21. John Burnet: Early Greek Philosophy -- Pythagoras Of Samos Section dedicated to the Pythagorean tradition.Category Society Philosophy Philosophers Pythagoras of Samos...... He may have stumbled on the fact that the square root of two is a surd, but weknow that it was left for Plato's friends, theodorus of cyrene and Theaetetus http://plato.evansville.edu/public/burnet/ch2a.htm

Introduction The Life of Plato The Crito The Phaedo ... Credits and E XPLORING P LATO'S D IALOGUES A Virtual Learning Environment on the World-Wide Web Early Greek Philosophy Pythagoras of Samos John Burnet Character of the Tradition Life of Pythagoras The Order Downfall of the Order ... The Heavenly Bodies 37. Character of the Tradition It is not easy to give any account of Pythagoras that can claim to be regarded as historical. The earliest reference to him, indeed, is practically a contemporary one. Some verses are quoted from Xenophanes , in which we are told that Pythagoras once heard a dog howling and appealed to its master not to beat it, as he recognized the voice of a departed friend. From this we know that he taught the doctrine of transmigration. Heraclitus , in the next generation, speaks of his having carried scientific investigation ( ) further than any one, though he made use of it for purposes of imposture. Later, though still within the century, Herodotus speaks of him as "not the weakest scientific man ( ) among the Hellenes," and he says he had been told by the Greeks of the

22. 500-1000 429. Plague at Athens. 425. Hippias of Elis (trisection of angles withquadratrix); theodorus of cyrene (irrational numbers); Socrates. - 410. http://euphrates.wpunj.edu/courses/math21180/chrono05.htm

500-0 BC Home Up Before 3000 BC 3000-2000 BC ... 1000-500 BC [ 500-0 BC ] Possible date of the Sulvasutras (religious writings showing acquaintance with Pythagorean numbers and with geometric constructions); appearance of Chinese rod numerals Battle of Thermopylae. Beginning of Age of Pericles Parmenides (sphericity of the earth). Zeno paradoxes of motion Hippocrates of Chios (reduction of the duplication problem, Tunes, arrangement of the propositions of geometry in a scientific fashion); Anaxagoras (geometry). Antiphon (method of exhaustion). Plague at Athens Hippias of Elis trisection of angles with quadratrix); Theodorus of Cyrene (irrational numbers); Socrates Democritus (atomistic theory). Athens finally defeated by Sparta. Archytas (leader of Pythagorean school at Tarentum, applications of mathematics to mechanics). Death of Socrates Plato (mathematics in the training of the mind, Plato's Academy Theaetetus (incommensurables, regular solids).

23. Encyclopædia Britannica Theaetetus was a disciple of Socrates and studied with theodorus of cyrene. Hetaught at some time in Heraclea (located in presentday southern Italy). http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=73825

24. Henry Mendell Articles on theodorus of cyrene and Theaetetus of Athens, Aristarchus of Samos , Nicomachus of Gerasa in The Encyclopedia of Classical Philosophy (ed. D http://www.ceu.hu/sun/sun 2003 modmod/CV/henry_mendell_2003.htm

Central European University A Program for University Teachers, Researchers and Professionals in the Social Sciences and Humanities Summer University you are visitor no. Henry Mendell Philosophy Department, California State University, Los Angeles5151 State U. Dr. Education 1977-85: Stanford University (Ph.D. Jan., 1986) 1972-74: St. John's College, Cambridge, England (B.A. 1974, M.A. 1980in Philosophy) 1968-72: Cornell University (A.B. 1971 in Classics (Magna cum laude) and Philosophy) Dissertation Topic: Aristotle and the Mathematicians: Some Cross-Currents in the Fourth Century Principal Thesis Adviser: Julius Moravcsik AOS: Ancient Philosophy, Early Greek Mathematics and Astronomy AOC: Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics Publications Book with Pat Suppesand Julius Moravcsik (eds.). Ancient and Medieval Traditions in the Exact Sciences: Essays in Memory of Wilbur Knorr. Stanford: CSLI (distr. University of Chicago Press), 2001. Articles "The Trouble withEudoxus". In Pat Suppes, Julius Moravcsik, and Henry Mendell (eds.), Ancient and Medieval Traditions in the Exact Sciences: Essays in Memory of Wilbur Knorr (Stanford: CSLI (distr. University of Chicago Press), 2001), 59-138 "Making Sense of Aristotelian Demonstration". Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 16 (1998), 160-225.

25. Mf274: Thomas Gray: Philosopher Cat / Philip J. Davis of mathematics with his research. The central mathematical puzzle is what a medievalmanuscript says about the problem of theodorus of cyrene and the square http://math.cofc.edu/faculty/kasman/MATHFICT/mf274.html

a list compiled by Alex Kasman Title: Thomas Gray: Philosopher Cat Author: Philip J. Davis Year: 1988 Contributed by Jameela Lares, University of Southern Mississippi: As the jacket blurb explains, the book is "a philosophical fireside tale wrapped lightly around a mathematical problem, revealing scholarly life and attitudes at a well-known English college. It spins the clever tale of Thomas Gray, the (curiously named) female cat who douns herself (still more curiously) at Cambridge University helping a historian of mathematics with his research." The central mathematical puzzle is what a medieval manuscript says about the problem of Theodorus of Cyrene and the square root of seventeen. The book is an engaging read, one I highly recommend for its literary merits. I cannot speak to its mathematical accuracy, but the author lists what look like respectable sources in his Acknowledgements. I had to get my own copy of this book, even though it was out of print. Link: Learn more about this work HERE.

26. Index Of Ancient Greek Mathematicians And Astronomers theodorus of cyrene (4th century BC). . Pythagorean. Plato's teacherin mathematics. Shows that the square roots of 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 http://www.ics.forth.gr/~vsiris/ancient_greeks/classical_period.html

Classical period (5th - 4th century B.C.) Within this period Athens flourishes under Pericles, the Parthenon is built on the Acropolis, the tragedies of Sophocles, Aeschylus and Euripides are created, the phisolophical schools of Socrates and Plato (known as Academy) are established, and the Lyceum of Athens is founded by Aristotle. In science, the importance of the experimental method is accepted. Philosophers-Scientists Socrates (Athens, 470-399 B.C.). Died from poison after the state found him guilty for corrupting the youth. Theodorus of Cyrene (4th century B.C.). . Pythagorean. Plato's teacher in mathematics. Shows that the square roots of 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, and 17 are irrational. Archytas of Tarentum (420-350 B.C.). Greek mathematician, astronomer and engineer. Last of the Pythagorians. Plato and Eudoxus was his pupils. Built a series of toys, among them a mechanical pigeon propelled by a steam jet. Developed the theory for the pulley. Plato (Athens, 430-350 B.C.) . Greek philosopher. He was the founder of the Academy (named from the hero Academos owner of the grove where the Academy was built). Believed that mathematics played an important role in education. Disregarded practicality, a belief he passed to his students such as Eucledes. He started a three part trilogy :

27. Index Of Ancient Greek Scientists theodorus of cyrene. . Pythagorean. Plato's teacher in mathematics. Shows that thesquare roots of 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, and 17 are irrational. http://www.ics.forth.gr/~vsiris/ancient_greeks/whole_list.html

not complete Agatharchos. Greek mathematician. Discovered the laws of perspectives. Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (480-430 B.C.). Greek philosopher. Believed that a large number of seeds make up the properties of materials, that heavenly bodies are made up of the same materials as Earth and that the sun is a large, hot, glowing rock. Discovered that the moon reflected light and formulated the correct theory for the eclipses. Erroneously believed that the Earth was flat. Links: Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, MIT Anaximander (610-545 B.C.). Greek astronomer and philosopher, pupil of Thales. Introduced the apeiron (infinity). Formulated a theory of origin and evolution of life, according to which life originated in the sea from the moist element which evaporated from the sun ( On Nature ). Was the first to model the Earth according to scientific principles. According to him, the Earth was a cylinder with a north-south curvature, suspended freely in space, and the stars where attached to a sphere that rotated around Earth. Links: Anaximander, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

28. The History Of Freethought And Atheism Finally we can say with confidence that theodorus of cyrene was an atheistfrom the contents of his work On the Gods. Roman Skeptics. http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990c25.htm

Atheist Centre 50+ Golden Jubilee (1940-1990) International Conference on "Future of Atheism Humanism" Vijayawada, December 29-31, 1990 [OCR, HTML, editing, Cliff Walker] The History of Freethought and Atheism Dr. Gordon Stein Ph.D. from "An Anthology of Atheism and Rationalism" Index: International Conference Souvenir Index: Atheism in India Home to Positive Atheism The idea that atheism has a long and colorful history may strike some people as unlikely. It is true, however, and those few people who have made an effort to study that history have found enough there to fill several thick volumes (and most of them barely scratched the surface). There have undoubtedly always been unbelievers in the current religious belief of an area or a people. Before the invention of writing, however, we know of no specific unbelievers who left any record of their unbelief. In ancient India, there was a group of freethinkers known as the Lokayatas (before 600 B.C., although remnants of this group are found in India as late as the 14th century.) In China, both Confucius and Lao Tsze can be viewed as freethinkers in relation to the religion(s) prevalent in China at the time. Early Greek Freethinkers The first real freethinkers or atheists who seem to have produced work specifically dealing with religion in a negative way were found in ancient Greece. Although most of these works have not survived to the present day (and charges of atheism were often politically motivated and really not based upon fact), we know that Anaxagoras was accused of impiety and forced to leave Greece. He supposedly held that the sun was a red-hot body and that the moon was a physical object which was larger than Greece. He did not, however, apparently make an attack on the popular religious beliefs.

29. Ce-Cl: Positive Atheism's Big List Of Quotations Protagoras doubted whether there were any. Diagoras the Melian andtheodorus of cyrene entirely believed there were no such beings. http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/quotes/quote-c1.htm

Positive Atheism's Big List of Quotations Ce-Cl No-Frames Quotes Index Load This File With Frames Index Home to Positive Atheism French author With two thousand years of Christianity behind him ... a man can't see a regiment of soldiers march past without going off the deep end. It starts off far too many ideas in his head. : Ferdinand Bardamu, in Journey to the End of the Night (1932; 1934; 1966, p. 123) Aulus Cornelius Celsus (C.E. 1st Century) Roman writer who wrote an encyclopedia on the subjects of medicine, rhetoric, history, philosophy, warfare, and agriculture Before accepting any belief one ought to follow reason as a guide, for credulity without enquiry is a sure way to deceive oneself. Celsus (ca. C.E. 170), quoted from Antony Flew, Atheistic Humanism, p. 17 This is one of their [the Christians'] rules. Let no man that is learned, wise, or prudent come among us: but if they be unlearned, or a child, or an idiot, let him freely come. So they openly declare that none but the ignorant, and those devoid of understanding, slaves, women, and children, are fit disciples for the God they worship. Celsus , quoted from John E. Remsberg

30. Chapter 16: Archimedes were Archytas of Tarentum, Plato's geometry teacher, Hippocrates of Chios, whotried to fit together all the rules, and theodorus of cyrene, who discovered http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/dbanach/arch.htm

Selections from Julia E. Diggins, String, Straightedge, and Shadow Viking Press, New York , 1965. (Illustrations by Corydon Bell) 16. A ROYAL ROAD, AFTER ALL During the 4th century B.C., Greek geometry burst its bonds and went on to the tremendous discoveries of the "age of giants." And Greek culture, too, burst from the mainland of Hellas and spread to most of the eastern Mediterranean. Both developments were connected with the romantic figure of Alexander the Great. After Plato's time, teachers and alumni from the Academy had gone on to found schools of their own. In particular, Plato's most famous associate, the great philosopher Aristotle, had set up the Lyceum in Athens, and started the systematic classification of human knowledge. And Aristotle's most renowned pupil was the warrior king Alexander of Macedon, who tried to conquer the world. In thirteen years, Alexander extended his rule over Greece proper, and Ionia, Phoenicia, Egypt, and the vast Persian domains as far as India. Then he died, and his empire broke up. But throughout those far-flung lands, he had founded Greek cities and planted the seeds of Greek civilization-the Greek language, Greek art, and, of course, Greek mathematics. Mathematicians traveled with his armies. And there is even a

31. Footnotes 56 Diagoras of Melos and theodorus of cyrene, called the Atheists. The formerflourished about BC 430, the latter about BC 310. See Cic., Nat. http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-06/footnote/fn65.htm

The Peripatetics called God the locus rerum to/poj pa/ntwn , the "locality and the area of all things;" that is, the being in whom all else was contained. [This prayer of Arnobius is surely worthy of admiration.] Diagoras of Melos and Theodorus of Cyrene, called the Atheists. The former flourished about B.C. 430, the latter about B.C. 310. See Cic., Nat. Deor. , i. 2. [Note the universal faith, cap. 34, infra Protagoras of Abdera, b. B.C. 480, d. 411. Democritus of Abdera, b. B.C. 460, and Epicurus, b. B.C. 342, d. 270. Obstinatione , literally "stubbornness;" Walker conjectures opinatione , "imaginings," which Orelli approves. So the ms.; for which Meursius would read, nobis vobisque, communis esset (for cessat )- "is to us and to you, the anger of the gods would be shared in common." So Ursinus, followed by most edd., for the reading of the ms. Fenta Fatua , cf. v. 18. A later writer has corrected the ms. Fanda , which, Rigaltius says, an old gloss renders "mother." So restored by Salmasius for Dioscuri , and understood by him as meaning Dea Syria, i.e. Venus, because it is said that a large egg having been found by the fish in the Euphrates, was pushed up by them to the dry land, when a dove came down, and sat upon it until the goddess came forth. Such was the form of the legend according to Nigidius; but Eratosthenes spoke of both Venus and Cupid as being produced in this manner. The Syrian deities were therefore Venus, Cupid, and perhaps Adonis. It should be remembered, however, that the Syrians paid reverence to pigeons and fish as gods. (Xen.

32. PHILTAR - Compendium Of Philosophers/T of Chartres Thierry of Chartres (d c1150) A brief introductionto his life and work from TCE. theodorus of cyrene (465398 BC) http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/compendium_of_philosophers/t/

Compendium of Philosophers T Links to materials by and/or about over a thousand philosophers from thousands of years from all over the world from A to Z This compendium contains entries large and small, single or multiple, on hundreds of philosophers. Links vary in size from a few lines of biography to the whole of the Summa Theologica. Sometimes you are directed to a site which has further links. In that case there is no guarantee that all the further links will work, but enough work to make a visit worthwhile. This compendium does not provide links to philosophers’ own home pages. A list of them can be found here A B C ... Z Tagore, Rabindranath (1861-1941) A brief introduction to his life Paramahansa Yogananda’s memories of meeting with Tagore This site contains information about his work, with links to many primary and some secondary materials Taparelli, Aloysius (1793-1862) A brief introduction from TCE Tarski, Alfred (1902-1983) A very brief introduction to his life and work The Semantic Conception of Truth and the Foundations of Semantics The on-line text Tatarkiewicz, Wladislaw (1886-1980)

33. CHRONOLOGY Dialogue by that name), teaches about incommensurability . Also taughtby theodorus of cyrene. Circa 365 BC, Eudoxus (c. 408355 http://members.fortunecity.com/jonhays/chronology.htm

web hosting domain names email addresses related sites CHRONOLOGY OF THE SQUAREGATE (MATHEMATICS BEHIND "CANDY MISER'S PUZZLE") Mathematicians and students today extensively apply the right triangle in geometry and trigonometry using the "Pythagorean Formula" to relate lengths of the triangle's SIDES ( a, b ) and DIAGONAL ( c ): a + b = c . However, Pythagoras did not discover this formula, but apparently learned it in his travels through Egypt and Mesopotamia. Nevertheless, Knowledge of Egyptian mathematics derives from two artifacts, The Rhynd Papyrus (named for its donor to The British Museum) and The Moscow Papyrus (now in Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow, Russia). Both apparently derive from a period between 2000 B.C. and 1580 B.C. They describe ability to solve linear (first degree) equations in one unknown , but no evidence of solving second degree equations or formulas such as "The Pythagorean". The Egyptians deal with fractions by adding unit fractions , such as 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, etc. (You use "Egyptian fractions" nearly every day in "making change in commercial transactions". Thus, a penny = $1/100; a nickel = $1/20; a dime = $1/10; a quarter = $1/4; a fifty-cent piece = $1/2.) Later we'll see how the "Egyptian fraction" format extends to the best test of irrationality of numberness The "Pythagorean" formula was discovered circa 2000 B.C. in Babylonia or Egypt or both. We know about its Babylonian origin from approximately half of a million clay Babylonian tablets engraved in their written

34. Greek Mathematics theodorus of cyrene (465398 BC) was the tutor of Plato and Theaetetus.He is remembered for his contribution to Irrational Numbers. http://members.fortunecity.com/kokhuitan/greek.html

Era of Greek Mathematics The Greeks are responsible for initial explosion of Mathematical ideas. For several centuries, Greek mathematics reign the mathematical world, with great advances in Number Theory, the Theory of Equation, and in particular Geometry. The first great Greek mathematician is Thales of Miletus (624-547 BC). He brought the knowledge of Egyptian Geometry to the Greeks and discovered several theorems in elementary Geometry. He predicted a Solar Eclipse in 585 BC and could calculate the height of a pyramid, as well as how far a ship is from land. One of his pupils, the Greek philosopher, Anaximander of Miletus (610-546 BC), is considered the founder of Astronomy. Perhaps the most prominent Greek mathematicians is Pythagoras of Samos (569-475 BC). His ideas were greatly influenced by Thales and Anaximander. His school of thought practiced great secrecy and he (and his followers, called Pythagoreans) believe everything in the world can be reduced to numbers. This idea stemmed from Pythagoras' observations in Music, Mathematics and Astronomy. E.g. Pythagoras noticed that vibrating strings produce harmonics in which the lengths of the strings are in ratios of whole numbers. In fact, he contributed greatly to the mathematical theory of music. He had the notion of Odd and Even Numbers, Triangular Numbers, Perfect Numbers, etc. In particular, he is well known today for his Pythagoras Theorem. Although this theorem is known to the Babylonians and Chinese long before Pythagoras, he seemed to be the first person to provide a proof of it.

35. The Secrets Of Pythagoras - Feb. 23, 2002 Its members included noted Pythagoreans such as the philosophermathematicians Hippocratesof Chios, theodorus of cyrene, Philolaus, Archytas of Tarentum and http://www.inq7.net/inf/2002/mar/02/inf_7-1.htm

Saturday Mar. 02, 2002, Philippines filgifts.com justfares.com INQ7 news on your PDA Home ... Sports EUREKA! The secrets of Pythagoras By Queena N. Lee-Chua Inquirer News Service Famous for the triangle theorem FAMOUS for the triangle theorem named in his honor, Pythagoras of Samos was born in the island of, where else, Samos in the Aegean Sea in the 6th century B.C. and died in the town of Crotona in southern Italy. When he was 18, he participated in the Olympic Games and won all the boxing tournaments. His great desire was traveling—to Ionia where he stayed with the mathematician Thales and his pupil Anaximander, to Syria where he studied with the Phoenician sages, to Mount Carmel in what today is Lebanon, to Egypt where he learned from the high priests for 20 years. When Persia invaded Egypt, Pythagoras was taken prisoner to Babylon. He spent 12 years there, where he again learned from the scribes and sages. He returned to Samos 40 years later but since the tyrant Polycrates rule his home, Pythagoras left once again. He went to Sybaris in southern Italy (famous for being a city of pleasure, hence the adjective "sybaritic"), and then to Crotona where he founded his "school"—the so-called Brotherhood, which lasted for 150 years. Its members included noted Pythagoreans such as the philosopher-mathematicians Hippocrates of Chios, Theodorus of Cyrene, Philolaus, Archytas of Tarentum and the unfortunate Hippasus.

36. Lunes.html By some at the time, it was considered a foundational crisis when theodorus of cyreneand his pupil Taetetus discovered that most of the square roots from the http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.F99/Williford/Lunes/lunes.html

Lunes, Lunes and More Lunes by Dixie Williford Journey Through Genius, pg. 12). In Hippocrates' day (460-380 B.C.), the quadrature of irregular polygons had been accomplished. Though this was respected, it was overshadowed by the fact that these were rectilinear objects. The more challenging issue was whether or not curvilinear figures were able to be squared ( Journey Through Genius, pg. 17). Through Hippocrates did not square the circle, he did successfully square the lunule, from which he falsely believed the quadrature of the circle could be derived. Hippocrates methods for squaring the lunulea plane figure bounded by two circular arcs (a crescent)is on what I will focus. His argument relied on three preliminary results: (1) The Pythagorean theorem (2) an angle inscribed in a semicircle is right (3) the areas of two circles or semicircles are to each other as the squares of their diameters. Though Pythagorus was able to state his famous theorem relating the hypotenuse and legs of right triangles, he was probably not able to prove it. Euclid, however, records the theorem's proof in Book VII of his Elements.

37. Human Indexes Of My Books On Mathematics; Te(de) To(do) In Japanese ? ?(theodorus of cyrene=Theodorosof Kyrene, ?470(465)390(398)). ( http://www.com.mie-u.ac.jp/~kanie/tosm/humanind/jinmeit4.htm

TOSMŽOd‚̃z[ƒ€ w‰ðÍ‹³’öx w”—‰ðÍ‚̃pƒCƒIƒjƒA‚½‚¿x w”Šw–¼ŠˆÄ“àx ... w“V‘‚̏ؖ¾x @l–¼õˆø@‚Ä‚Æ l–¼õˆø‘–ÚŽŸ ƒeƒAƒCƒeƒgƒX ƒfƒBƒIƒNƒŒƒX ƒfƒBƒIƒtƒ@ƒ“ƒgƒX ... ƒeƒCƒ‰[ H.ƒeƒCƒ‰[ ƒfƒBƒ‰ƒbƒN ƒfƒBƒŠƒNƒŒ ƒeƒIƒhƒƒX ƒfƒJƒ‹ƒg ... ƒgƒbƒv ƒeƒAƒCƒeƒgƒX AƒAƒeƒl‚Ì(Theaetetus of Athens, ‹IŒ³‘O415”N -369”N )D @ƒMƒŠƒVƒƒ‚̃Aƒeƒl‚ɐ¶‚Ü‚êAƒAƒeƒl‚ÉŽ€‚·B @ƒLƒ ƒŒƒl‚Ì ƒeƒIƒhƒƒX ƒvƒ‰ƒgƒ“ ‚̃AƒJƒfƒ~ƒA‚ÅŒ¤‹†‚·‚éB ³8–ʑ̂Ɛ³20–Ê‘Ì‚ðÅ‰‚ÉŒ©•t‚¯‚½l‚ŁA ƒ†[ƒNƒŠƒbƒh wŒ´˜_x‚Ì 10Í(–³—”˜_)‚Æ13Í(³‘½–Ê‘Ì)‚͔ނ̋Ɛтðq‚ׂ½‚à‚Ì‚Æ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB ‚Ü‚½ ‚̏‘’†‚Ì”ä—á˜_‚à”ނ̋Ɛтƍl‚¦‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB ƒgƒbƒv ƒfƒBƒIƒNƒŒƒX (Diocles, ‹IŒ³‘O240-180). ƒAƒ‹ƒLƒƒfƒX ‚Ì–â‘è‚ð‰ð‚­B•ú•¨–Ê‚ªÅ“_‚ðŽ‚Â‚±‚Æ‚ðŽ¦‚µ‚½‚±‚Ƃ̓MƒŠƒVƒƒl‚©‚ç‚Í–Y‚ê‚ç‚ꂽ‚ªAƒAƒ‰ƒu‚̐”Šw‚É‚Í‹­‚¢‰e‹¿‚ð—^‚¦‚½B [‰ðII.1] ƒgƒbƒv ƒfƒBƒIƒtƒ@ƒ“ƒgƒX AƒAƒŒƒLƒTƒ“ƒhƒŠƒA‚Ì(Diophantos = Diopantus, 246?-330? (200?-284?). @ƒAƒŒƒLƒTƒ“ƒhƒŠƒA‚ɏZ‚ñ‚Å‚¢‚½‚±‚Æ‚ª‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚µ‚©•ª‚ç‚È‚¢B‘¼‚É‚Í33Ë‚ÅŒ‹¥‚µA‘§Žq‚ª42Ë‚ÅŽ€‚ñ‚¾Žž‚©‚ç4”NŒã84Ë‚ÅŽ€‚ñ‚¾‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ª‰ð“š‚Å‚ ‚éŽZp‚Ì–â‘肪Žc‚Á‚Ä‚¨‚è(5‚È‚¢‚µ6¢‹I‚́wŒ‘ãƒMƒŠƒVƒƒŽ‰ØWx)A¶–v”N‚»‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚Í‚Ü‚Á‚½‚­‚ ‚Ä‚É‚È‚ç‚È‚¢‚Ì‚¾‚ªA84”NŠÔ¶‚«‚Ä‚¢‚½‚¾‚낤‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚É‚Í‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éB ƒoƒVƒFEƒhEƒƒWƒŠƒAƒN –ó‚̃‰ƒeƒ“”Å–ó‚Ì—]”’‚É ‚ª‘‚«ž‚Ý‚ð‚·‚éB‚»‚Ì‘¼‘½Šp”‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚é’f•Ð‚ªŽc‘¶‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éD [‰ðI.1, •¶], [–¼3, •¶], [Žì2.1, à3.9, •¶]

38. ThinkQuest Library Of Entries c. 450); Hippocrates of Chios (c. 450); Meton (c. 430) *SB; Hippiasof Elis (c. 425); theodorus of cyrene (c. 425); Socrates (469399 http://library.thinkquest.org/C006364/ENGLISH/history/historygreece.htm

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39. Octavius wisdom, who would strive to undermine or weaken this religion, so ancient, so useful,so wholesome, even although he may he theodorus of cyrene, or one who is http://www.courses.rochester.edu/merideth/REL227/fronto.html

Minucius Felix Octavius CHAP. VI.ARGUMENT: THE OBJECT OF ALL NATIONS, AND ESPECIALLY OF THE ROMANS, IN WORSHIPPING THEIR DIVINITIES, HAS BEEN TO ATTAIN FOR THEIR WORSHIP THE SUPREME DOMINION OVER THE WHOLE EARTH. CHAP. VII.ARGUMENT: THAT THE ROMAN AUSPICES AND AUGURIES HAVE BEEN NEGLECTED WITH ILL CONSEQUENCES, BUT HAVE BEEN OBSERVED WITH GOOD FORTUNE. CHAP. VIII.ARGUMENT: THE IMPIOUS TEMERITY OF THEODORUS, DIAGORAS, AND PROTAGORAS IS NOT AT ALL TO BE ACQUIESCED IN, WHO WISHED EITHER ALTOGETHER TO GET RID OF THE RELIGION OF THE GODS, OR AT LEAST TO WEAKEN IT. BUT INFINITELY LESS TO BE ENDURED IS THAT SKULKING AND LIGHT-SHUNNING PEOPLE OF THE CHRISTIANS, WHO REJECT THE GODS, AND WHO, FEARING TO DIE AFTER DEATH, DO NOT IN THE MEANTIME FEAR TO DIE. CHAP. IX.ARGUMENT: THE RELIGION OF THE CHRISTIANS IS FOOLISH, INASMUCH AS THEY WORSHIP A CRUCIFIED MAN, AND EVEN THE INSTRUMENT ITSELF OF HIS PUNISHMENT. THEY ARE SAID TO WORSHIP THE HEAD OF AN ASS, AND EVEN THE NATURE OF THEIR FATHER. THEY ARE INITIATED BY THE SLAUGHTER AND THE BLOOD OF AN INFANT, AND IN SHAMELESS DARKNESS THEY ARE ALL MIXED UP IN AN UNCERTAIN MEDLEY. CHAP. X.ARGUMENT: WHATEVER THE CHRISTIANS WORSHIP, THEY STRIVE IN EVERY WAY TO CONCEAL: THEY HAVE NO ALTARS, NO TEMPLES, NO ACKNOWLEDGED IMAGES. THEIR GOD, LIKE THAT OF THE JEWS, IS SAID TO BE ONE, WHOM, ALTHOUGH THEY ARE NEITHER ABLE TO SEE NOR TO SHOW, THEY THINK NEVERTHELESS TO BE MISCHIEVOUS, RESTLESS, AND UNSEASONABLY INQUISITIVE.

40. Christianism - Addition 33 4; Clem. Alex., Protrept. ch. 2. See the documentary details in Meyer, iv,105. 173. '..Theodoros theodorus of cyrene, fl. late 5th cent. http://www.christianism.com/additions/33.html

ADDITION 33 Contents Prince of Forgers Selections from Bayle's Dictionary A History of Freethought A Short History of the Inquisition Inquisition: Torture and Intolerance The Un-Holy Inquisition Comparative Religion A Rationalist Encyclopaedia My Holy Satan Insurgent Mexico [(Doroteo Arango) General Francisco Pancho Villa The Manipulated Man NPR [National Public Radio] 1490-1492 The American Rationalist , The Alternative to Superstition and Nonsense PAGE 1449 from: Oak Knoll Press , Publishers of Fine Books About Books, Autumn, 1999. www.oakknollpress.com Books on Forgery Prince of Forgers Translated by Joseph Rosenblum On a cold, damp day in February 1870, the Correctional Tribunal of Paris sentenced Vrain-Denis Lucas [c. 1818 (page 59) - ?] to prison for forging and selling over 27,000 historical letters to many of France's leading collectors . The sensational trial exposed the most colossal literary fraud ever perpetrated. The trial revealed that for 19 years, Lucas created fake literary masterpieces, mostly letters to and from famous or historical figures, and became a very wealthy man because of it. At first, Lucas used quills, inks, papers, and styles of writing used by historical French authors

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