wade-Giles Pinyin Wade- Giles Pinyin Wade-Giles a a ai ai an an ang ang ao ao ba pa bai pai ban pan bang pang bao pao bei pei ben pen beng peng bi pi bian pian biao piao bie pieh bin pin bing ping bo po bu pu ca ts'a cai ts'ai can ts'an cang ts'ang cao ts'ao ce ts'e cen ts'en ceng ts'eng cha ch'a chai ch'ai chan ch'an chang ch'ang chao ch'ao che ch'e chen ch'en cheng ch'eng chi ch'ih chong ch'ung chou ch'ou chu ch'u chua ch'ua chuai ch'uai chuan ch'uan chuang ch'uang chui ch'ui chun ch'un chuo ch'o ci tz'u (ts'u) cong ts'ung cou ts'ou cu ts'u cuan ts'uan cui ts'ui cun ts'un cuo ts'o da ta dai tai dan tan dang tang de te deng teng di ti dian tien diao tiao die tieh ding ting diu tiu dong tung dou tou du tu duan tuan dui tui dun tun duo to e e e eh ei ei en en eng eng er erh fa fa fan fan fang fang fei fei fen fen feng feng fo fo fou fou fu fu ga ka gai kai gan kan gang kang gao kao ge ke,ko gei kei gen ken geng keng gong kung gou kou gu ku gua kua guai kuai guan kuan guang kuang gui kuei gun kun guo kuo ha ha hai hai han han hang hang hao hao he he,ho

49. Warring States Reference |  Common Alphabetic Romanization (1) Translate this page tou. ban. ban. pan. chr. chi. ch'ih. du. du. tu. bang. dzau. zao. tsao. chung. chong.ch'ung. dzei. zei. tsei. chyw. qu. chywaen. quan. ch'üan. dzu. zu. tsu. chywe. que.ch'üeh. dzun. zun. http://www.umass.edu/wsp/connections/reference/romanization/ca1.html

Romanization Tables: Common Alphabetic (1) CA PY WG CA PY WG CA PY WG a a a cha cha ch'a da da ta ai ai ai chai chai ch'ai dai dai tai an an an chan chan ch'an dan dan tan ang ang ang chang chang ch'ang dang dang tang ar er erh chau chao ch'ao dau dao tao au ao ao chi qi ch'i dei dei tei chin qin ch'in di di ti ba ba pa ching qing ch'ing ding ding ting bai bai pai chou chou ch'ou dou dou tou ban ban pan chr chi ch'ih du du tu bang bang pang chu chu ch'u dun dun tun bau bao pao chun chun ch'un dung dong tung bei bei pei chung chong ch'ung dv de te bi bi pi chv che ch'e dvng deng teng bin bin pin chvn chen ch'en dwan duan tuan bing bing ping chvng cheng ch'eng dwei dui tui bu bu pu chwai chuai ch'uai dwo duo to bvn ben pen chwan chuan ch'uan dyau diao tiao bvng beng peng chwang chuang ch'uang dye die tieh bwo bo po chwei chui ch'ui dyen dian tien byau biao piao chwo chuo ch'o dyou diu tiu bye bie pieh chya qia ch'ia dz zi tzu byen bian pien chyang qiang ch'iang dza za tsa chyau qiao ch'iao dzai zai tsai chye qie ch'ieh dzan zan tsan chyen qian ch'ien dzang zang tsang chyou qiu ch'iu dzau zao tsao chung chong ch'ung dzei zei tsei chyw qu dzou zou tsou chywaen quan dzu zu tsu chywe que dzun zun tsun chywn qun dzung zong tsung dzv ze tse dzvn zen tsen dzvng zeng tseng dzwan zuan tsuan dzwei zui tsui dzwo zuo tso Romanization Conversion Tables 1 Sept 2001 / comments to: Reference Coordinator Romanization Conversion Page

50. Wadegile Ke ch u«Pai mao n u»ch'ung shang wu t Kuan hsin nung chia chi k'u, , v.16 p u fei cheng shih wu jen hsiao tsu, ?, v http://www.unc.edu/~bolick/wk.htm

K K'an ¡mNan kuan ts'ao¡nyen ch'u hou ¬Ý¡m«n«a¯ó¡nºt¥X«á v. 2 : p.215 K'an k'e hs"ueh yen chiu ch'eng chi chan lan ¬Ý¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s¦¨ÁZ®iÄý v. 5 : p.61 K'an Kao-chia j"u t'uan yen¡mLien sheng 3 chi¡n ¬Ý°ª¥Ò¼@¹Îºt¡m³s¤É¤T¯Å¡n v. 4 : p.139 K'an le¡mCh'in l"ueh¡n ¬Ý¤F¡m«I²¤¡n v.16 : p.300 K'an le¡mK'ang Mei y"uan Ch'ao¡n ti 2 pu ¬Ý¤F¡m§Ü¬ü´©´Â¡n²Ä¤G³¡ v. 5 : p.418 K'an Wu-han ti 11 chieh heng tu Ch'ang-chiang pi sai ¬ÝªZº~²Ä¤Q¤@©¡¾î´çªø¦¿¤ñÁÉ v. 5 : p.108 K'an y"u min ch'u hai ¬Ýº®¥Á¥X®ü v. 4 : p.170 K'an¡mLiang Hung-y"u¡n ¬Ý¡m±ç¬õ¥É¡n v. 2 : p.415 K'an¡mNiu-lang Chih-n"u¡nwu ch"u ¬Ý¡m¤û­¦Â´¤k¡n»R¼@ v. 4 : p.343 K'an¡mSun-wu-k'ung san ta Pai- ku-ching ¡n ¬Ý¡m®]®©ªÅ¤T¥´¥Õ°©ºë¡n v. 4 : p.326 Kan ch'ao jen wu »°¶W¥ô°È v. 5 : p.62 Kan huai ·Ph v. 2 : p.269 Kan k'u kang jou ¥Ì­W­è¬X v.16 : p.360 ¡mKan lan¡n ¡m¾ñÆV¡n v. 9 : p.241-384 Kan shih si shou v. 2 : p.353 A B C D ... Home ¡mKan y"uan tso p'ao hui¡n ¡m¥ÌÄ@°µ¬¶¦Ç¡n v. 6 : p.154-191 ¡mKan y"uan tso p'ao hui¡n ti 1 mu ¡m¥ÌÄ@°µ¬¶¦Ç¡n²Ä¤@¹õ v. 6 : p.154 ¡mKan y"uan tso p'ao hui¡n ti 2 mu ¡m¥ÌÄ@°µ¬¶¦Ç¡n²Ä¤G¹õ v. 6 : p.162

51. Untitled 390 THEON OF ALEXANDRIA. 415 DEATH OF HYPATIA. 470 tsu ch'ungchi VALUE OF PI. 476ARYABHATA. 485 DEATH OF PROCLUS. 520 ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES AND ISIDORE OF MILETUS. http://www.erols.com/bram/timeline.html

CHRONOLOGY OF MATHEMATICIANS -1100 CHOU-PEI -585 THALES OF MILETUS: DEDUCTIVE GEOMETRY PYTHAGORAS : ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRY -450 PARMENIDES: SPHERICAL EARTH -430 DEMOCRITUS -430 PHILOLAUS: ASTRONOMY -430 HIPPOCRATES OF CHIOS: ELEMENTS -428 ARCHYTAS -420 HIPPIAS: TRISECTRIX -360 EUDOXUS: PROPORTION AND EXHAUSTION -350 MENAECHMUS: CONIC SECTIONS -350 DINOSTRATUS: QUADRATRIX -335 EUDEMUS: HISTORY OF GEOMETRY -330 AUTOLYCUS: ON THE MOVING SPHERE -320 ARISTAEUS: CONICS EUCLID : THE ELEMENTS -260 ARISTARCHUS: HELIOCENTRIC ASTRONOMY -230 ERATOSTHENES: SIEVE -225 APOLLONIUS: CONICS -212 DEATH OF ARCHIMEDES -180 DIOCLES: CISSOID -180 NICOMEDES: CONCHOID -180 HYPSICLES: 360 DEGREE CIRCLE -150 PERSEUS: SPIRES -140 HIPPARCHUS: TRIGONOMETRY -60 GEMINUS: ON THE PARALLEL POSTULATE +75 HERON OF ALEXANDRIA 100 NICOMACHUS: ARITHMETICA 100 MENELAUS: SPHERICS 125 THEON OF SMYRNA: PLATONIC MATHEMATICS PTOLEMY : THE ALMAGEST 250 DIOPHANTUS: ARITHMETICA 320 PAPPUS: MATHEMATICAL COLLECTIONS 390 THEON OF ALEXANDRIA 415 DEATH OF HYPATIA 470 TSU CH'UNG-CHI: VALUE OF PI 476 ARYABHATA 485 DEATH OF PROCLUS 520 ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES AND ISIDORE OF MILETUS 524 DEATH OF BOETHIUS 560 EUTOCIUS: COMMENTARIES ON ARCHIMEDES 628 BRAHMA-SPHUTA-SIDDHANTA 662 BISHOP SEBOKHT: HINDU NUMERALS 735 DEATH OF BEDE 775 HINDU WORKS TRANSLATED INTO ARABIC 830 AL-KHWARIZMI: ALGEBRA 901 DEATH OF THABIT IBN - QURRA 998 DEATH OF ABU'L - WEFA 1037 DEATH OF AVICENNA 1039 DEATH OF ALHAZEN

52. Pinyin To Wade-Giles Conversion k'ung nao nao ri jih tuan t'uan zhen chen chi ch'ih ou ne * rong jung tui t'ui zhengcheng chong ch'ung gao kao kuo le le nü nü sen sen xia hsia zu tsu cui ts http://www.cohums.ohio-state.edu/deall/jin.3/c231/refs/p2w.htm

Pinyin to Wade-Giles conversion Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin

53. 1Up Info > Chinese And Taiwanese History, Biographies - Encyclopedia jên • Li Tzucheng • Liu chih-chi • Liu Hsiu Kuo-fan • Tso tsung-t'ang •tsu Hsi • Tuan Ch An-shih • Wang ching-wei • Wang ch'ung-hui • Wang http://www.1upinfo.com/encyclopedia/categories/chinhistbio.html

History People Places Wildlife, Animals, and Plants ... News Search 1Up Info ENCYCLOPEDIA Chinese And Taiwanese History, Biographies Articles An Lu-shan Chang Chih-tung Chang Tso-lin Chao K'uang-yin ... Zhu De Editor's Pick Cricket World Cup 2003 Atomic Bomb Colin Powell Cricket ... World War II Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. Home Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ©1Up Info

54. A Brief History Of Pi En kort beskrivning över vad man har pi till.Category World Svenska Matematik och naturvetenskap Matematik...... Ptolemeios fann värdet 377/120 (=3,1416) och kinesen tsu ch'ungchi förbättradedetta genom att visa att pi ligger mellan 3,1415926 och 3,1415927. http://abel.math.umu.se/~frankw/pihist_sw.html

A brief history of pi This text might be available in English soon Decimaler genom historien 1853 publicerade William Shanks sin beräkning av pi till 707 decimaler och det var ett rekord som stod sig ända tills datorerna gjorde sitt intåg på 1940-talet. 1945 visade det sig att Shanks hade gjort ett räknefel och att hans resultat "bara" var korrekt till 527 decimaler. De klarade inte av att tredela en given vinkel De klarade inte av att konstruera en kvadrat med samma area som en given cirkel Back to my homepage. Sep 6, 1999 Please e-mail any comments to: Frank.Wikstrom@math.umu.se

55. Www.jjj.de/hfloat/calc-pi2.txt My favourite rational approximation is 355/113 by tsu ch'ungchi has a nice patternof digits and is accurate to 6 decimal places (better than the 2 of 22/7 http://www.jjj.de/hfloat/calc-pi2.txt

As for calculating pi... My favourite rational approximation is 355/113 by Tsu Ch'ung-Chi has a nice pattern of digits and is accurate to 6 decimal places (better than the 2 of 22/7 and better than any other below 103993/33102). Others are >223/71 and

56. Pinyin To Wade-Giles Conversion k'ung nao nao ri jih tuan t'uan zhen chen chi ch'ih ne ne rong jung tui t'ui zhengcheng chong ch'ung gao kao kuo le le nü nü sen sen xia hsia zu tsu cui ts http://www.library.utoronto.ca/east/ptow.htm

Pinyin to Wade-Giles conversion A B C D ... ALL Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Return to Services

57. Encyclopedia Mythica: Conversion Chart Ch'en Cheng Ch'eng chi Ch'ih Chong ch'ung Chou Ch Hui Hun Hun Huo Huo, Pinyin WadeGilesJi chi Jia chia Zhuo Cho Zi Tzu Zong tsung Zou Tsou Zu tsu Zuan tsuan http://www.pantheon.org/miscellaneous/conversion_chart.html

home miscellaneous Conversion chart Main Search Feedback Submit article Areas Mythology Folklore Bestiary Heroes ... Featured items Information Information What's new? Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Pronunciations Links The names of deities and places in the Chinese mythology area are transcribed according to the pinyin system of romanization. This system was officially adopted by the People's Republic of China in 1979. The names according to the previously standard Wade-Giles system, which is still widely employed, are provided in each article. (Note: Syllables whose transliteration is same the same in pinyin and Wade-Giles are not included.) Pinyin Wade-Giles Ba Pa Bai Pai Ban Pan Bang Pang Bao Pao Bei Pei Ben Pen Beng Peng Bi Pi Bian Pien Biao Piao Bie Pieh Bin Pin Bing Ping Bo Po Bu Pu Pinyin Wade-Giles Ca Ts'a Cai Ts'ai Can Ts'an Cang Ts'ang Cao Ts'ao Ce Ts'e Cen Ts'en Ceng Ts'eng Cha Ch'a Chai Ch'ai Chan Ch'an Chang Ch'ang Chao Ch'ao Che Ch'e Chen Ch'en Cheng Ch'eng Chi Ch'ih Chong Ch'ung Chou Ch'ou Chu Ch'u Chuai Ch'uai Chuan Ch'uan Chuang Ch'uang Chui Ch'ui Chun Ch'un Chuo Ch'o Ci Tz'u Cong Ts'ung Cou Ts'ou Cu Ts'u Cuan Ts'uan Cui Ts'ui Cun Ts'un Cuo Ts'o Pinyin Wade-Giles Da Ta Dai Tai Dan Tan Dang Tang Dao Tao De Te Dei Tei Deng Teng Di Ti Dian Tien Diao Tiao Die Tieh Ding Ting Diu Tiu Dong Tung Dou Tou Du Tu Duan Tuan Dui Tui Dun Tun Duo To

58. Wade-Giles To Pinyin Conversion Chart ch'un, chun, jung, rong, nu, nu, ts'eng, ceng. ch'ung, chong, k'a, ka, nuan,nuan, ts'o, cuo. chi, ji, k'uei, kui, p'i, pi, tei, dei. chü, ju, kung, gong,pin, bin, tsu, zu. http://www.heroic-cinema.com/eric/WGPY.html

WG PY WG PY WG PY WG PY a a hsin xin men men suan suan ai ai hsing xing meng meng sui sui an an hsiu xiu mi mi sun sun ang ang hsiung xiong miao miao sung song ao ao xu mieh mie szu/ssu si ch'a cha xuan mien mian t'a ta ch'ai chai xue min min t'ai tai ch'an chan xun ming ming t'an tan ch'ang chang hu hu miu miu t'ang tang ch'ao chao hua hua mo mo t'ao tao ch'e che huai huai mou mou t'e te ch'en chen huan huan mu mu t'eng teng ch'eng cheng huang huang na na t'i ti ch'i qi hui hui nai nai t'iao tiao ch'ia qia hun hun nan nan t'ieh tie ch'iang qiang hung hong nang nang t'ien tian ch'iao qiao huo huo nao nao t'ing ting ch'ieh qie i/yi yi ne ne t'o tuo ch'ien qian jan ran nei nei t'ou tou ch'ih chi jang rang nen nen t'u tu ch'in qin jao rao neng neng t'uan tuan ch'ing qing je re ni ni t'ui tui ch'iu qiu jen ren niang niang t'un tun ch'iung qiong jeng reng niao niao t'ung tong ch'o chuo jih ri nieh nie ts'a ca ch'ou chou jo ruo nien nian ts'ai cai ch'u chu jou rou nin nin ts'an can ch'uai chuai ju ru ning ning ts'ang cang ch'uan chuan juan ruan niu niu ts'ao cao ch'uang chuang jui rui no nuo ts'e ce ch'ui chui jun run nou nou ts'en cen ch'un chun jung rong nu nu ts'eng ceng ch'ung chong k'a ka nuan nuan ts'o cuo qu k'ai kai nung nong ts'ou cou quan k'an kan ts'u cu que k'ang kang ts'uan cuan qun k'ao kao o o ts'ui cui cha zha k'e/k'o ke ou ou ts'un cun chai zhai k'en ken p'a pa ts'ung cong chan zhan k'eng keng p'ai pai tz'u ci chang zhang k'ou kou p'an pan ta da chao zhao k'u ku p'ang pang tai dai che zhe k'ua kua p'ao pao tan dan chei zhei k'uai kuai p'ei pei tang dang chen zhen k'uan kuan p'en pen tao dao cheng zheng k'uang kuang p'eng peng te de chi ji k'uei kui p'i pi tei dei chia jia k'un kun p'iao piao teng deng chiang jiang k'ung kong p'ieh pie ti di chiao jiao k'uo kuo p'ien pian tiao diao chieh jie ka ga p'in pin tieh die chien jian kai gai p'ing ping tien dian chih zhi kan gan p'o

59. Pinyin To Wade-Giles Conversion Chart hsia. chi, ch'ih, ju, chü, pian, p'ien, xian, hsien. chong, ch'ung,juan, chüan, piao, p'iao, xiang, hsiang. ge, ke/ko, mie, mieh, shuan,shuan, zu, tsu. gei, http://www.heroic-cinema.com/eric/PYWG.html

PY WG PY WG PY WG PY WG a a gu ku mou mou sung song ai ai gua kua mu mu sou sou an an guai kuai na na su su ang ang guan kuan nai nai suan suan ao ao guang kuang nan nan sui sui ba pa gui kuei nang nang sun sun bai pai gun kun nao nao so suo ban pan guo kuo ne ne ta t'a bang pang ha ha nei nei tai t'ai bao pao hai hai nen nen tan t'an bei pei han han neng neng tang t'ang ben pen hang hang ni ni tao t'ao beng peng hao hao nian nien te t'e bi pi he he/ho niang niang teng t'eng bian pien hei hei niao niao ti t'i biao piao hen hen nie nieh tian t'ien bie pieh heng heng nin nin tiao t'iao bin pin hong hung ning ning tie t'ieh bing ping hou hou niu niu ting t'ing bo po hu hu nong nung tong t'ung bu pu hua hua nou nou tou t'ou ca ts'a huai huai nu nu tu t'u cai ts'ai huan huan nuan nuan tuan t'uan can ts'an huang huang nuo no tui t'ui cang ts'ang hui hui tun t'un cao ts'ao hun hun tuo t'o ce ts'e huo huo o o wa wa cen ts'en ji chi ou ou wai wai ceng ts'eng jia chia pa p'a wan wan cha ch'a jian chien pai p'ai wang wang chai ch'ai jiang chiang pan p'an wei wei chan ch'an jiao chiao pang p'ang wen wen chang ch'ang jie chieh pao p'ao weng weng chao ch'ao jin chin pei p'ei wo wo che ch'e jing ching pen p'en wu wu chen ch'en jiong chiung peng p'eng xi hsi cheng ch'eng jiu chiu pi p'i xia hsia chi ch'ih ju pian p'ien xian hsien chong ch'ung juan piao p'iao xiang hsiang chou ch'ou jue pie p'ieh xiao hsiao chu ch'u jun pin p'in xie hsieh chuai ch'uai ka k'a ping p'ing xin hsin chuan ch'uan kai k'ai po p'o xing hsing chuang ch'uang kan k'an pou p'ou xiong hsiung chui ch'ui kang k'ang pu p'u xiu hsiu chun ch'un kao k'ao qi ch'i xu chuo ch'o ke k'e/k'o qia ch'ia xuan ci tz'u ken k'en qian ch'ien xue cong ts'ung keng k'eng qiang ch'iang xun cou ts'ou kong k'ung qiao ch'iao ya ya cu ts'u kou k'ou qie ch'ieh yan yen cuan ts'uan ku k'u qin ch'in yang yang cui ts'ui kua k'ua qing ch'ing yao yao cun ts'un kuai k'uai

60. China 386394; ch'ung ..394-395; Hsiu tsu-Lieh 318-323;Shao Tao-chi ..323-325; http://web.raex.com/~obsidian/china.html

C hina Zhongguo, the Middle Kingdom, is one of the oldest civilizations on earth. Cotemporaneous in its roots with Egypt, Sumeria, and the Indus River culture, China has been the central fixture that all Far-Eastern peoples have had to measure themselves by. Today, the Chinese bid fair to have a significant influence on all the world. CHINA Here is an overall survey of the Imperial succession, during times of substantial or complete unity. HSIA Yu............................................fl. 2100-2055 Ch'i..........................................fl. 2055-2016 Ta K'ang......................................fl. 2016-1986 Chung K'ang...................................fl. 1986-1977 Hsiang........................................fl. 1977-1970 > Shao K'ang Chu...............................................17 years Feng..............................................26 years Huang Hsieh...................................more than 21 years Pu Chiang.........................................69 years Chiung............................................21 years Chin..............................................20 years

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