41. TIMELINE 16th CENTURY Page Of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE a book on Cartography in 1524 1522 The first Arithmetic book published in England,by Cuthbert Turnstall 1525 Die Coss by christoff rudolff, one of the http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline16.html

TIMELINE 16th CENTURY Return to Timeline Table of Contents Return to Ultimate SF Table of Contents TIMELINE 16th CENTURY May be posted electronically provided that it is transmitted unaltered, in its entirety, and without charge. What were Ariosto and Cyrano doing on the Moon, and how did they get there? We examine both works of fiction and important contemporaneous works on non-fiction which set the context for early Science Fiction and Fantasy. There are hotlinks here to authors, magazines, films, or television items elsewhere in the Ultimate Science Fiction Web Guide or beyond. Most recently updated: 27 April 2000 16th Century Leonardo da Vinci designs the first helicopter; and Chinese philospher Wan Hu straps 47 rockets and some kites to a chair, climbs in, and is blown to bits the first potential astronaut martyred. 1501: Hieronymus Brunschwygk publishes "Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus" (a.k.a. "The Small Book") on how to build stills and furnaces, and all about distillation; he publishes "The Big Book" expanding on this in 1512. 1501: "Laus stultitiae", a.k.a. "Moriae encomium" [In Praise of Folly] by Desiderius Erasmus , ridicules human nature. Born in Holland, died in Switzerland (1466-12 July 1536), Erasmus brought humor and skepticism together in a way that influenced much fiction, such as that of Jonathan Swift. 1504: In a plot twist often quoted

42. The Birth Of Algebra for radix). Therefore he writes. In Germany, christoff rudolff (1499 1555) wrote a book in 1525 called simply Coss. The Italian http://cerebro.cs.xu.edu/math/math147/02f/algebra/algebra.html

The Birth of Algebra Introduction: Bridging a millenium In the year AD 312, on the eve of a battle against would-be rivals for the Roman Imperial throne, Constantine had a dream that instructed him to place the chi rho , the Christian symbol formed by superimposing the first two letters of the Greek name Christos , on the shields of his soldiers. When he won the battle and became Emperor, he issued an edict of tolerance for Christian believers. Later, on his deathbed, Constantine himself became a Christian, placing it in a position of prominence in the Empire from which it would influence the history of the Western world to this day. In 324, Constantine moved the seat of the Empire to the Greek town of Byzantium in the east of the empire, renaming it Constantinople after himself. His was one of the last strong governments of the Roman Empire. The tenuous union of the eastern and western halves of the empire during the fourth century continued to fray, so that by the year 400 it had split in two for good. The Goths entered Rome in 476 , bringing down the Western Empire. This marks the start of the Middle Ages, when Greek culture was effectively cut off from the West. Tribal governments held sway, giving way to feudal society and the slow development over centuries of what would eventually become the familiar nation-states of Europe.

43. Part II Outline and sixteenth centuries in Europe; examples of this development appear in Francein the work of Nicholas Chuquet, in Germany by christoff rudolff, and in http://cerebro.cs.xu.edu/math/math147/02f/part2/part2.html

MATH 147 Part II Outline Ptolemy Greek astronomers inherited much of their astronomy from the Babylonians. Beginning with Aristarchus (4th c.) and Eratosthenes (3rd c.), however, they looked at the cosmos as being described by geometric patterns (spherical motions) that could be recorded, measured, and predicted, rather than simply the will of the gods. Eudoxus (4th c.) developed a geocentric model that placed the earth at the fixed center of the universe. This homocentric version posited concentric spheres on which the seven planets (Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) traveled around the earth. Apollonius (3rd c.) refined this to an eccentric model which assumed that the planetary spheres did not share the same center. This accounted for variability in brightness of the planets. Hipparchus (2nd c.) prepared the first table of chords to assist with astronomical calculation. For this he is called "the father of trigonometry". The chord of an angle is related to the modern-day sine of the angle by crd a = 2 sin a Claudius Ptolemy (2nd c. AD) wrote the

44. 2 Algebraic Notation Adam Riese (14921559), which promoted Hindu-Arabic numerals and calculation bypen instead of counting with an Abacus, and in christoff rudolff's (1499-1545 http://www.hf.uio.no/filosofi/njpl/vol2no1/history/node2.html

Next: 3 Logic and Computation Up: A Brief History of Previous: 1 Introduction 2 Algebraic Notation Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (780?-847?), who worked at Baghdad's ``House of Wisdom'', is often credited with being the father of algebra. His book ``Al-jabr wa'l muqabalah'', which can be translated as ``restauration and reduction'', gives a straight-forward and elementary exposition of the solution of equations. A typical problem, taken from chapter V, is the division of ten into two parts in such a way that ``the sum of the products obtained by multiplying each part by itself is equal to fifty eight''. The solution, three and seven, is constructed geometrically in quite an elegant fashion. Besides his own methods, al-Khwarizmi uses procedures of Greek origin such as proposition 4 of book II in Euclid's Elements: If a straight line is cut at random, the square on the whole is equal to the squares on the segments and twice the rectangles contained by the segments. Figure 1: Geometric solution of equations. Take a look at Figure . Euclid's theorem states that the sum of the shaded squares and the two remaining rectangles is equal to the whole square. In the case of al-Khwarizmi's problem, the whole square has 100 units since the straight line has ten units. The two shaded squares on the segments have fifty-eight units and so al-Khwarizmi concludes that each rectangle amounts to twenty-one units. To complete the solution of the problem, we quote from Rosen's translation of al-Khwarizmi's Algebra:

45. Giovanna Binomis Vermaechtnis Translate this page Wir bevorzugen es wie Michael Stifel, 1544, christoff rudolff, 1544, Blaise Pascal,1665, oder Jakob Bernoulli, 1713, das Pascalsche Dreieck als Dreiecksmatrix http://laputa.de/akademie/vw17.html

Giovanna = window.open('binomi.html','binomi','left=40,top=50,width=264,height=197'); Das offizielle Verlautbarungsorgan der von der Analysis 1 im Wintersemester 2001 / 02 gewidmet. das laputische Website umgehend zu verlassen. Vorrede Definitionen Ein BW ist eine als x x . . . x n geschriebene Abbildung j Ein w n mit genau k Einsen (n,k)-BW Binomialkoeffizient wird als die Anzahl der (n,k)-BWs definiert. Beispiele. Eine Liste aller C(5,2) = 10 (5,2)-BWs: Beobachtungen am Pascalschen Dreieck Zeilensymmetrie: Satz 1. Beweis. Das Vertauschen der Nullen und Einsen in jedem (n,k)-BW liefert eine Bijektion von der Menge der C(n,k) (n,k)-BWs auf die Menge der C(n,n - k) (n,n-k)-BWs. Zeilennachbarn: Satz 2. (k +1) C(n,k+1) = (n-k) C(n,k) . Korollar. Spaltennachbarn: Satz 3. (n - k +1) C(n +1,k) = (n +1) C(n,k) Satz 4. (n - k +1) (n - k) C(n +1,k) = (n +1) (k +1) C(n,k +1) Satz 5. (k +1) C(n +1,k +1) = (n +1) C(n,k) . Standardrekursion: Satz 6. C(n,k) + C(n,k+1) = C(n+1,k+1) . Beweis. Wir streichen aus jedem (n+1,k+1)-BW die letzte Komponente. Chu Shih-chieh , 1303, oder Peter Apian Michael Stifel Christoff Rudolff Blaise Pascal , 1665, oder Jakob Bernoulli Spaltensummen: Satz 7.

46. Band 14 Verfasser Und Herausgeber Mathematischer Texte Der Frühen Neuzeit Translate this page Über die Handschrift CGM 740 der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München München1970, 20 S. Über christoff rudolff und seine Coss München 1970, 14 S. http://www.adam-ries-bund.de/publikationen/kaunzner.htm

Wolfgang Kaunzner: Ausgabe des Adam-Ries-Bundes e.V. anlässlich des Kolloquiums "Verfasser und Herausgeber mathematischer Texte der frühen Neuzeit" vom 19.-21.4.2002 in der Berg- und Adam-Ries-Stadt Annaberg-Buchholz Über Johannes Widmann von Eger München 1968, 169 S. Über eine arithmetische Abhandlung aus dem Prager Kodex XI. C. 5 München 1968, 15 S. Über die Handschrift CGM 740 der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München München 1970, 20 S. Über Christoff Rudolff und seine Coss München 1970, 14 S. 14 Euro Neubindung der Originalvorlagen Publikationen des Adam-Ries-Bundes.

47. Donna Speer Ristenbatt Genealogy/Alexander And Anne X) Christman Meichel Ackermann Adam (O) Hilpott rudolff Messerschmidt Hantz Heinrich(HK) Clemer Johannes Andres Klemmer christoff Steinlein ? Mattheus http://www.ristenbatt.com/genealogy/shiplst8.htm

URL: http://www.ristenbatt.com/genealogy German Pioneers to Pennsylvania Passenger Ships' Lists Includes People from the Palatine THE ALEXANDER AND ANNE [List 12 A] Ship Alexander and Anne , William Clymer, Master. September 5, 1730 [List 12 C] We do swear or solemnly declare, that we deny all obedience to the Pope of Rome; and further swear or solemnly declare that no Prince or Person whatsoever hath any Right or Title to the Crown of Great Britain but his Majesty George the Second and his lawful Issue. (List A): The Captain's List (List B): The signers of the Oath of Allegiance to England (List C): The signers of the Oath of Abjuration Web site provided courtesy of Ristenbatt Vacuum Cleaner Service, Inc. The bevelled buttons at the bottom of this page were designed This site may be freely linked to but not duplicated in any fashion without my written consent.

48. Historia Translate this page cúbico dado. 1525, El matemático alemán christoff rudolff empleael símbolo actual de la raíz cuadrada. 1545, Gerolamo Cardano http://www.sectormatematica.cl/historia.htm

H I S T O R I A D E L A M A T E M Á T I C A El Concepto de Base Sistemas de Numeracion Aditivos Sistema de numeración egipcio Sistema de numeración griego ... Sistema de numeración maya 3000 A.C.- 2500 A.C. Los textos de matemática más antiguos que se poseen proceden de Mesopotamia, algunos textos cuneiformes tienen más de 5000 años de edad. Se inventa en China el ábaco, primer instrumento mecánico para calcular. Se inventan las tablas de multiplicar y se desarrolla el cálculo de áreas. 1600 A.C aprox. El Papiro de Rhind , es el principal texto matemático egipcio, fué escrito por un escriba bajo el reinado del rey hicso Ekenenre Apopi y contiene lo esencial del saber matemático de los egipcios. Entre estos, proporciona unas reglas para cálculos de adiciones y sustracciones de fracciones, ecuaciones simples de primer grado, diversos problemas de aritmética, mediciones de superficies y volumenes. entre 600 y 300 A.C.

49. Por Alberto Rojas Realizado El Dia Martes 25 De Febrero A Las 20 Translate this page El símbolo de raíz se empezó a usar en 1525 y apareció por primera vez en unlibro escrito por el matemático alemán christoff rudolff quien emplea el http://www.sectormatematica.cl/librovisitas/libro1.htm

LIBRO DE VISITAS 1 12 JUNIO 2001 - 25 FEBRERO 2002 Por: Alberto Rojas Realizado el dia Martes 25 de Febrero a las 20:34:13 Muy bien, sigan adelante con este tipo de esfuerzos que ayudan a más personas de lo que se imaginan. ¡ Saludos desde México ! Por: Alejandro Mallea Realizado el dia Lunes 24 de Febrero a las 14:17:38 LA MEJOR PÁGINA QUE CONOZCO!!!!!!! FELICITACIONES Y SIGAN ASÍ SIEMPRE Por: José Huiquil Realizado el dia Viernes 21 de Febrero a las 11:37:07 Por casualidad me entere de este sitio, lo que e curioseado hasta el momento me párese bastante entretenido, mis felicitaciones a Don Danny y a su equipo, sigan adelante por que se necesitan espacios como estos. Saludos cordiales, José. Por: Fidel Perez Realizado el dia Miercoles 19 de Febrero a las 01:52:13 SALUDOS DE MI PARTE hESTAES LA RIMERA VES QUE VISITO ESTA PAJINA Y ME ES GRATO SAVER QUE ALGUIEN SE PREOCUPA POR LA EDUCACION TENGO DOS HIJOS UNO DE 6 Y OTRO DE 13 LES GUSTO SU SECCION DE ADIVINANSAS HASTA LA PROXIMA.

50. Human Indexes Of My Books On Mathematics; Ru Re Ro In Japanese 6, II.6, ?, ?3, ?, ?1.4.1, 2.2.5, 3.9.1, ?, ?7, 11, 14, ?2? ?(christoff rudolff, 1500?1545). http://www.com.mie-u.ac.jp/~kanie/tosm/humanind/jinmeir3.htm

TOSMŽOd‚̃z[ƒ€ w‰ðÍ‹³’öx w”—‰ðÍ‚̃pƒCƒIƒjƒA‚½‚¿x w”Šw–¼ŠˆÄ“àx ... w“V‘‚̏ؖ¾x @l–¼õˆø@‚é‚ê‚ë l–¼õˆø‘–ÚŽŸ ƒ‹ƒ”ƒFƒN ƒ‹ƒ”ƒFƒŠƒG ƒ‹[ƒJƒX ... ƒgƒbƒv (Louis XIV, 1638-1715.) ƒ‰ƒCƒvƒjƒbƒc ‚̓GƒWƒvƒgª•ž‚ð‚»‚»‚Ì‚©‚µ‚ɃpƒŠ‚É”hŒ­‚·‚éD‰¤‚Ƃ̉‚ÍŽÀŒ»‚µ‚È‚©‚Á‚½‚ªCƒ‰ƒCƒvƒjƒbƒc‚Í ƒzƒCƒwƒ“ƒX ‚ƁC‚»‚µ‚Đ”Šw‚Æ’m‚荇‚¢C‘å—¤‚Ì”÷Ï•ªŠw‚ª¶‚Ü‚ê‚éD@ ƒgƒbƒv ƒ‹ƒ”ƒFƒN (William Judson LeVeque, 1923.8.9-) ƒgƒbƒv ƒ‹ƒ”ƒFƒŠƒG (Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier, 1811.3.11-1877.9.23.) @ƒtƒ‰ƒ“ƒXCƒTƒ“Eƒ[‚ɐ¶‚Ü‚êCƒpƒŠ‚ÉŽ€‚·D @1846”N J.C.ƒAƒ_ƒ€ƒY @“–Žžƒ‹ƒ”ƒFƒŠƒG‚Ì“¯—»‚Í u”ނ̓yƒ“‚̐æ‚Ő¯‚ðŒ©‚Â‚¯‚½DŒvŽZ‚̗͈ȊO‚Ì‚Ç‚ñ‚È“¹‹ï‚àŽg‚킸‚Ɂv ‚ÆŒ¾‚Á‚½‚Æ‚¢‚¤D @1855”N‚ɐ ¯‚Ì‹ß“ú“_‚̈ړ®‚ª ƒjƒ [ƒgƒ“ ‚Ì—˜_‚Å‚Ì—˜_’l‚æ‚è‘å‚«‚¢‚±‚Æ‚ð”­Œ©D‚±‚ê‚ðà–¾‚·‚邽‚߂ɐ ¯‚Ì“à‘¤‚ÉŒ©‚¦‚È‚¢¯Vulcan‚ðC‚Ü‚½Œã‚ɂ͏¬˜f¯‘Ñ‚ð‘z’肵C‚»‚ê‚ð’T‚µ‘±‚¯‚½D‚µ‚©‚µC”Þ‚ÌŽ€Œã1915”N‚É ƒAƒCƒ“ƒVƒ ƒ^ƒCƒ“ ‚̈ê”Ê‘Š‘ΐ«—˜_‚́C—]•ª‚È•¨‘Ì‚ð•K—v‚Æ‚µ‚È‚¢à–¾‚ð—^‚¦‚éD@@ ƒgƒbƒv ƒ‹[ƒJƒX (Francois Edouard Anatole Lucas, 1842.4.4-1891.10.3). @ƒtƒ‰ƒ“ƒXCƒAƒ~ƒAƒ“iƒpƒŠ‚Ì–k•û‚Ɉʒu‚·‚éH‹Æ“sŽsj‚ɐ¶‚Ü‚êCƒpƒŠ‚ÉŽ€‚·B ƒ‹ƒ”ƒFƒŠƒG ƒƒ‹ƒZƒ“ƒk ”M -1 ‚ª‘f”‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ðŽ¦‚·DƒRƒ“ƒsƒ [ƒ^‚ðŽg‚킸‚ÉŽ¦‚³‚ꂽÅ‘å‚Ì‘f”‚Å‚ ‚éD‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñ M = 170141183460469231731687303715884105727 ‚ðŽÀÛ‚ÉŒvŽZ‚¹‚¸‚ÉŽ¦‚·‚Ì‚Å‚ ‚éD‚±‚Ì‘f”‚ɑ΂·‚郋[ƒJƒXEƒeƒXƒg‚Í1930”N‚É ‚³‚ꂽD (1882-94)‚Í‚±‚Ì•ª–ì‚ÌŒ“T‚É‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éD @@ ƒgƒbƒv ƒ‹ƒWƒƒƒ“ƒhƒ‹ (Adrian Marie Legendre, 1752.9.18-1833.1.10).

51. UPF - Àrea D'Història De La Ciència Universität der Bundeswehr München The reduction of theoretically possible 27 typesof quadratic equations to eight by christoff rudolff mirrors the concern http://www.upf.es/huma/hciencia/abstracts.htm

UPF - Àrea d'Història de la Ciència presentació personal docent i investigador línies de recerca docència    activitats    enllaços d'interès International Workshop "Science and Power during the Cold War in the European Periphery" Barcelona, November 1-3, 2001 Abstracts: The contributions of German cossists in the 16th and early 17th century The reduction of theoretically possible 27 types of quadratic equations to eight by Christoff Rudolff mirrors the concern about the domain of admissible (positive) values of the roots. When Michael Stifel a generation later had reduced the solution of these eight different types of quadratic equations to one single rule he lived up to the expectations of the clients of German reckoningmasters who were accustomed to receive recipelike algorithmic rules for the solution without any proof or even hint of an understanding. This form of algorithmic rules for the solution of a problem is still preserved in the rules for finding the tangent or extreme values of Fermat. An interesting case to test the extension of the domain of admissibles values for the roots of an equation is the reception of Cardano's rules for the solution of cubic equations in Germany. It can be shown that Michael Stifel and Johannes Junge, who both treated cubic equations, modified Cardano's rules in a way that the roots fell still in the domain of Euclidean irrationalities. Only in the early 17th century cossists like Johannes Faulhaber and Peter Roth, to whom we owe one form of the fundamental theorem of algebra, accepted radicals with exponent three, albeit no complex solutions like Bombelli in Italy. In Faulhaber's

52. Lebensdaten Von Mathematikern Translate this page Georg (1816 - 1887) Roth, Leonhard (1904 - 1968) Routh, Edward (1831 - 1907) Rudio,Ferdinand (1856 - 1929) rudolff, christoff (1499 - 1545) Ruffini, Paolo http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~hebisch/cafe/lebensdaten.html

Diese Seite ist dem Andenken meines Vaters Otto Hebisch (1917 - 1998) gewidmet. By our fathers and their fathers in some old and distant town from places no one here remembers come the things we've handed down. Marc Cohn Dies ist eine Sammlung, die aus verschiedenen Quellen stammt, u. a. aus Jean Dieudonne, Geschichte der Mathematik, 1700 - 1900, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1985. Helmut Gericke, Mathematik in Antike und Orient - Mathematik im Abendland, Fourier Verlag, Wiesbaden 1992. Otto Toeplitz, Die Entwicklung der Infinitesimalrechnung, Springer, Berlin 1949. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive A B C ... Z Abbe, Ernst (1840 - 1909) Abel, Niels Henrik (5.8.1802 - 6.4.1829) Abraham bar Hiyya (1070 - 1130) Abraham, Max (1875 - 1922) Abu Kamil, Shuja (um 850 - um 930) Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani (940 - 998) Ackermann, Wilhelm (1896 - 1962) Adams, John Couch (5.6.1819 - 21.1.1892) Adams, John Frank (5.11.1930 - 7.1.1989) Adelard von Bath (1075 - 1160) Adler, August (1863 - 1923) Adrain, Robert (1775 - 1843)

53. Neue Seite 1 Translate this page Rudio, Ferdinand (1856 - 1929). rudolff, christoff (1499 - 1545). Ruffini,Paolo (22.9.1765 - 10.5.1822). Runge, Carl David Tolme (1856 - 1927). http://www.mathe-ecke.de/mathematiker.htm

Abbe, Ernst (1840 - 1909) Abel, Niels Henrik (5.8.1802 - 6.4.1829) Abraham bar Hiyya (1070 - 1130) Abraham, Max (1875 - 1922) Abu Kamil, Shuja (um 850 - um 930) Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani (940 - 998) Ackermann, Wilhelm (1896 - 1962) Adams, John Couch (5.6.1819 - 21.1.1892) Adams, John Frank (5.11.1930 - 7.1.1989) Adelard von Bath (1075 - 1160) Adler, August (1863 - 1923) Adrain, Robert (1775 - 1843) Aepinus, Franz Ulrich Theodosius (13.12.1724 - 10.8.1802) Agnesi, Maria (1718 - 1799) Ahlfors, Lars (1907 - 1996) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (835 - 912) Ahmes (um 1680 - um 1620 v. Chr.) Aida Yasuaki (1747 - 1817) Aiken, Howard Hathaway (1900 - 1973) Airy, George Biddell (27.7.1801 - 2.1.1892) Aithoff, David (1854 - 1934) Aitken, Alexander (1895 - 1967) Ajima, Chokuyen (1732 - 1798) Akhiezer, Naum Il'ich (1901 - 1980) al'Battani, Abu Allah (um 850 - 929) al'Biruni, Abu Arrayhan (973 - 1048) al'Chaijami (? - 1123) al'Haitam, Abu Ali (965 - 1039) al'Kashi, Ghiyath (1390 - 1450) al'Khwarizmi, Abu Abd-Allah ibn Musa (um 790 - um 850) Albanese, Giacomo (1890 - 1948) Albert von Sachsen (1316 - 8.7.1390)

54. 1498 A.D. operation in 1514. The first publication with the radical sign init was christoff rudolff's, DieCoss, in 1525. Probably it was http://faculty.oxy.edu/jquinn/home/Math490/Timeline/1498AD.html

1489 A.D. First Appearance in print of "+" and "-" "Using notation, you can collect ideas and experiences that very moment you realize, 'this is important. I want to remember this ' and you can do this with out sacrificing the flow of the current work." This quote by an unknown person directly addresses the connivance of having standard notation to use in mathematical works. Besides convenience for ones own self, it is crucial to have standard notation in order to effectively and efficiently convey information to others. Amazingly enough, standardization of symbolic notations took around 300-400 years! Just to give you an idea of what was to come in the future of standardization of notations, here were some further developments that came later. He probably wasn't the first, but Vander Hoecke, a Dutch mathematician, used the + and - signs as symbols of algebraic operation in 1514. The first publication with the radical sign in it was Christoff Rudolff's, "DieCoss," in 1525. Probably it was used because the symbol resembled an r for radix. Francois Viete (born in 1540) influenced symbolic algebra by using vowels for unknowns and consonants for known values in his equations. Prior to Viete people used different letters or symbols for various powers of quadratics, Viete used the same letter. For example: A was written A; A was written A quadratum, or A q for short; A

55. Histoire De La Science-Fiction - La Renaissance christoff rudolff, est un des premiers livres à utiliserle système métrique et le symbole actuel de la racine carrée; http://www.surf.be/membres/pds/HistoireSF/Renaissance.htm

Léonard de Vinci dessine et conçoit le premier hélicoptère Wan Hu, philosophe chinois et premier "astronaute" attache des fusées à un siège, s'y assoit et les allume pour mourir dans l'explosion Hieronymus Brunschwygk publie "Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus", un traité d'alchimie controversé Erasme ridiculise la nature humaine dans "Laus stultitiae" et dans "Moriae encomium" Christophe Colomb stupéfie une tribu d'Indiens en leur prédisant l'éclipse de lune du 29 février 1504 Dans "Cosmographiae", Martin Waldseemuller relate la première description imprimée du tabac Machiavel écrit "Le Prince" dans lequel il dénonce le paradigme de la Nation-Etat; il s'agit du premier ouvrage politique en SF Sir Thomas More publie "Utopia" écrit en latin et traduit en anglais en 1551 dans lequel, comme le titre le dit bien, l'homme part à la recherche d'un monde utopique pour l'être humain, basé sur les nouveaux concepts technologiques de l'époque L'Italien Ludovico Ariosto écrit "Orlando Furioso", oeuvre dans laquelle il met en scène un voyageur nommé Asdolf et qui a des aventures sur la lune Martin Luther proclame ses "95 Theses" et par là-même la Réforme Protestante "Le petit livre des Essais" (Probierbuchlein) est un des premiers traité sur lamétallurgie et la transformation des métaux Peter Apian publie la première carte du continent américain Cuthbert Turnstall publie le premier livre d'arithmétique en Angleterre "Die Coss" de Christoff Rudolff, est un des premiers livres à utiliser le système métrique et le symbole actuel de la racine carrée

56. Ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/pa/1pa/ships/1732drag.txt Gerg Fantz Johan Nicklaus Muller Johann Jacob Beyerle Christian Huber christoff BeserJohann O) Sipe Hans Michell Reisner Frantz Seib Hans rudolff Illig Felix http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/pa/1pa/ships/1732drag.txt

57. Simbolos Translate this page El símbolo Ö para la raíz, aparece por primera vez en el primer álgebrapublicada en alemán vulgar, en 1525, de christoff rudolff. http://personal.redestb.es/javfuetub/Varios/Cajon/Simbolos.html

Simbolos de operaciones: p f Diofanto usaba una letra griega con acento para representar una cantidad desconocida. En la Edad Media se utilizaban palabras para representar cantidades desconocidas: cosa = x census = x cubo = x censo di censo = x cubo relato cosa = x cubo di cubo cosa = x (para la integral) fue usado por primera vez por Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz . d La flecha ( http://members.aol.com/jeff570 si estas interesado en este tema.

58. Êâàäðàòíûé êîðåíü èç 2 The history of the famous sign ? goes back up to 1525 in a treatise named Cosswhere the German mathematician christoff rudolff (14991545) used a similar http://algolist.manual.ru/maths/count_fast/sqrt2.php

Path: numbers.computation.free.fr There are certainly people who regard as something perfectly obvious but jib at . This is because they think they can visualise the former as something in physical space but not the latter. Actually is a much simpler concept. Edward Charles Titchmarsh Introduction The constant 2 is famous because it's probably one of the first irrational numbers discovered. According to the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC), it was the Pythagoreans around 430 BC who first demonstrated the irrationality of the diagonal of the unit square and this discover was terrible for them because all their system was based on integers and fractions of integers. Later, about 2300 years ago, in Book X of the impressive Elements, Euclid (325-265 BC) showed the irrationality of every nonsquare integer (consult [ ] for an introduction to early Greek Mathematics). This number was also studied by the ancient Babylonians. The history of the famous sign goes back up to 1525 in a treatise named Coss where the German mathematician Christoff Rudolff (1499-1545) used a similar sign to represent square roots.

59. Las Matemáticas En El Renacimiento Translate this page Por su parte, el alemán christoff rudolff empleó en 1525 el símbolo actual dela raíz cuadrada, mientras que el bávaro Adam Ries (1492-1559) publicó http://www.satd.uma.es/matap/personal/pablito/Renacimiento.html

Episodio 24: Las Matemáticas en el Renacimiento Traducción del capítulo 24 "Mathematics in the Renaissance" de la parte I del libro The Heritage of Thales , W.S. Anglin y J. Lambek; Springer-Verlag, 1995 con hiperenlaces a las páginas de los matemáticos mantenidas en http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/ Aparte de la adopción de los dígitos arábigos y del trabajo de unas pocas personas de talento (como Pappus y Fibonacci ), durante los siglos que prosiguieron a Diophantus no se habían producido avances significativos en Matemáticas. En los siglos XV y XVI tuvo lugar un repentino brote de actividad impulsado por el descubrimiento chino de la imprenta, la cual llegó a Europa en 1450 y propulsó a unas Matemáticas (tanto las puras como las aplicadas) que se habían quedado estancadas en los logros de tiempos ancestrales. Es conveniente recalcar la importancia de la imprenta para la difusión del conocimiento matemático. El copiado a mano de textos matemáticos requería mucho tiempo y esfuerzo. En los tiempos antiguos, de la mayoría de los textos sólo existía una copia única que se encontraba en la biblioteca de Alejandría; ésta es la razón por la cual toda la actividad matemática estuvo concentrada en un solo sitio durante unos ochocientos años. Con la llegada de la imprenta dichos textos pasaron a estar disponibles por todo el mundo civilizado y la gente podía aprender matemáticas en lugares tan distantes como Bohemia o Escocia. En este episodio y en los dos siguientes se van a presentar los avances que se dieron en esta época en las siguientes áreas: notación matemática, teoría de las ecuaciones, descubrimiento de los logaritmos, y mecánica y astronomía.

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