41. Eureka - Export Output TD SPEARMAN james maccullagh. SEAN O'DONNELL William Rowan Hamilton The rootsof creativity. DESMOND MacHALE George Boole's scientific work in Cork. http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Bridge/4370/publications99.html

The following list was generated from the database Eureka of the Research Libraries Group (RLG) Author: O'Hara, J. G. Title: George Johnstone Stoney, F.R.S., and the concept of the electron. In: Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 1975, 29: 265-276. Notes: Source of data: Isis Current Bibliography of History of Science. Author: O'Hara, James G. Title: 'A chaos of jottings that I do not have the leisure to arrange and mark with headings': Leibniz's manuscript papers and their repository . Published: Woodbridge, Eng. : Boydell Press, 1998. In: Archives of the Scientific Revolution / Michael Hunter (ed.) p.159-170 . Notes: Source of data: Isis Current Bibliography of History of Science. Author: O'Hara, James G. Title: The career of Heinrich Hertz: The historical, social, and political context / James G. O'Hara. In: Tijdschrift van het Nederlands Elektronica- en Radiogenootschap 1988, 53(5): 153-165 . Notes: Source of data: Isis Current Bibliography of History of Science. Author: O'Hara, James G. Title: The excitement and fascination of science [book review]. In: Arch. int. hist. sci Vol. 44, n. 132 (1994), p.151-152

42. Irish Science & Technology (3) ICSTI). Irish Marine Institute. Irish Science Journalists Association.james maccullagh. Mechanical Engineering Department, NUIG. SCIENCE http://www.irishcultureguide.com/science3.html

A GUIDE TO IRISH CULTURE ON THE WEB archaeology architecture cinema dance ... waters Government constitution government law military Medicine complementary orthodox support information technology ... George Berkeley see also George Berkeley George Francis FitzGerald Historic Science Centre at Birr Castle Historical Background ... email

43. James Morrison's Guestbook maccullagh. EMail davidmaccullagh@start.com.au . Homepage http//. ReferredBy Other. City Sydney, Australia. Comments Referred by beer coaster. So james, http://www.morrisonrecords.com.au/guestbooks/james/8.html

James Morrison's Guestbook Sign the Guestbook Thank you for visiting the website. We would love it if you would Add to this guestbook we are keeping! Name: Dimitria and Lyn E-Mail: Ltram@magillps.sa.edu.au Homepage: http:// Referred By: Friend City: Adelaide, Australia Comments: Hi James You still haven't written to us. I know you have being travelling but we really need you to answer some questions What traning or experince led you to do this work? What a normal woking day would involve? If you had any advice to give somebody hoping to do the same work as you in the future what would it be? if you Know any answers that we just wrote About James please E-mail us From Lyn and Dimitria P.S It is For a Project that we need to pass up very soon. P.P.S We just love your music especially your album Scream Machine you RULE James. Name: Dimitria and Lyn E-Mail: Ltram@magillps.sa.edu.au Homepage: http:// Referred By: Friend City: Adelaide, Australia Comments: Hi James You still haven't written to us. I know you have being travelling but we really need you to answer some questions What traning or experince led you to do this work? What a normal woking day would involve? If you had any advice to give somebody hoping to do the same work as you in the future what would it be? if you Know any answers that we just wrote About James please E-mail us From Lyn and Dimitria P.S It is For a Project that we need to pass a very soon. Name: Dimitria and Lyn E-Mail: Ltram@magillps.sa.edu.au

44. Fellows Of The Royal Society Lambert AJ Quetelet 30 May 1839 Felix Savart 30 May 1839 Jacques Sturm 4 Jun 1840Georges S Ohm 5 May 1842 Jean V Poncelet 5 May 1842 james maccullagh 2 Feb http://math.ichb.ro/History/Societies/FRS.html

45. M Index Macaulay, Francis (448*) maccullagh, james (922*) Macdonald, Hector (81*) Macintyre,Sheila Scott (449) MacLane, Saunders (618*) Maclaurin, Colin (2732 http://math.ichb.ro/History/Indexes/M.html

46. Lebensdaten Von Mathematikern Translate this page Macaulay, Francis Sowerby (1862 - 1937) maccullagh, james (1809 - 1896) Macdonald,Hector (1865 - 1935) Macintyre, Sheila (Scott) (1910 - 1960) MacLane http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~hebisch/cafe/lebensdaten.html

Diese Seite ist dem Andenken meines Vaters Otto Hebisch (1917 - 1998) gewidmet. By our fathers and their fathers in some old and distant town from places no one here remembers come the things we've handed down. Marc Cohn Dies ist eine Sammlung, die aus verschiedenen Quellen stammt, u. a. aus Jean Dieudonne, Geschichte der Mathematik, 1700 - 1900, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1985. Helmut Gericke, Mathematik in Antike und Orient - Mathematik im Abendland, Fourier Verlag, Wiesbaden 1992. Otto Toeplitz, Die Entwicklung der Infinitesimalrechnung, Springer, Berlin 1949. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive A B C ... Z Abbe, Ernst (1840 - 1909) Abel, Niels Henrik (5.8.1802 - 6.4.1829) Abraham bar Hiyya (1070 - 1130) Abraham, Max (1875 - 1922) Abu Kamil, Shuja (um 850 - um 930) Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani (940 - 998) Ackermann, Wilhelm (1896 - 1962) Adams, John Couch (5.6.1819 - 21.1.1892) Adams, John Frank (5.11.1930 - 7.1.1989) Adelard von Bath (1075 - 1160) Adler, August (1863 - 1923) Adrain, Robert (1775 - 1843)

47. Marietta College Alumni aol.com Mr. james R. King (1957) pamurf4@aol.com Mr. S. Roger Kirkpatrick (1957)caboose@fone.net The Reverend Dr. Richard E. maccullagh (1957) rmaccullagh1 http://www.marietta.edu/~alumni/email_1950.html

Alumni E-Mail Addresses Mr. Daniel Alexa ddalexa@rcn.com Mrs. Barbara Sanford Anderson blaf@aol.com Mr. Ray A. Barnhart barnhart@mindspring.com Mr. Rolin O. Becker Randp659@cs.com Dr. Rudolph J. Bobka bobkarj@splava.cc.plattsburgh.edu Mr. Robert E. Bradford grnwdman@aol.com Mrs. Dorothy O'Neill Burns nburns@binghamton.edu Mr. William H. Corwin wcorwin@webtv.net The Reverend Clifford Crook PadreCliff@hotmail.com Dr. Don L. Curtis curtis_don@msn.com Mrs. Phyllis Price Dean peedeeca@aol.com Mr. Joseph A. Fanale jafanale@aol.com Ms. Barbara Anderson Freysinger blaf@aol.com Mrs. Donna Turneaure Hablitzel donnahh@aol.com Mr. Jack M. Hansford ejgt26a@prodigy.com Mr. James E. Hart J8180H@webtv.net Mr. David C. Haynes david@northlink.com "Mr. Gerard E. Hedin, Jr." hydtrvl@aol.com Mr. John M. Heilmeier lft625@cs.com Mr. Calvin J. Henderson calmar1016@aol.com Mr. Dale D. Henry eat@1st.net Mr. Hugh E. Herbert hherb79757@aol.com Dr. Edwin S. Hill edhill1526@aol.com Dr. John W. Hylin jwhylin@aol.com

48. Marietta College Alumni maccullagh (1984) MARI_N_BRUCE_maccullagh@ecunet.org Mr. Bruce S. maccullagh (1984)maccullagh6 John C. McNamara (1984) mrxmasi@earthlink.net Mr. james A. Mills http://www.marietta.edu/~alumni/email_1980.html

Alumni E-Mail Addresses Mrs. Eleanor Purcell Adams epadams@mindspring.com Mr. Thomas U. Anderson tomua11@aol.com Ms. Tamra S. Armstrong tamra@schaferassoc.com Mr. Gregory A. Arnold gaarnold@amoco.com Mrs. Vivian M. Ash-Wells bilviv@lst.net Mr. David M. Augustine augustin@polaris.mail.atl.com Mrs. Chantal Germaine Bassiouni pezab@lsu.edu Mrs. Susan McDevitt Best skmbest@ptd.net Mrs. Lisa Clevenger Blanton mrsblanton@yahoo.com Mr. Kenneth J. Blood kblood@muskingum.edu Mr. Roger D. Britton roger.Britton@coastalcorp.com Ms. Patricia Bullock pbullock128@home.com Mrs. Deborah Jaffee Butvin Debsbut@aol.com Mrs. Allison Moulton Bzdafka newfield@newhampshire.uhranet.com Mrs. Megan Carone Chandler megan_chandler@6news.com Mr. Kevin G. Courtney Kevin.Courtney@umassmed.edu Mr. Mark D. Crum mdc1999@att.net Mrs. Candice Dankmyer Cummings pghpacandee@aol.com Ms. Kristine Currie kcurrie@tm.net Mr. Arturo T. de Lamerens hlogic@comcast.net Mr. William L. Debo bill.debo@hugheschris.com "Mr. Michael J. DeCaprio, Jr." mick@decaprio.com

49. Royal Irish Academy: History We are not a little proud of the honour and strength given to our country by thescience of james maccullagh, William Rowan Hamilton and Humphrey Lloyd'. http://www.ria.ie/academy/history.html

history council members staff ... home Early version of the Royal Irish Academy heraldic bearings CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY 1785-2002 The Royal Irish Academy is founded in May 1785 to promote study in the sciences, humanities and social sciences in Ireland. The Book of Ballymote is presented to the Academy by the Chevalier O'Gorman. This manuscript is a collection of Gaelic literary, genealogical, legal and political tracts collected in the early fifteenth century The Academy is incorporated by Royal Charter of George II in January 1786. The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy first appeared and appeared regularly until 1907. The Academy acquires the Book of Lecan. This is a fifteenth century Irish manuscript written by Gilla Íosa Mór Mac Firbis of Lecan in Sligo who is hereditary poet and historian of the O'Dowds. The manuscript is a store house of Irish genealogical and historical lore. The Academy acquires The Leabhar Breac, or speckled Book. This is an Irish manuscript written on vellum about the beginning of the 15th Century by the Egans of Duniry, hereditary brehons to the O'Connors of Connaught. The contents are chiefly religious including lives of Saints Patrick, Brigid and Columcille.

50. Journal Of American Folklore #442 Perkowski, Dobreva, Koceva, and Miceva) james Dow; The Irish Currach Folk Lifeon the Western Seaboard from Galacia to Greenland (maccullagh) Michael J http://afsnet.org/publications/jaf/442.htm

Journal of American Folklore #442 Fall 1998, Volume 111, Number 442 ARTICLES The Day of the Dead, Halloween, and Mexican national Identity Stanley Brandes The Yellowman Tapes Barre Toelken Joe Magarac and the Pittsburgh Steel Industry Jennifer Gilley and Stephen Burnett NOTES The Political Face of FolkloreA Call for Debate JoAnn Conrad More about Politics of Folklore in Turkey Ilhan Basgoz Response Daniel J. Crowley BOOK REVIEWS Faith in History: Armenians Rebuilding Community (Paul Pattie) Sophia Vackimes Typenverzeichnis der bulgarischen Volksmarchen (Perkowski, Dobreva, Koceva, and Miceva) James Dow The Irish Currach Folk: Life on the Western Seaboard from Galacia to Greenland (MacCullagh) Michael J. Chiarappa American Indians' Kitchen-Table Stories (Cunningham) Curtis A. Yehnert and Richard E. Meyer Die Volkskunde und ihre Methoden (DeiBner) James R. Dow Immanent Art: From Structure to Meaning in Traditional Oral Epic and The Singer of Tales in Performance (Foley) Ronelle Alexander Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache (Basso) Sarah Johnson Work as Art: Idaho Logging as an Aesthetic Movement (James-Duguid) Kate Kruckemeyer Living Life's Circle: Mascalero Apache Cosmovision (Farrer) Trudy Griffin Pierce UFO Crash at Roswell (Staller, Ziegler, and Moore) Amanda Carson Banks

51. EDUCAUSE 2002 Annual Conference Trenton Mabey, Snow College. Bruce maccullagh, Jenzabar Inc. Frank Martino, CaliforniaState University, Hayward. james Martino, The Johns Hopkins University. http://www.educause.edu/asp/conf/namelist.asp?letter=M&meeting=E02

52. VEDA V roce 1847 Hamiltonovi zemrel strýc james a strýc Willey. Téhož rokuspáchal sebevraždu jeho kolega z Trinity College james maccullagh. http://pes.eunet.cz/veda/clanky/14495_0_0_0.html

NEVIDITELNÝ PES EUROPE'S ZVÍØETNÍK BYDLENÍ ... ENCYKLOPEDIE Úterý 14.8.2001 Svátek má Alan Biologie a pøíroda Vesmír Fyzika Medicína ... Archiv vydání Nadpis Autor Text èlánku Alena Marešová Neviditelný pes již pøed èasem uveøejnil dotazník paní doktorky Marešové z Institutu pro kriminologii a sociální prevenci v Praze, týkající se extremismu. Nyní vás znovu prosí o pomoc. Institut pro kriminologii a sociální prevenci se t.è. zabývá trestnou èinností policistù - jejími pøíèinami, nezbytnými podmínkami její existence a možnostmi její redukce. Dílèím úkolem je zjištìní, jak v souèasnosti policii a policisty vnímá veøejnost a odborná veøejnost. Ze zkušených pracovníkù justice a policie byl vytvoøen soubor expertù, jejichž názory budou zpracovány a interpretovány zvl᚝ .Vzhledem k vynikajícím zkušenostem ze sbìru názorù prostøednictvím dotazníkù pøedložených internetové èásti veøejnosti, také v tomto pøípadì jsem zpracovala krátký dotazník a prosím uživatele internetu o jeho vyplnìní. Pro zájemce uvádím program 43. semináøe Spoleènosti pro talent a nadání - ECHA:

53. Centre For Information Studies Kildrostan. 095, Lambie, james. Notes on a colonial experiment. Evolution / Philosophy/ Knowledge (Theory). 103, maccullagh, JC Religion and Science a rejoinder. http://www.csu.edu.au/faculty/sciagr/sis/CIS/mri/articles.html

Melbourne Review Index ARTICLES Australienne see Holden, Francis Gillan. A'Beckett, Thos. T.A. (Thomas Turner A.). Twenty-five years retrospect. 1, 3 (July 1876) 280-300. Victoria An agnostic's answer. 4, 15 (July 1879) 315-316. Poetry Amicalis (pseud). The development of religion in Europe. Part 1. 5, 19 (July 1880) 278-299. Astronomy / Philosophy / Theology Amicalis (pseud). The development of religion in Europe. Part 2. 5, 20 (Oct 1880) 331-359. Astronomy / Philosophy / Theology Amicalis (pseud). The development of religion in Europe. Part 3. 6, 22 (Apr 1881) 131-148. Philosophy / Theology Amicalis (pseud). The development of religion in Europe. Part 4. 6, 24 (Oct 1881) 323-345. Philosophy / Theology Amicalis (pseud). The development of religion in Europe. Part 5. 7, 25 (Jan 1882) 70-83. Philosophy / Theology Amicalis (pseud). The genuineness of the fourth gospel. 3, 10 (Apr 1878) 173- 203. Bible / Theology / Philosophy Andrew, H.M. Brain waves. l, 1 (Jan. 1876) 105-110. Supernatural

54. Ireland's Lake District james maccullagh, the noted young Irish Mathematician in Trinity College,Dublin, some sixteen years later. At Own Expense Prof. http://www.lakedistrict.ie/gen/cross_cong.shtml

The Cross Of Cong In 1822, Dr. George Petrie, the famous antiquarian, was doing a tour of the West. While passing through Cong, Co. Mayo, he called on Patrick Prendergast (1795 - 1829), the last mitred Abbot of Cong, Co. Mayo, and representative of the Augustinian Order in the province, who was living there in retirement. The Abbot had in his possession a beautiful processional cross which he had discovered hidden away in an old oaken chest which had been kept in a cottage in the village, and he showed this to his visitor. It was kept safely there since the barbarous and cruel rebellion of 1641 In Irish and Latin Dr. Petrie was amazed at what he saw before him, an elegant cross covered with beautiful decoration in the late interlaced style of post-Viking pre-Norman times, with gold filigree spiral ornament, and richly studded with coloured glass and enamel settings. Around the sides were ten inscriptions in both Irish and Latin, invoking prayers for Turlough O'Connor, High King of Ireland, and for others, and explaining that 'in this cross is preserved the cross on which the Founder of the world suffered' at the centre of the cross was a large crystal setting which, no doubt, covered the precious relic.

55. Page6 Dutton, Alexander Cunningham (or Conyngham), John Cunningham, james Cunningham,Cuthbert Cunningham, Sir james Cunningham, james maccullagh; William Stewart http://www.angelfire.com/my/tray/Page-7.htm

THE NEW SETTLERS IN LIMERICK AND CLARE Or Thomond THE following were the chief families of early settlers, in the counties of Limerick and Clare: De Burgo, Fitzgerald, Fitzgibbona branch of the Fitzgeralds, De Clare, De Lacey, Brown, Barrett, Roche, Russell, Sarsfield, Stritch, Purcell, Hussey, Harold, Tracey, Trant, Comyn, White, Walsh, Wolfe, Dongan, Rice, Aylmer, Nash, Monsell, Massy, etc. The Fitzgeralds, earls of Desmond, had vast possessions in Limerick; and of the estates of Gerald, the sixteenth earl of Desmond, in the reign of Elizabeth, about one hundred thousand acres were confiscated in the county Limerick, and divided amongst the following families: Annesley, Barkley, Billingsley, Bouchier, Carter, Courtenay, Fitton, Mannering, Stroude, Trenchard, Thornton, and Uthered. Limerick was formed into a county as early as the reign of King John, A.D. 1210; and Clare, in the reign of Elizabeth, A.D. 1565, by the Lord Deputy Sir Henry Sidney. THE MODERN NOBILITY* OF LIMERICK AND CLARE Or Thomond QUOTING from Connellan, the following have been the noble families in Limerick and Clare, since the reign of Henry the Eighth: O'Brien, earls and marquises of Thomond, earls of Inchiquin, barons of Ibrackan, and barons of Burren, also viscounts of Clare, and barons of Moyarta; Bourke, barons of Castleconnell; Roche, barons of Tarbert; and Fitzgerald, knights of Glin, in the county of Limerick; Sarsfield, vicounts of Kilmallock, in the county of Limerick; Dongan, earls of Limerick; Hamilton, viscounts of Limerick; Fane, viscounts Fane and barons of Loughguire, in Limerick; Southwell, barons Southwell of Castlematross in Limerick; Fitzgibbon, earls of Clare; Perry, earls of Limerick; Quinn, earls of Dunraven and barons of Adare, in Limerick; O'Grady, viscounts Guillamore in Limerick; the lords Fitzgerald, and Vesey or Vesci, in the county of Clare; Massey, barons of Clarina in Limerick; Monsell, barons of Emly.

56. Neue Seite 1 Translate this page Macaulay, Francis Sowerby (1862 - 1937). maccullagh, james (1809 - 1896).Macdonald, Hector (1865 - 1935). Macintyre, Sheila (Scott) (1910 - 1960). http://www.mathe-ecke.de/mathematiker.htm

Abbe, Ernst (1840 - 1909) Abel, Niels Henrik (5.8.1802 - 6.4.1829) Abraham bar Hiyya (1070 - 1130) Abraham, Max (1875 - 1922) Abu Kamil, Shuja (um 850 - um 930) Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani (940 - 998) Ackermann, Wilhelm (1896 - 1962) Adams, John Couch (5.6.1819 - 21.1.1892) Adams, John Frank (5.11.1930 - 7.1.1989) Adelard von Bath (1075 - 1160) Adler, August (1863 - 1923) Adrain, Robert (1775 - 1843) Aepinus, Franz Ulrich Theodosius (13.12.1724 - 10.8.1802) Agnesi, Maria (1718 - 1799) Ahlfors, Lars (1907 - 1996) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (835 - 912) Ahmes (um 1680 - um 1620 v. Chr.) Aida Yasuaki (1747 - 1817) Aiken, Howard Hathaway (1900 - 1973) Airy, George Biddell (27.7.1801 - 2.1.1892) Aithoff, David (1854 - 1934) Aitken, Alexander (1895 - 1967) Ajima, Chokuyen (1732 - 1798) Akhiezer, Naum Il'ich (1901 - 1980) al'Battani, Abu Allah (um 850 - 929) al'Biruni, Abu Arrayhan (973 - 1048) al'Chaijami (? - 1123) al'Haitam, Abu Ali (965 - 1039) al'Kashi, Ghiyath (1390 - 1450) al'Khwarizmi, Abu Abd-Allah ibn Musa (um 790 - um 850) Albanese, Giacomo (1890 - 1948) Albert von Sachsen (1316 - 8.7.1390)

57. The Woodend And District Heritage Society - Publications For Sale Lilley, Mr. 7 Lines, Cecilia N. 25 Lingham, Mr. Mrs. J. 35 Lodge, Mr. Henry 42Long, Conrad 25 Long, Katrina 25 maccullagh, Dean 25 james 42, 43 Morphet, Rev http://home.vicnet.net.au/~wdhs/smdex.html

Welcome Page Membership Meetings Sale Items ... Photographs NAMES INDEX - 'WALLS TWO FEET THICK' Welcome Page Membership Meetings Sale Items ... Photographs

58. Research And Special Collections Available Locally (NI) - RASCAL Northern Irelan William Lynch, Patrick, Gaelic Scholar Lyric Theatre MacAlindon, Patrick Macartney,George (c. 1670c. 1702) maccullagh, james (1809-1847) MacDonald, Claude http://www.rascal.ac.uk/site_search/search_terms.asp?q=name

59. Library Listing 11912. J4.3, TWO GIRLS, TWO CATAMARANS, WHARRAM,james, SCHUMAN, 1969,10001. 11843. J4.5, VIKINGS WAKE, maccullagh,RICHARD, NORSTRAND, 1959,11935. http://www.cruising.org.uk/librarylisting/listingj4.3_4.8.htm

J - Cruises and Cruising Part 3 J4.3 - Cruises; Atlantic Ocean J4.6 - Cruises; Mediterranean Sea J4.4 - Cruises; North Sea, Inland Europe and France J4.7 - Cruises; Red Sea and Indian Ocean ... J4.8 - Cruises; Chinese and Japanese Cruises; Atlantic Ocean SHRIMPY SAILS AGAIN; CAMBRIDGE TO CARIBBEAN ACTON,SHANE PATRICK STEPHENS SINGLE HANDED PASSAGE ALLCARD,EDWARD PUTNAM VOYAGE ALONE ALLCARD,EDWARD HALE TEMPTRESS RETURNS* ALLCARD,EDWARD PUTNAM SINGLE HANDED PASSAGE ALLCARD,EDWARD PUTNAM VINLAND VOYAGE ANDERSON,J A DARING VOYAGE ACROSS THE ATLANTIC* ANDREWS,WILLIAM CAPSIZE IN A TRIMARAN ANGEL,NICOLAS STANFORD SECOND CHANCE; TO PATAGONIA NICHOLSON ATLANTIC ADVENTURERS BARTON,HUMPHREY ADLARD COLES VERTUE XXXV BARTON,HUMPHREY ROSS VERTUE XXXV BARTON,HUMPHREY ROSS ATLANTIC ADVENTURERS BARTON,HUMPHREY ADLARD COLES CITY OF RAGUSA BARTON,HUMPHREY(ED) YACHTSMAN LOST ONE, THE BEAUDOUT,HENRI LONG ISLAND SOUND BLANCHARD,F VAN NOSTRAND SAILING TO THE SUN BLOOMFIELD,HOWARD DODD MEAD INNOCENT ABOARD NAUTICAL BOMBARD STORY, THE BOMBARD,ALAIN DEUTSCH CRUISE OF THE EOTHEN* BRASSEY,THOMAS

60. New Page 3 were explained with mathematical precision, and Britannica turned to james ClerkMaxwell maccullagh and Neumann supposed it to be a displacement in the plane of http://www.creativitysciencecollaboration.org/CREATIVITYSCIENCECOLLABORATION/eth

“ETHER” by James Clerk Maxwell In the First Edition (1768-71) of the Encyclopædia Britannica, the article on "Æther," began thus: "the name of an imaginary fluid, supposed by several authors, both ancient and modern, to be the cause of gravity, heat, light, muscular motion, sensation, and, in a word, of every phenomenon in nature." The article then proceeded to quote various of those authors, at length. By the time the Ninth Edition was published (1875-89), the ether was understood to be a medium that transmitted electromagnetic waves, its qualities were explained with mathematical precision, and Britannica turned to James Clerk Maxwell, the creator of modern electromagnetic theory, to describe it. His essay's blend of science and speculative philosophy is characteristic of Victorian scientific writing. It is also the concept's swan song; in a few short years the discoveries of Albert Michelson and Alfred Morley, Heinrich Hertz, and, finally, Albert Einstein, would completely destroy the centuries-old concept. ETHER, or æther,(

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