1. Oughtred Best known for the invention of an early form of the slide rule.Category Science Math History People...... Oughtred's life. The present form of the slide rule was designed in1850 by a French army officer, amedee mannheim. Oughtred's other http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Oughtred.html

William Oughtred Born: 5 March 1574 in Eton, Buckinghamshire, England Died: 30 June 1660 in Albury, Surrey, England Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index William Oughtred attended Eton School, which although a very famous school was in fact his local school. From there he went to King's College Cambridge, entering in 1592. Three years later he became a Fellow of King's College, received his B.A. in 1596 and his M.A. in the year 1600. It is surprising that although very little mathematics was taught at either Eton or Cambridge at this time Oughtred became passionately interested. He wrote:- ... the time which over and above those usuall studies I employed upon the mathematicall sciences I redeemed night by night from my naturall sleep, defrauding my body, and inuring it to watching, cold, and labour, while most others tooke their rest. Oughtred was ordained an Episcopal minister in 1603. In 1604 he became vicar of Shalford and later, in 1610, he became rector of Albury. Oughtred took private pupils who came to his house and lived there free of charge while they received mathematical instruction. He had many pupils but the most famous were John

2. Digital Essays - Free Term Papers And Free Essays different variations. The present form of the slide rule was developedin 1850 by a French army officer, amedee mannheim. It was http://www.digitalessays.com/science_and_technology/123.shtml

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3. The Era Of Antiquity : 1846 - 1884 Ferdinand Braun, a professor in physics at Marburg (Germany) constructed the firstsolid state to detect a radio signal. 1850. slide rule amedee mannheim(10). http://www.thocp.net/timeline/1846.htm

click on the home button to go to the home page The era of Antiquity (continued) The telephone, typewriter and vacuum tube were invented in this period. The industrial diligence of developing devices has become unstoppable and concequently the industrial revolution began. There was a lot of political turmoil especially in Europe and Asia, which lead to World War I. Of all inventions the vacuum tube was the most important: it speeded up computers with a factor 100. Related Articles Related Resources pre history antiquity pre-industrial era Industrial era Alexander Bain uses perforated tape to transmit telegrams. The tape is nicknamed 'ticker tape' because of the ticking sound made by the telegraph. This procedure sped up the transmission of information very much. And until well into the 20th century companies used this method for transmitting information. These perforated tapes, or punch tapes, will also be adopted for the output of computer. The teletype (telex) terminals accepted only this kind of tape and were the sole way to communicate with computers. Thus data the punched tape will be used for the decades to come in dataprocessing. George Boole (1815-1864), a British mathematician, proved in his

4. Livres Numérisés / Digitalized Books : Bibliothèque Nationale De France, Corn Henry, 102 Mallock machine, 178 MANIAC, 255 mannheim, amedee, 3132 Marquand, Allen, 113-114 Matsuzake, Kiyoshi, 7 http://math-sahel.ujf-grenoble.fr/LiNuM/index_au.html

LiNuM L ivres Nu mérisés M athématiques Cellule MathDoc Bibliothèque nationale de France - Collection Gallica Cornell University Library Digital Math Books Collection Michigan University Library Making of America and Historical Math Collection Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum Mathematica Index auteurs / Authors index En libre accès / with free access Sous droits / Under rights Abat, Bonaventure Allman, George Johnston ... von Lilienthal, Reinhold

5. Calculators Lt. amedee mannheim (18311906), a French army officer from Paris,who used the slide rule to calculate artillery fire. He later http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/topics/calculators.html

Calculators and Calculating Devices Topic Tree Home Following are some items relating to calculating devices as discussed in the history of mathematics. Contents of this Page The Abacus Calculators in the Classroom The Slide Rule The Abacus Counting rods were first used in ancient times to quickly perform arithmetic. The counting rods could be transported easily and made calculations accessible to many people. The illustration above shows how the digits were expressed in counting rods. The rods were inverted for every other place, so a horizontal bar followed by a vertical bar would be 11 Some claim the origin of the abacus to be Babylonia where people drew marks in a sandbox. Sandboxes gave way to trays with lines and eventually grooved trays with balls. Grooved trays were introduced into China by the Han Dynasty period (206 B.C - 220 A.D.) During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1636) the rod abacus was developed. One source says the Egyptians developed rod and bead abacuses as early as 500 B.C. With the Chinese and Japanese counterparts emerging in the second century A.D. The Chinese rod abacus

6. Infor: The First Computers In 1850 a French army officer, amedee mannheim, designed the deviceknown as the slide rule that was based on Napier's logarithms. http://www.enged.com/students/infor/infor23.html

The First Computers As mathematical problems became more difficult people started to use technology to make the task easier. The computing machines started to appear. Hands Abacus The first mechanical computers Logarithms and slide rules ... The first real computer Hands Hands were the first computers. Try it out by one hand to count from 1 to 10. For 1 to 5 you bend a finger and from 6 to 10 you straighten it. On the other hand you keep count of the 10s. You bend a finger fro each ten from 10 to 50 and straighten a finger for 60 to one hundred. The example below shows a total of 87. Use the left hand to count ones (units). If you start with the thumb this would be 7 Use the right hand to count the 10s. If you start with the thumb this would represent 80. The abacus People first started to compute by using parts of their bodies. Fingers, toes, arms, wrists and even ears were used to keep count. The first real computing machine was the abacus, which was invented about 3000 BC by the Chinese and the Babylonians. The first mechanical computer In 1642, Blaise Pascal, the nineteen year old son of a government tax official, was working in his father's office and he was bored adding all the figures. To solve his problem he invented a calculating machine. This was a mechanical device that used a series of gears to produce the movement of the display that represented units, tens, hundreds and so on. Gottfried Leibniz developed an improved model that could add, subtract, multiply and divide. It was the first of the mechanical desk calculator.

7. Teach: Computing Machines A French army officer, amedee mannheim, designed the device known asthe slide rule in 1850 that was based on Napierís logarithms. http://www.enged.com/teachers/teach094.html

Computing Machines Significant discoveries In 1642, Blaise Pascal, the nineteen year old son of a government tax official, working in his fatherís office, invented a calculating machine to relieve the boredom of adding figures. This was a mechanical device that used a series of gears to produce the relative movement of the display that represented units, tens, hundreds and so on. Gottfried Leibniz developed an improved model that could add, subtract, multiply and divide. It was the forerunner of the mechanical desk calculator. The first calculating machine In addition to broadening our mathematical knowledge and skill the other need was to increase the speed and accuracy of calculations involving many numbers. The first calculating machine, the abacus, appeared around 500 BC. Logarithms and the slide rule Also in the 17 th century, Scottish mathematician, John Napier, discovered the system of mathematics called logarithms that converted multiplication and division into addition and subtraction. A French army officer, Amedee Mannheim, designed the device known as the slide rule in 1850 that was based on Napierís logarithms. The slide rule was a hand held calculator for multiplying and dividing large numbers. The first computing machine A significant event in the history of computers was the attempts by Charles Babbage, a 19th century Englishman to develop a computing machine. Over a period of fifty years he designed two machines to automatically carry out complex calculations. The first machine, known as the Difference Engine, was never completed because the government withdrew its funding. The second machine, called the Analytical Engine, was designed to carry out even the most complex calculations but it was never built because Babbage lost interest when he became involved in other activities. Some claim the machines could not be built because the degree of precision required for the many components was not possible at that time. The machines would have involved over two tonnes of metal components. In the second half on the 20

8. Untitled Translate this page 26.12.1895 A Magg, Wolfgang 20.03.1882 A Magnan, amedee and Gabrielle S Olga 01.08.1886A Mannerchor Eintracht, S Rheinfelden, Germany mannheim, Alexander 13.01 http://www.avotaynu.com/HolocaustList/m2.htm

9. Macmillan Online Publishing: Science head. 1850 amedee mannheim designs the logarithmic slide rule thatdominated mechanical calculation for the next 100 years. 1853 http://www.naturereference.com/Computerscience/ComputerScienceTimeline7.htm

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics Encyclopedia of Computer Science Other Life Sciences Publications ... Forthcoming Titles Timeline: 15 million BC - 44BC 2000AD and beyond Encyclopedia of Computer Science Fourth Edition Specifications August 2000 Hardback Fourth edition 2000 pages US ISBN: 1-56159-248-X Price: $150 ROW ISBN: 0-333-77879-0 Price: £125 Edited by Anthony Ralston, Edwin D. Reilly and David Hemmendinger More Information: At a glance Sample pages Features Reviews ... About the editors Timeline of computing Timeline of computing: 1844 Morse sends telegraph message from Washington to Baltimore; Joseph Liouville finds first transcendental number; Johann Dase, a 20-year-old calculating prodigy, occupies himself for two whole months by computing up to 200 decimal places in his head. 1850 Amedee Mannheim designs the logarithmic slide rule that dominated mechanical calculation for the next 100 years. 1853 Pehr Georg and Edvard Scheutz's Tabulating Machine.

10. Encyclopedia Of Computer Science 1850 amedee mannheim designs the logarithmic slide rule that dominated mechanicalcalculation for the next 100 years 1853 Pehr Georg and Edvard Scheutz's http://www.grovereference.com/Science/ComSciTimeline7.htm

Encyclopedia of Computer Science Fourth Edition Timeline of Computing 1844 Morse sends telegraph message from Washington to Baltimore;Joseph Liouville finds first transcendental number; Johann Dase, a 20-year-old calculating prodigy, occupies himself for two wholemonths by computing p to 200 decimal places in his head. 1850 Amedee Mannheim designs the logarithmic slide rule that dominated mechanical calculation for the next 100 years 1853 Pehr Georg and Edvard Scheutz's Tabulating Machine 1854 George Boole's Laws of Thought 1855 James Clerk Maxwell's improved planimeter 1860 Boole's Finite Differences is first text on subject. 1867 Wheatstone's cipher machine 1873 Hermite proves that e is transcendental; William Shanks publishes 707 decimal places of p , but only the first 526 prove to be correct. 1876 Alexander Graham Bell's telephone; Lord

11. Computermuseum: Rekenlat In 1850 werd door amedee mannheim de cursor of loper toegevoegd. Ook schaalverdelingenvoor het berekenen van elementaire functies werden aangebracht. http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/museum/prehist/rekenlat.html

Computermuseum: Rekenlat Status: publiek Laatste wijziging: 15 oktober 1996 De Rekenlat Werkingsprincipe Rekenlatten bestaan in verscheidene vormen, types en afmetingen. Het klassieke type bestaat uit drie linialen, waarvan de onderste en de bovenste onwrikbaar met mekaar zijn verbonden, zodat de middelste liniaal er kan tussen bewegen. Over het geheel kan een loper (cursor) verschoven worden. Rekenlat voorzijde: Rekenlat achterzijde: Twee langs mekaar glijdende linialen met een identieke lineaire schaalverdeling laten toe twee getallen op te tellen en af te trekken. Indien de schaalverdeling logaritmisch is, kunnen op gelijkaardige wijze vermenigvuldigingen en delingen uitgevoerd worden, gebruik makend van de regel dat de logaritme van een produkt de som van de logaritmen is. Op dit principe is de werking van de rekenlat gebaseerd. Volgende figuur illustreert de vermenigvuldiging 2 x 3. De nauwkeurigheid is echter nogal beperkt. Met een rekenlat van 30 cm lengte kan een ervaren gebruiker drie juist beduidende cijfers aflezen, wat voor vele ingenieurstoepassingen voldoende is. Geschiedenis In 1620 voerde Edmund Gunter rekenkundige vermenigvuldigingen en delingen uit door met een passer afstanden op een logaritmische schaal op te tellen en af te trekken. Enkele jaren later verbeterde William Oughtred deze werkwijze door twee logaritmische schalen naast en ten opzichte van mekaar te verschuiven. Hij construeerde eveneens een cirkelvormige rekenlat, die nog handiger in gebruik was. Later zijn ook cilindervormige rekenlatten geconstrueerd. In 1850 werd door Amedee Mannheim de cursor of loper toegevoegd. Ook schaalverdelingen voor het berekenen van elementaire functies werden aangebracht.

12. HP 41C Simulator For Windows Here's A Terrific HP41C Emulator when John Napier published his first table of logarithms, but the device in itspresent form was designed in 1850 by a French army officer, amedee mannheim. http://www.web-ee.com/Downloads/Calculator/calculators.htm

HP 41C Simulator for Windows Here's a terrific HP41C emulator that runs on your desktop. No more digging for your handheld! Even the programming mode works! Go to http://www.hp41.org to read more about this classic calculator. Download from WebEE The RPN Engineering Calculator Just what everybody needs, another calculator! This one (of course) is different; it offers five different Keyboards, which gives you many different functions with which to work. See Reverse Polish Notation for basic operating instructions. Download from WebEE dB Calculator This Excel spreadsheet allows you to convert from dB to volts to watts with programmable loads. Nicely done! Download from WebEE Slide Rule and Abacus The slide rule is a mechanical device for making rapid mathematical calculations other than addition and subtraction. It can be used to multiply, divide, find powers and roots, and perform more complex operations involving logarithms and trigonometric functions. The history of the slide rule essentially began in 1614, when John Napier published his first table of logarithms, but the device in its present form was designed in 1850 by a French army officer, Amedee Mannheim. The invention of hand-held electronic calculators made the slide rule obsolete. Download from WebEE Excalibur - an RPN Calculator for Windows

13. History Of The Automobile amedee Sr. The car Benz designed around the engine was a light threewheelerwith belt drive, which first ran on the streets of mannheim in June 1886. http://www.geocities.com/MotorCity/Lot/3248/hist01.htm

THE ORIGIN OF THE AUTOMOBILE When was the first automobile built? Daimler and Benz are traditionally credited with building the first cars in 1886, but the French claim it was first built in 1884 by Delamare-Deboutteville. Still others claim it was built in 1860. It all depends on your definition of a car. Contrary to popular belief, Henry Ford did not invent the automobile. He wasn't even close. What Ford did was perfect the assembly line technique, well after the turn of the century. This allowed him to lower the cost of the automobile drastically, bringing a rich man's plaything within reach of the masses, thereby changing Western society. Reason enough to be famous. In 1860 a Frenchman, Edouard Delamare-Debouteville, did some experiments and filed some patents for a self-propelled car. In 1884 France built the world's first car. However the first self-propelled automobile existed long before 1884. Charles Dietz and his sons ran steam-driven road tractors hauling passenger carriages on routes around Paris and Bordeaux prior to 1850. And in America, steam coaches were built in the 1860 to '80 period by Harrison Dyer of Boston, Joseph Dixon of Lynn, Mass., Rufus Porter of Hartford, Conn., and William T. James of New York City. Amedee Bollee Sr. was the most remarkable of the steam-car pioneers. Heir to a bell foundry at Le Mans, he added mechanical workshops and built a series of advanced-design vehicles from 1873 to 1883. There was nothing particularly new or refined in his steam power systems, but his sense of vehicle architecture was superb.

14. Guglielmo Oughtred Translate this page di Oughtred. L'attuale modulo del regolo è stato disegnato nel 1850da un ufficiale dell'esercito francese, amedee mannheim. Gli http://www.geocities.com/palestra_matematica/matematici/oughtred.html

Guglielmo Oughtred ... il tempo in cui sopra e sotto quegli usuali studi che ho assunto sulle scienze matematiche che ho riscattato notte dopo notte dal mio sonno naturale, defraudando il mio corpo, e e ferendolo per osservarlo, freddo, e lavoro, mentre molti altri si godevano il loro riposo. John Wallis Christopher Wren e Riccardo Delamain Clavis Mathematicae Clavis Mathematicae ma non per il rapporto della circonferenza col diametro, soltanto per la circonferenza. Altra notazione per "maggiore di" e "minore di" che verificò essere duro da ricordare e non fu accettato, essendo il familiare > e < dovuto a Harriot quasi nello stesso tempo. Edmund Gunter Circles of Proportion and the Horizontal Instrument nel 1632 descrivendo il regolo regolare e una meridiana. Comunque c'era una disputa su che avesse per primo inventato il regolo circolare. Delamain Grammelogia , o Mathematical ring Amedee Mannheim Gli altri lavori di Oughtred sono: Trigonometrie (trad. di Andrea Filieri)

15. Butterfields - Areas Of Collecting - Paintings & Sculpture - Auction Results 8171, Gunnar Widforss, 2643.75. 8172, amedee Joullin, 4406.25. 8173, Henry Alexander,3525. 8270, Edgar Payne, 32312.5. 8271, Edgar Payne, 19975. 8272, Jean mannheim,8225. http://www.butterfields.com/areas/prices_realized/prices7390d.htm

American and California Paintings Sale 7390D, November 19, 2002 Lot Description Prices Joseph Rusling Meeker William McDougal Hart Christian Schuessele Catching Butterflies Arthur Quartley Pier Near the Beach at Narragansett, Rhode Island, 1877 John William Casilear William Trost Richards Barton Stone Hays American School William Smith Jewett Harry T. Peters Jr. Frank Henry Shapleigh James McDougal Hart American School Howard Hill Grafton Tyler Brown George Gardner Symons Frederick Judd Waugh William Partridge Burpee (A Pair) William Partridge Burpee (A Pair) Clark Summers Marshall George Gardner Symons George Elmer Browne Jules Eugene Pages Edward Charles Volkert Edward Loyal Field William Bruce Anthony Thieme Fern Isabel Coppedge Guy Carleton Wiggins Henry Pember Smith Charles Courtney Curran Olive Parker Black Carl Weber Alexander John Drysdale Henry Ward Ranger California School El Paso Del Cura Emile A. Gruppe Benjamin West Clinedinst George Stengel Elizabeth Nourse Eugene Speicher Eugene Speicher Harrison Fisher Hovsep Pushman Edwin Burrage Child Norman Rockwell William Henry Dethlef Koerner Eugene Speicher R. Soyer Oil on Canvas 1951

16. History-1: Early History Of Computers (PRE-1939) mid 1800's, Slide rule as we know it today invented by French artilleryofficer, amedee mannheim. Based on logarithms, it allowed http://www.ualr.edu/~gblane/cpsc1370/handouts/history/history1.html

HISTORY-1: EARLY HISTORY OF COMPUTERS (PRE-1939) 3000 yrs ago The Chinese first used the Abacus for arithmetic. It's still used in many countries. Scottish mathematician John Napier published his invention of the concept of the logarithm, having worked on it for 20 years. John Briggs, a professor of geometry at Oxford in England, published the first table of logarithms (to base 10) of numbers 1 to 1000. William Oughtred, an English mathematician, invented a slide rule (an analog device). Blaise Pascal, an extremely intelligent 19 year old French Mathematician, built the first mechanical computer, or adding machine. It could add and subtract numbers. The adding mechanism in this machine is still used in many present-day machines. Joseph Jacquard - he used punched cards to automate control of looms for weaving. Charles Babbage, a British mathematician, designed the forerunner of the modern computer, the Difference Engine/Analytical Engine. It was never built because engineers had not yet learned how to build precision instruments of this type (and political problems). mid 1800's Slide rule as we know it today invented by French artillery officer, Amedee Mannheim. Based on logarithms, it allowed a gunner to compute ballistic information more quickly.

17. History Of The Slide Rule Credit for the modern version ( an admittedly ironic phrase ) of the slide rulewas can be given to amedee mannheim, a Colonel in the French artillery and a http://www.rit.edu/~bpbsma/Slide Rule.htm

History of the Slide Rule Slide rules are based on logarithms so our history lesson must begin with Scottish mathematician and theologian John Napier who first described logarithms. Napier's discussion of logarithms appeared in Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio in 1614. Two years later, an English translation of Napier's original Latin text was published, translated by Edward Wright. In the preface of the book Napier explains his thinking behind his great discovery, quoted from the English translation of 1616 of the original Latin. “Seeing there is nothing right well-beloved Students of the Mathematics that is so troublesome to mathematical practice, nor that doth more molest and hinder calculators, than the multiplications, divisions, square and cubical extractions of great numbers, which besides the tedious expense of time are for the most part subject to many slippery errors, I began therefore to consider in my mind by what certain and ready art I might remove those hindrances. And having thought upon many things to this purpose, I found at length some excellent brief rules to be treated of perhaps hereafter. But amongst all, none more profitable than this which together with the hard and tedious multiplications, divisions, and extractions of roots, doth also cast away from the work itself even the very numbers themselves that are to be multiplied, divided and resolved into roots, and putteth other numbers in their place which perform as much as they can do, only by addition and subtraction, division by two or division by three.”

18. Artists MacDonald, JEH. MacLeod, Pegi Nicol. Macomber, Mary. mannheim, Jean. MarcelBerronneau,.Pierre-amedee. Mathews, Arthur. Mathews, Lucia. Max, Gabriel. Maxence, Edgard. http://www.mkelleyart.com/artists.html

- A- Abbey, Edwin Austin Alexander, John White Alma-Tadema, Laurence Alma-Tadema, Laura Alvarez, Mabel Anderson, Sophie -B- Bischoff, Franz Bacon, Lucy Bell, Robert Anning Berlin, Ben Blum, Robert Bocklin, Arnold Borg, Carl Oscar Bothwell, Dorr Bougereau, William Adolphe Brandriff George Braun, Maurice Brooks, Romaine Brown, Benjamin C. Buck, Claude Bunker, Dennis M. Burne-Jones, Edward Burne-Jones, Philip -C- Cahill, William V. Calthrop, Dion Carmichael, Franklin Carr, Emily Casson, A.J. Cheever, John Church, Frederick E. Church, Frederick Stuart Clapp, William H. Clark, Alson Coburn, Frank Coleman, Charles Caryl Collier, John Cooper, Colin Campbell Corinth, Lovis Costigan, John Coutts, Gordon Cowper, Frank Cadogan Cox, Kenyon Crane, Walter Cressey, Bert Cressey, Meta Curran, Charles Courtney -D- Delville, Jean Dewing, Thomas Wilmer Dicksee, Frank Dodson, Sarah Paxton Ball Dow, Thomas, Millie Draper, Herbert Duncan, John Dunlap, Helena -E- -F- Fahrenkrog, Ludwig Fantin-Latour, Henri Fitzgerald, Lionel Fortune, E. Charlton Frampton, Edward Reginald Frieseke, Frederick

19. The Slide Rule dormant until 1850 when a French Artillery officer amedee mannheim added the movabledouble sided cursor, which gave it it's appearance as we know it today. http://www.transy.edu/homepages/miller/home/slide.htm

The Slide Rule: The first Slide Rule appeared in 1650 and was the result of a joint effort of two Englishmen Edmund Gunter and the reverend William Oughtred. This slide rule based on Napier's logarithms was to become the first analog computer (of the modern ages) since multiplication and subtraction were figured out by physical distance. This invention was dormant until 1850 when a French Artillery officer Amedee Mannheim added the movable double sided cursor, which gave it it's appearance as we know it today. HOME

20. The Slide Rule dormant until 1850 when a French Artillery officer amedee mannheim added the movabledouble sided cursor, which gave it it's appearance as we know it today. http://www.transy.edu/homepages/miller/web706/slide.htm

The Slide Rule: The first Slide Rule appeared in 1650 and was the result of a joint effort of two Englishmen Edmund Gunter and the reverend William Oughtred. This slide rule based on Napier's logarithms was to become the first analog computer (of the modern ages) since multiplication and subtraction were figured out by physical distance. This invention was dormant until 1850 when a French Artillery officer Amedee Mannheim added the movable double sided cursor, which gave it it's appearance as we know it today.

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