81. Untitled out the positions of stars in the field of the telescope, close to the position wherethe French mathematician, urbain Jean Joseph le verrier had claimed that http://www.iac.es/galeria/mrk/Neptune.html

Neptune at 150 September 23 rd 1996 marked the 150 th anniversary of the discovery of Neptune. Most people know the bones of the story – how the British Astronomer Royal "threw away" the chance of being first to find the new planet. Fewer people know the other side of the story: that the discovery of Neptune was not a great triumph for the mathematicians... Neptune was first recognised as a planet on September 23rd 1846. Johann Gottfried Galle (1812-1910), at the eyepiece of the 9-inch refractor at Berlin Observatory called out the positions of stars in the field of the telescope, close to the position where the French mathematician, Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier had claimed that a new planet would be found. Whilst he did this, a young student, Heinrich Ludwig D'Arrest (1822-1875) checked them off against the star chart. Almost at once Galle described a star which was not on the chart: the size of the solar system had, suddenly, increased by more than 50%, with the discovery of Neptune. The discovery of Neptune was, however, not the great triumph of mathematics that it was proclaimed to be. It was riddled with accidents, errors and examples of petty stupidity and based on calculations which were, in fact, almost worthless. When Uranus was found, in 1781, it was noticed that it kept deviating from its predicted orbit, as if pulled out of position by another body. In 1841, a Cambridge mathematics student, John Couch Adams, had decided to tackle the problem and attempt to locate the unknown body by its influence on Uranus. Adams started work, on graduating brilliantly, in 1843, made a first estimate of the position where the planet might be found. Finding his estimates satisfactory, he revised his calculations no less than five times, obtaining his finally result in 1845. Unknown to him, Le Verrier had also started to make identical calculations using a similar method and obtained a virtually identical final result.

82. Searching The Skies For A Planet's Subtle Tug the initial honors for detecting what we now call Neptune went to the equallygreat, publicityminded French mathematician urbain Jean-Joseph le verrier. http://csmweb2.emcweb.com/durable/2000/11/30/p20s1.htm

Monitor Site Map @csmonitor.com About Us/Help Advertising Christian Science Article Archive AP's The WIRE Crossword puzzle Forums (join in!) Home International News Links Library News In Brief Subscriptions US News Weekly News Quiz THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2000 e-mail this story to a friend FEATURES, IDEAS BOOKS Searching the skies for a planet's subtle tug By Robert C. Cowen John Couch Adams could have used a Web page. England's brilliant 19th-century mathematician solved the leading astronomical puzzle of his day - deducing the existence of an unseen outer planet from its effect on Uranus's orbit. But thanks to quirky snail mail and bumbling confidantes, the initial honors for detecting what we now call Neptune went to the equally great, publicity-minded French mathematician Urbain Jean-Joseph le Verrier. THE NEPTUNE FILE By Tom Standage 256 pp., $25 STAFF Working independently, le Verrier matched Adams's feat. While Adams sent notes about his work to England's Astronomer Royal, who neglected them, le Verrier made sure the astronomical world knew what he was doing every step of the way. Adams persuaded Cambridge University astronomer James Challis to look for Neptune, but Challis didn't bother to analyze the mass of data he collected. Meanwhile, Berlin Observatory staffer Johann Gottfried Galle took le Verrier's prediction and promptly found the prize. Challis then discovered that he would have seen Neptune first had he bothered to analyze his data. Such was life in astronomy's fast lane 155 years ago. Such is life in that lane today as modern Adamses and le Verriers hunt for unseen alien worlds by analyzing how their gravity tugs on their parent stars.

83. Adams, Airy And The Discovery Of Neptune In 1846 urbain le verrier, the French codiscovery of Neptune was an older, and much morebusiness-like individual, and had the determination to see his computations http://www.u-net.com/ph/lassell/adams-airy.htm

Adams, Airy and the Discovery of Neptune in 1846 by Allan Chapman Soon after Neptune was discovered in Berlin, in September 1846, using Le Verrier's Computed position, a furore broke out in Britain about the priority of John Couch Adams. Though Adams's claim had not been advanced until October 1846, when even the English astronomers were still speaking of "Le Verrier's Planet", it came to be realised that Adams had already arrived at a computed position for the Uranus-disturbing planet by the autumn of 1845. Adams, via a letter of introduction from Professor Challis in Cambridge, had applied to Professor George Biddell Airy, the Astronomer Royal for some kind of assistance, though he failed to secure an interview with Airy, and nothing further happened - until the New Planet was discovered in Berlin, nearly a year later. Popular interpretations of this incident place a great deal of responsibility upon Airy, for not having taken the initiative to secure a British discovery. Yet this is unjust, and several key factors must be born in mind: It was not the job of the Astronomer Royal to undertake searches.

84. Writing At Author.co.uk Online Magazine In France, the mathematician urbain JohnJoseph le verrier had been workingindependently on his own calculations as to the planet's position. http://www.author.co.uk/mag/writing.htm

author online New Books Services for Writers News Views Letters ... Desk More information? Please contact Ruth Killick Tel: +44 (0) 207 416 3258/ ruth.killick@penguin.co.uk Publication date: 2 November 2000 The Neptune File Planet Detectives and the Discovery of Worlds Unseen Search author.co.uk or the web powered by FreeFind Site search Web search Authors on site Basic Ideas Resources Newsletter ... Contacts Be notified when this page changes it's private powered by ChangeDetection The Neptune File (published by Allen Lane on 2 November) tells the epic tale of the discovery of the planet Neptune in 1846, the breakthrough that laid the foundations for today's discoveries of planets around other stars. The hero: John Couch Adams, a young Cornish mathematician. In 1841, while a first-year student at Cambridge, Adams first learned about the puzzle of Uranus. For 60 years, since the discovery of the planet, astronomers had struggled to calculate accurately the planet's unpredictable orbit. After four years of calculating, Adams concluded mathematically that Uranus was being influenced by the gravitational pull of another, as yet unseen, planet. Not only this, but he had calculated the position of the missing planet. Although he had not seen it, he had made a momentous discovery: the planet which was to be named Neptune. The villain? George Airy, Astronomer Royal. Having calculated Neptune's position, Adams next had to persuade astronomers to verify his finding using telescopes. Airy, the Astronomer Royal, based at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, was the obvious candidate. But Airy was slow to act. And although he finally initiated a search for the planet, together with a fellow British astronomer, he kept secret the news of Adams' discovery from the astronomical community.

85. COMETAS, PLANETAS E GALÁXIAS -4- FÍSICA Translate this page Já o outro era o francês urbain le verrier, astrônomo de prestígio. O famosoastrônomo francês urbain le verrier. O que são as nebulosas? http://www.fisica.ufc.br/galaxia4.htm

COMETAS, PLANETAS e GALÁXIAS A incrível história do planeta descoberto matematicamente. John Adams, outro astrônomo azarado. Newton, no final, estava muito certo. Desde que Urano foi descoberto por Herschel, sua órbita foi calculada levando em conta a atração gravitacional do Sol e a influência dos demais planetas, principalmente Saturno e Júpiter. Após algumas décadas notou-se que a órbita calculada com as leis de Newton desviava-se ligeiramente da órbita observada pelos astrônomos. A confiança na teoria newtoneana era tão grande que a maioria dos cientistas começou a suspeitar que outro planeta, ainda desconhecido e mais distante, estava perturbando um pouco a trajetória de Urano. Vários cientistas se dedicaram à tarefa de tentar localizar esse novo planeta. Usando as Leis de Newton e os valores da órbita desviada de Urano, talvez fosse possível, matematicamente , calcular a posição do planeta desconhecido. Só que este tipo de cálculo é extremamente elaborado e, naquele tempo, tinha de ser feito à mão. Só dois heróis conseguiram ir até o fim sem desanimar e terminaram seus cálculos quase ao mesmo tempo. Um deles, o inglês John Adams, chegou primeiro ao resultado e enviou uma carta aos astrônomos do observatório de Londres. Mas, Adams era um estudante de apenas 25 anos e os medalhões ingleses deixaram as previsões do jovem calculista na gaveta. Já o outro era o francês Urbain Le Verrier, astrônomo de prestígio. Ele enviou sua carta ao observatório de Berlim e seu pedido foi atendido imediatamente. Na mesma noite, 23 de Setembro de 1846, o astrônomo alemão Johann Galle apontou seu telescópio para o local do céu indicado por Le Verrier, e de fato, lá estava um ponto luminoso que não constava nos mapas celestes: um novo planeta. Com a notícia do grande feito os ingleses resolveram olhar para o céu na posição indicada por Adams e também viram o planeta previsto matematicamente pelo jovem calculista.

86. Glossaire Translate this page le verrier, urbain Jean Joseph (1811-1877) mathématicien et astronome françaisqui prédit la position d'une planète jusqu'alors inconnue (Neptune) qui http://www.multimania.com/solaire/html/glossaire/glossaire02.htm

G LOSSAIRE A B C D ... P Q R S T U ... W X Y Z G Gaïa ( hypothèse ) : nommée d'après la déesse grecque Gaïa, dit que la Terre devrait être vue comme un tout, un organisme vivant et que les processus biologiques stabilisent l'environnement. Énoncé pour la première fois en 1969 par le biologiste britannique James Lovelock. Galle, Johann Gottfried : (1812-1910) astronome allemand qui, avec Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, réalisa la première observation de Neptune sur la base de calculs de Le Verrier. Même si Galle a été le premier à observer Neptune, sa découverte est généralement attribuée à Adams (qui avait fait les calculs plus tôt) et à Le Verrier. Galilléennes (Lunes): les quatre plus grosses lunes de Jupiter: Io Europe Ganymède et Callisto ; découvertes indépendamment par Galilée et Marius. (Galilée proposa qu'ils soient nommés les étoiles Médicéennes, en l'honneur de son mécène Cosme II de Médicis). Galileo Galilei (Galilée) : (1564-1642) astronome et physicien italien. Le premier à utiliser un télescope pour étudier les étoiles. Découvreur des premières lunes d'un corps extraterrestre (voir ci-dessus) et des premiers anneaux (mais non de leur identification). Galilée fut un ardent supporteur de la théorie

87. Enciclopedia Católica Translate this page Puy Diócesis en Francia le Quien, Michel le Sage, Alain-René le Tellier, Charles-Mauricele Tellier, Michel le verrier, urbain-Jean-José lead, Diócesis http://www.enciclopediacatolica.com/la.htm

Las-Leo La-Lar Lep-Lod Log-Lys Las Cinco Llagas Sagradas Lasaulx, Ernst von Lascaris, Constantine Lascaris, Janus Laski, John (Juan) Lassberg, Baron Joseph Maria Christoph von Lassus, Orlandus de Lataste, Marie Lateral, Altar Latera, Flaminius Annibali de Lateranos, Concilios Lathrop, George Parsons Poeta, novelista (1851-1898) Latina, Iglesia Latini, Brunetto Latria Latrocinium Lauda Jerusalem Lauda Sion Laudes Lauras Lausanne y Geneva Lauzon, Jean (Juan) de Lauzon, Pierre de Lavabo Laval Lavant Lavatorio de Pies y Manos Lavigerie, Charles Martial-Allemand Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent Law, Bernard Francis, Cardenal Lawrence de Brindisi, Santo Lawrence Justinian, Santo

88. The Sidewalk's End fire. He calculated the planet’s movements and sent the informationonto urbain le verrier, France’s most famous astronomer. le http://www.wtse.net/vulcan.html

TSE Current Issue The Soapbox Archive Submission Guidelines ... Contact Us The Phantom Planet Vulcan Tony Sakalauskas On March 26, 1859, a French medical doctor and amateur astronomer named Lescarbault claimed to have observed a planet closer to the sun than Mercury. He called it Vulcan, after the Roman god of fire. He calculated the planet’s movements and sent the information onto Urbain Le Verrier, France’s most famous astronomer. Le Verrier had already noticed that Mercury deviated from its orbit. A gravitational pull from Vulcan would fit in nicely with what he was looking for. Le Verrier checked out other reports and found out that other astronomers had also seen a small black disk against the background of the sun. They all knew that it couldn’t be a sunspot, because sunspots travel more slowly. Le Verrier decided to pay the doctor a visit. When Le Verrier examined Lescarbault’s telescope, he found that it was of very poor quality and that it gave distorted images. Yet, the astronomer still believed that the doctor discovered a new addition to the solar system. From calculations made with this inferior equipment Le Verrier came to the conclusion that Vulcan was 13 million miles (21 million kilometers) from the sun and that it took twenty days to complete its orbit. Most astronomers couldn’t find the planet, so most astronomers didn’t believe it existed. Le Verrier said that it would be seen crossing the sun in March or April of 1860; it wasn’t. The emminent astronomer concluded that the transit happened at night when the sun was not visible. But the sun was visible on the other side of the Earth.

89. AstronomiA - Astronomie Pédagogique Translate this page Neptune fut découverte le 31 août 1846 par l'académicien français Urbainle verrier qui en découvrit les coordonnées mathématiquement. http://users.skynet.be/astronomia/pages/neptune/neptune.html

Divisions Explication Eclipses Soleil Lune ... Stations orbitales Divers Observation Personnages Lexique Introduction Anneaux Satellites Introduction Mythologie Urbain Le Verrier Johann Gottfried Galle Localisation Neptune / Introduction Annexes Astro@ddict Droit Citations Images Site Sommaire Chiffres Bibliographie Visiteurs Contribution Questions? chris@mail.belgavillage.be http://users.skynet.be/astronomia/

90. Tumbling Stone 3 - Comet Lexell- Part2 About seventy years later, in the early forties of the XIX century, urbain le Verrierreexamined the subject from the beginning, asking himself a question that http://spaceguard.ias.rm.cnr.it/tumblingstone/issues/num3/lexell2.htm

Focus on Comet Lexell (second part- continued from TS number 2 Le Verrier's computations and the concept of Chaos T he work of Johann Anders Lexell on the periodic comet that bears his name was brilliant and innovative, but did not put an end to the investigations on the motion of that extraordinary object. About seventy years later, in the early forties of the XIX century, Urbain Le Verrier reexamined the subject from the beginning, asking himself a question that previous astronomers had essentially avoided. The question was about the reliability of the orbit computed for the comet: did the available observations determine uniquely the orbital elements? ( click here to know more about the orbital elements A t that time the work of Gauss on the recovery of the first asteroid, Ceres ( see T.S. number 1: " Ceres: the missing planet?" ), was a `fait accompli' and, as a consequence, the quantitative treatment of observational errors in the determination of orbits had become a well posed mathematical problem. While working on comet Lexell, Le Verrier was also working on the determination of the orbit of the planet perturbing Uranus. When that planet was discovered (and named Neptune), at the end of the decade, Le Verrier became a celebrity. A portrait of Le Verrier L et us go back to Lexell's comet. Le Verrier critically examined again the available observations, and identified a subset of them that he trusted; he then tried to compute an accurate orbit for the comet, taking also into account the gravitational action of the Earth. After many computations, described in detail in his papers of 1844, 1848 and 1857, he realized that it was not possible to determine a unique `best' orbit for the comet, since the constraints given by the observations were insufficient.

91. Ordliste astronomiske karriere. (22k jpg og litt mer info) le verrier, UrbainJean Joseph 18111877 Fransk matematiker. Forutsa eksistensen http://www.astro.uio.no/ita/DNP/nineplanets/help.html

Ordliste A B C D ... Linker A Adams, John Couch Engelsk astronom og matematiker som i en alder av 24 år var den første til å forutsi at det måtte finnes en planet bak Uranus . Dessverre for ham unnlot han å publisere dette. Galle bekreftet Neptuns eksistens basert på uavhengige beregninger av Le Verrier 4k jpg akkresjon Oppsamling av støv og gass i større legemer som stjerner, planeter og måner. albedo Forholdet mellom reflektert og innkommende lys for et legeme, et mål på reflektivitet eller intrinsikk lysstyrke av et objekt. En hvit, perfekt reflekterende flate vil ha en albedo på 1.0, mens en perfekt totalabsorberende sort flate har en albedo på 0.0. albedo-formasjon En mørk eller lys markering på et legemes overflate som muligens ikke er en geologisk eller topografisk formasjon. antipodal-punkt Punktet på diametralt motsatt side av planeten. aphel Punktet i en planetbane som er lengst vekk fra Solen. For objekter i bane rundt Jorden brukes tilsvarende betegnelsen apogee ; mens apoapsis brukes for andre legemer. (Det motsatte av perihel Arago, Dominique Francois Jean

92. ASTRONOMY (NEPTUNE) The next summer, however, French mathematician urbain Jean JosephLe verrier published his own work on the topic. When Sir George http://vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov/er/seh/neptune.html

NEPTUNE THE SATELLITES OF NEPTUNE THE DISCOVERY OF NEPTUNE (NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, "Voyager at Neptune: 1989," JPL 400-353, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., March 1989.) Neptune was the first planet located through mathematical predictions rather than through systematic observations of the sky. In the years following William Herschel's discovery of Uranus in 1781, astronomers noted that Uranus was not faithfully following its predicted path. Uranus seemed to accelerate in its orbit before 1822 and to slow after that. One possible explanation was that the gravity of an undiscovered planet was affecting the orbit of Uranus. Two young mathematicians, each working independently and with no knowledge of the other, were intrigued by the mystery and set out to solve it. In England, John Couch Adams began work on the problem in 1841 and pursued it sporadically. By the fall of 1845, he felt confident enough in his calculations to present them to the Astronomer Royal, Sir George Airy, at the Greenwich Observatory. It was, perhaps, Adams' youth and the fact that he was an unknown astronomer that caused the older man to give little attention to Adams' work at the time. The next summer, however, French mathematician Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier published his own work on the topic. When Sir George noticed that Le Verrier's work closely matched that of young Adams, he directed Professor James Challis of Cambridge Observatory to begin a search of the heavens for this object. Challis was hindered, however, by the lack of up-to-date star maps of the area to be searched and, without these, it was difficult to quickly discern new bodies from known ones. His only course was to tediously scan and rescan the sky over a period of weeks, watching for planet-like motion. He missed recognizing Neptune several times.

93. Nature Publishing Group On the basis of these deviations, John Couch Adams in England and urbain le Verrierin France independently calculated the likely orbit of a hypothetical trans http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v388/n6641/full/

94. Exploring The Planets - Discovery - Discovering The Planets Independently, two astronomers, John Couch Adams in England and urbainJean-JosephLe verrier in France, calculated the position of this yet unknown planet. http://www.nasm.si.edu/ceps/etp/discovery/disc_planets.html

Exploring The Planets Discovery D iscovering N ew P lanets O nly six planets, including the Earth, were known until the 18th Century. D iscovery of U ranus Sir William Herschel 21k GIF Los Angeles, CA T he planet Uranus was discovered by the noted British astronomer, Sir William Herschel, on March 13, 1781. Actually, the planet had been observed numerous times by other astronomers as early as 1690, but it was thought to be another star. T he planet was discovered accidentally while Herschel was surveying all stars down to magnitude eight those that are about ten times dimmer than can be seen by the naked eye. One "star" seemed different and within a year was shown to have a planetary orbit 18 times farther from the Sun than Earth. The new planet was named Uranus after the father of Saturn in Roman mythology. 142k GIF Uranus was discovered using this 15-centimeter (6-inch) telescope designed and built by Herschel. 71k GIF 12k JPEG NASA Image #P29313 Voyager image of Uranus and 3 of its moons.

95. Météorologie Et Histoire C'est en 1878 qu'est fondé l'observatoire météorologique du Pic du Midi de http://www.ac-toulouse.fr/histgeo/meteo/pages/histoire/histoire.htm

Panorama de l'histoire d'une science Les inondations de1875 Bibliographie Urbain Le Verrier du Pic du Midi de Bigorre ... histoire des sciences et des techniques par exemple saviez-vous qu' au cours de l'hiver Bibliographie Articles de l' FIERRO Alfred, SANCHEZ Jean-Christophe, Le Pic du Midi et son observatoire SANCHEZ Jean-Christophe Les catastrophes naturelles La climatologie Image satellite ... jsanchez@ac-toulouse.fr

96. International: Italiano: Scienze: Fisica: Astronomia: Astronomi: Le_Verrier,_Urb Translate this page Open Site. The Open Encyclopedia Project. http://open-site.org/International/Italiano/Scienze/Fisica/Astronomia/Astronomi/

Open Site The Open Encyclopedia Project Pagina Principale Aggiungi Contenuti Diventa Editore In tutta la Directory Solo in Astronomi/Le_Verrier,_Urbain_Jean_Joseph Autore Top International Italiano Scienze ... Astronomi : Le Verrier, Urbain Jean Joseph Questa Categoria ha bisogno di un Editore - Richiedila Open Site Code 0.4.1 modifica

97. Compendium Du Système Solaire - Neptune http://www.astrosurf.com/lombry/sysol-neptune.htm

Neptune , le dieu de la mer Introduction (I) En 1846 le polytechnicien français Urbain Le Verrier émit l'hypothèse que " les inégalités d'Uranus [étaient provoquées] par une planète encore ignorée [...] située à une distance moyenne double de celle d'Uranus ". Les mathématiciens s'étonnèrent en effet que les tables d'éphémérides d'Uranus différaient jusqu'à 2' d'arc avec la position réelle de la planète. Mais presque personne ne voulût y croire. Présumant une perturbation engendrée par une nouvelle planète, John Adams, étudiant de Cambridge en Angleterre et Urbain Le Verrier entreprirent chacun de leur côté de rechercher cette planète par le calcul. Tous deux annoncèrent l'existence de cette planète et indiquèrent sa position. Dans une lettre adressée à Johann Gottfried Galle, assistant à l’Observatoire de Berlin, Le Verrier écrit : “ Actuellement, je cherche un observateur persévérant, prêt à sacrifier une partie de son temps à l’examen d’une région du ciel où il y a probablement une nouvelle planète à découvrir. Je suis parvenu à cette conclusion à partir de notre théorie sur Uranus ... On ne peut rendre compte correctement des observations d’Uranus sans introduire l’action d’une nouvelle planète jusqu’alors inconnue ... Dirigez votre télescope vers le point de l’écliptique situé dans la constellation du Verseau, à 326 degrés de longitude, et vous trouverez, à moins d’un degré de ce point, une nouvelle planète ressemblant à une étoile de magnitude égale à neuf environ, et ayant la forme d’un disque perceptible”.

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