1. Schwarzschild A brief biography with reference to contemporary mathematicians and theories.Category Science Physics Relativity People......Karl Schwarzschild. General relativity. Honours awarded to Karl Schwarzschild (Clicka link below for the full list of mathematicians honoured in this way). http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Schwarzschild.html

Karl Schwarzschild Born: 9 Oct 1873 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany Died: 11 May 1916 in Potsdam, Germany Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Karl Schwarzschild published his first paper on the theory of orbits at the age of 16, then studied at Strasbourg, then at Munich where he obtained his doctorate with a dissertation on an application of 's theory of stable configurations of rotating bodies to tidal deformation of moons and to Laplace 's origin of the solar system At a meeting of the German Astronomical Society in Heidelberg in 1900 he discussed the possibility that space was non-Euclidean . In the same year he published a paper giving a lower limit for the radius of curvature of space as 2500 light years. Klein Hilbert and Minkowski While in Russia he wrote two papers on Einstein 's relativity theory and one on Planck 's quantum theory . The quantum theory paper explained that the Stark effect, namely the splitting of the spectral lines of hydrogen by an electric field (the amount being proportional to the field strength), could be proved from the postulates of quantum theory. This was proved independently by a P Epstein from Munich at almost the same time. Schwarzschild's relativity papers give the first exact solution of Einstein 's general gravitational equations, giving an understanding of the geometry of space near a point mass. He also made the first study of black holes showing that bodies of sufficiently large mass would have an escape velocity exceeding the speed of light and so could not be seen.

2. Famous People Translate this page Thomas Segre Emilio Shockley William Shull Glenwood Schrödinger Erwin SchawlowArthur Schrieffer John Schwartz Melvin schwarzschild karl Schwinger Julian http://www.aldebaran.cz/famous/list_pqrs.html

P Q, R S Pascal Blaise Paschen Louis Paul Wolfgang Pauli Wolfgang ... Odkazy

3. Schwarzschild Karl Schwarzschild (18731916). Painting by Soshichi Uchii. Lastmodified Feb. 28, 2003. Soshichi Uchii suchii@bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp. http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/phisci/Gallery/schwarzschild.html

Karl Schwarzschild Painting by Soshichi Uchii Last modified Feb. 28, 2003. Soshichi Uchii suchii@bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp

4. Kuffner Observatory - Karl Schwarzschild Karl Schwarzschild. In 1896, Karl Schwarzschild joined the Kuffnerobservatory as an assistant. Meanwhile, an astrograph, used to http://www.kuffner.ac.at/eng/history/schwarzschild.html

Karl Schwarzschild In 1896, Karl Schwarzschild joined the Kuffner observatory as an assistant. Meanwhile, an astrograph, used to photograph the sky, had been mounted at the great refractor. Schwarzschild began to concern himself with the blackening of the photographic sheet. After long exposure times he managed to refine the model of the photographic blackening process by introducing an exponent of exposure time. This empirical exponent is nowadays called the "Schwarzschildexponent" and is well-known in astrophotography.

5. Karl Schwarzschild - Wikipedia Karl Schwarzschild. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Karl Schwarzschild From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Karl Schwarzschild October 9 May 11 ) was a noted German physicist and astronomer He was born in Frankfurt am Main . Something of a child prodigy he had a paper on orbits published when he was only sixteen. He studied at Strasbourg and Munich , obtaining his doctorate in for a work on Jules Henri Poincaré 's theories. From until he was a professor at the prestigious institute at Göttingen , where he had the opportunity to work with some significant figures including David Hilbert and Hermann Minkowski . He moved to a post at the Astrophysical Observatory in Potsdam in . At the outbreak of war in he joined the German army serving on both the western and eastern fronts, rising to the rank of lieutenant in the artillery.

6. Editions Jacques Gabay - Karl SCHWARZSCHILD Translate this page Karl SCHWARZSCHILD. Karl SCHWARZSCHILD. 1873 - 1916. Au catalogue des EditionsJacques Gabay MOLK ENCYCLOPEDIE DES SCIENCES MATHEMATIQUES http://www.gabay.com/sources/Liste_Bio.asp?NP=SCHWARZSCHILD Karl

7. Karl Schwarzschild - Acapedia - Free Knowledge, For All Friends of Acapedia Karl Schwarzschild. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://acapedia.org/aca/Karl_Schwarzschild

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8. Índice Translate this page Modelos de Evolução Russel Henry Modelos de Evolução Salpeter Edwin CristalizaçãoSchenberg Mário Emissão de Neutrinos schwarzschild karl Condição de http://astro.if.ufrgs.br/evol/node58.htm

Volta: Interiores Estelares Anterior: Bibliografia Biermann Ludwig Transporte de Energia por Black Joseph Reserva de Energia de Erica Transporte de Energia por Bok Bart Bose Satyendra Temperatura Bose-Einstein Temperatura Temperatura BPM 37093 Breit-Wigner Burbidge Geoffrey Margaret Caughlan Georgeanne Cefeidas Clausius Rudolf Reserva de Energia de Compton Arthur Opacidades de Ledoux de Schwarzschild Coulomb Charles Cox Arthur Coeficiente Total de Ledoux de Schwarzschild Dahn Conard Debye Peter densidade de estados livres, g(p) Temperatura Temperatura Diaz Marcos Dirac Paul Temperatura Einstein constante gravitacional emissividade energia de Fermi Temperatura gravitacional Reserva de Energia de Reserva de Energia de entropia convectivo radiativo Temperatura Bose-Einstein Temperatura Fermi-Dirac Temperatura Maxwell-Boltzmann Temperatura Euler Leonhard fator de Gaunt Fermi Enrico Temperatura Fermi-Dirac Temperatura Temperatura Fontaine Gilles Fowler Ralph William Novas e Supernovas densidade de estados livres Temperatura Gamow George Temperatura Gaunt Giovannini Odilon Glendenning Norman Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff gradiente de temperatura Greenstein Jesse Massa de Chandrasekhar Hansen Carl Hawking Stephen Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff Hayashi Chushiro limite de Heisenberg Werner Temperatura Helmholtz Hermann Reserva de Energia de Hoyle Fred Novas e Supernovas Huggins William Novas e Supernovas Iben Icko Iglesias Carlos Coeficiente Total interiores estelares Interiores Estelares Jeans comprimento de onda James Kanaan Antonio Kawaler Steven Massa de Chandrasekhar Kelvin William Reserva de Energia de Kelvin-Helmholtz tempo Reserva de Energia de Kepler

9. Schwarzschild, Karl (1873-1916) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Bio The man who solved Einstein's equations and predicted the existence of black holes http://www.treasure-troves.com/bios/Schwarzschild.html

Branch of Science Astronomers Nationality German ... Physics Prize Schwarzschild, Karl (1873-1916) German astronomer and physicist who developed the use of photography for measuring variable stars. He also investigated the geometrical aberrations of optical systems using ray optics by introducing a perturbation equation which he called the Seidel eikonal Schwarzschild volunteered for military service and, while on the Russian front, completed the first two exact solutions of the Einstein field equations of general relativity one in static isotropic empty space surrounding a massive body (such as a black hole ), and one inside a spherically symmetric body of constant density. Shortly after this work, Schwarzschild died of a rare metabolic disorder. Author: Eric W. Weisstein

10. Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica. schwarzschild, karl. Encyclopædia Britannica Article http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=67981

11. Schwarzschild, Karl schwarzschild, karl. (18731916). http://www.aldebaran.cz/famous/people/Schwarzschild_Karl.html

Schwarzschild, Karl Nìmecký matematik a fyzik. Studoval v Mnichovì, kde se zabýval vznikem Sluneèní soustavy. Devìt let pùsobil v Göttingen, kde spolupracoval s Kleinem Hilbertem a Minkowskim . Hlavními tématy jeho prací byla elektrodynamika, optika a vyzaøování hvìzd. Za první svìtové války pùsobil v Rusku, zabýval se vznikající kvantovou teorií a obecnou relativitou. Nalezl øešení Einsteinových rovnic pro symetrický pøípad, které vedlo na objev èerných dìr. Toto øešení nese jeho jméno (Schwarzschildovo øešení, 1916), stejnì tak jako polomìr horizontu èerné díry (Schwarzschildùv polomìr). Po Schwarzschildovi je pojmenován kráter na Mìsíci. V Rusku tìžce onemocnìl a zemøel tìsnì po návratu do vlasti. Astrofyzika Galerie Sondy Úkazy ... Odkazy

12. Karl-Schwarzschild Observatory Located northeast of Jena, Germany, the observatory profiles its telescope, features its research topics and provides a locator map. Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg (TLS). karlschwarzschild-Observatorium. Address Thüringer Landessternwarte http://www.tls-tautenburg.de/

Karl-Schwarzschild-Observatorium Address: Sternwarte 5 D - 07778 Tautenburg Phone: +49-36427-863-0 FAX: +49-36427-863-29 Director: Prof. Dr. Artie P. Hatzes Institute Science Tours Picture Gallery ... Local users only Send comments on this document to Last update: Feb 27, 2003

13. Astronomische Gesellschaft Awards by the Astronomische Gesellschaft The Astronomische Gesellschaft awards the karl schwarzschild Medal to recognize outstanding scientific contributions. http://www.astro.uni-jena.de/Astron_Ges/ag9ausze.html

Awards by the Astronomische Gesellschaft deutsche Fassung or The Astronomische Gesellschaft awards the Karl Schwarzschild Medal to recognize outstanding scientific contributions. The awarding of the medal is accompanied by the Karl Schwarzschild lecture held at the scientific annual meeting and their publication by the AG ( Recipients of the Karl Schwarzschild Medal The Karl Schwarzschild awardee 2003 is Prof. Erika Boehm-Vitense. The Astronomische Gesellschaft awards honorary membership to persons to recognize individuals for their exceptional service to the Society ( Honorary members (listed according year of award)). The Ludwig Biermann Award was established in 1988 by the Astronomische Gesellschaft to be awarded in recognition of outstanding young astronomers. The award consists of financing a scientific stay at an institution of the recipient's choice ( Recipients of the Ludwig Biermann Award The society awards the for excellent popular representations of astronomical research results ( Recipients of the prize The Hans-Ludwig Neumann Prize was established in 1996 to recognize the advancement of astronomy at school ( Recipients of the prize Satzungen der Preise und Ehrungen (in deutscher Sprache) Reinhard E. Schielicke

14. Schwarzschild, Karl (1873-1916) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Bio schwarzschild, karl (18731916), German astronomer and physicist whodeveloped the use of photography for measuring variable stars. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Schwarzschild.html

Branch of Science Astronomers Nationality German ... Physics Prize Schwarzschild, Karl (1873-1916) German astronomer and physicist who developed the use of photography for measuring variable stars. He also investigated the geometrical aberrations of optical systems using ray optics by introducing a perturbation equation which he called the Seidel eikonal Schwarzschild volunteered for military service and, while on the Russian front, completed the first two exact solutions of the Einstein field equations of general relativity one in static isotropic empty space surrounding a massive body (such as a black hole ), and one inside a spherically symmetric body of constant density. Shortly after this work, Schwarzschild died of a rare metabolic disorder. Author: Eric W. Weisstein

15. Schwarzschild A brief biography with reference to contemporary mathematicians and theories. http://turnbull.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Schwarzschild.html

Karl Schwarzschild Born: 9 Oct 1873 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany Died: 11 May 1916 in Potsdam, Germany Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Karl Schwarzschild published his first paper on the theory of orbits at the age of 16, then studied at Strasbourg, then at Munich where he obtained his doctorate with a dissertation on an application of 's theory of stable configurations of rotating bodies to tidal deformation of moons and to Laplace 's origin of the solar system At a meeting of the German Astronomical Society in Heidelberg in 1900 he discussed the possibility that space was non-Euclidean . In the same year he published a paper giving a lower limit for the radius of curvature of space as 2500 light years. Klein Hilbert and Minkowski While in Russia he wrote two papers on Einstein 's relativity theory and one on Planck 's quantum theory . The quantum theory paper explained that the Stark effect, namely the splitting of the spectral lines of hydrogen by an electric field (the amount being proportional to the field strength), could be proved from the postulates of quantum theory. This was proved independently by a P Epstein from Munich at almost the same time. Schwarzschild's relativity papers give the first exact solution of Einstein 's general gravitational equations, giving an understanding of the geometry of space near a point mass. He also made the first study of black holes showing that bodies of sufficiently large mass would have an escape velocity exceeding the speed of light and so could not be seen.

16. Schwarzschild Biography of karl schwarzschild (18731916) karl schwarzschild. Born 9 Oct 1873 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Schwarzschild.html

Karl Schwarzschild Born: 9 Oct 1873 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany Died: 11 May 1916 in Potsdam, Germany Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Karl Schwarzschild published his first paper on the theory of orbits at the age of 16, then studied at Strasbourg, then at Munich where he obtained his doctorate with a dissertation on an application of 's theory of stable configurations of rotating bodies to tidal deformation of moons and to Laplace 's origin of the solar system At a meeting of the German Astronomical Society in Heidelberg in 1900 he discussed the possibility that space was non-Euclidean . In the same year he published a paper giving a lower limit for the radius of curvature of space as 2500 light years. Klein Hilbert and Minkowski While in Russia he wrote two papers on Einstein 's relativity theory and one on Planck 's quantum theory . The quantum theory paper explained that the Stark effect, namely the splitting of the spectral lines of hydrogen by an electric field (the amount being proportional to the field strength), could be proved from the postulates of quantum theory. This was proved independently by a P Epstein from Munich at almost the same time. Schwarzschild's relativity papers give the first exact solution of Einstein 's general gravitational equations, giving an understanding of the geometry of space near a point mass. He also made the first study of black holes showing that bodies of sufficiently large mass would have an escape velocity exceeding the speed of light and so could not be seen.

17. Schwarzschild Black Hole -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Physics He was therefore quite surprised when, only a year later, karl schwarzschild(1916) discovered one by making the assumption of spherical symmetry. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/SchwarzschildBlackHole.html

Astrophysics Black Holes Modern Physics Relativity Theory ... Field Equations Solutions Schwarzschild Black Hole A black hole with zero charge Q = and no angular momentum J = 0. The exterior solution for such a black hole is known as the Schwarzschild solution (or Schwarzschild metric), and is an exact unique solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity for the general static isotropic metric (i.e., the most general metric tensor that can represent a static isotropic gravitational field), In 1915, when Einstein first proposed them, the Einstein field equations appeared so complicated that he did not believe that a solution would ever be found. He was therefore quite surprised when, only a year later, Karl Schwarzschild (1916) discovered one by making the assumption of spherical symmetry. In empty space, the Einstein field equations become where is the Ricci tensor Reading off , and from the static isotropic metric (1) gives so if . Also so But as , the metric tenor approaches the Minkowski metric , so Plugging this into and gives So we only have to make , then and by (4)

18. References For Schwarzschild References for karl schwarzschild. Articles O Blumenthal, karl schwarzschild,Jahresberichte der Deutschen Mathematiker vereinigung 26 (1918), 5775. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Schwarzschild.html

References for Karl Schwarzschild Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Articles: O Blumenthal, Karl Schwarzschild, Jahresberichte der Deutschen Mathematiker vereinigung A S Eddington, Karl Schwarzschild, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society A Einstein, Karl Schwarzschild, Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin E Hertzsprung, Karl Schwarzschild, Astrophysical Journal Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR December 1996 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/Schwarzschild.html

19. The Light Cone: The Schwarzschild Black Hole Introducing the Black Hole Just months after Einstein published his work on his Theory of Gravitation, karl schwarzschild (1916) found one solution to Einstein's equations the curvature due to a massive nonrotating spherical object. http://suhep.phy.syr.edu/courses/modules/LIGHTCONE/schwarzschild.html

Home PREFACE PRIMEVAL SPECIAL ... Comments? Schwarzschild's Spacetime: Introducing the Black Hole K. Schwarzschild Just months after Einstein published his work on his Theory of Gravitation, Karl Schwarzschild (1916) found one solution to Einstein's equations: the curvature due to a massive nonrotating spherical object. That is, using Einstein's equation, Schwarzschild had determined how spacetime is curved due to the presence of a nonrotating spherical mass. In practical terms, the Schwarzschild spacetime describes the gravitational field of the Sun, or of the Earth. (The Sun and the Earth do rotate, but this rotation is negligible in these cases.) This spacetime was studied carefully, and it led to a few physical predictions. Firstly, it did as good a job as Newton's Theory of Gravity in explaining the motion of the planets around the sun. Second, it accounted for a tiny effect concerning the path of the planets ("The Anomalous Advance of the Perihelion") that Newton's Theory was unable to completely account for. The orbit of Mercury was studied, and the prediction was confirmed. Thirdly, it predicted a value for a tiny effect concerning the path of light-rays ("The Bending of Starlight") that Newton's Theory was unable to completely account for. Light from a star passing near the sun was studied. The Einstein Theory correctly predicted the amount of the deflection of starlight. (For practical purposes, one could only make the observation during a solar eclipse since sunlight was much brighter than the starlight to be studied.)

20. Encyclopædia Britannica being torn apart by tidal forces. schwarzschild, karl (1873–1916)German astronomer. trigonometric function In mathematics, one http://www.britannica.com/search?query=bohr radius&ct=gen1&fuzzy=N&show=10&start

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