61. History 181B - Course Reader Clerk Maxwell's Electric Ideas as Described in Familiar Letters to William Thomson,ed. sir joseph larmor (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1937), 3435. http://history.berkeley.edu/faculty/Carson/spring03/181B/reader.html

History 181B: Modern Physics Course reader Navigation Home Schedule Contents 1. Front material The Road-Maps of Modern Physics Reading Instructions and Questions 2. James Prescott Joule, "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat" (1849), in The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule (London: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1887), 298-328. 3. Rudolf Clausius, selection on "The Second Law of Thermodynamics" (1850), in A Source Book in Physics , ed. William Francis Magie (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), 228-233. 4. Charles-Augustin Coulomb, "Law of Electric Force" (1785), in A Source Book in Physics , ed. William Francis Magie (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), 408-417. 5. James Clerk Maxwell, selection from "On Faraday's Lines of Force" (1855), in The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell , ed. W. D. Niven (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1890; New York: Dover, 1952), v. 1, 155-159. 6. James Clerk Maxwell, letter to Thomson, 10 December 1861, in Origins of Clerk Maxwell's Electric Ideas as Described in Familiar Letters to William Thomson , ed. Sir Joseph Larmor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1937), 34-35.

62. Stokes which Stokes edited himself in 1880, 1883 and 1891. The last 2 wereedited by sir joseph larmor in 1887 and 1891. JOC/EFR Nov 94. http://www.sci.hkbu.edu.hk/scilab/math/stokes.html

George Gabriel Stokes Aug 13 1819 - Feb 1 1903 Born Sligo, Ireland. Died Cambridge, England. Welcome page The World Great Mathematicians Stokes established the science of hydrodynamics with his law of viscosity (1851), describing the velocity of a small sphere through a viscous fluid. Stokes published papers on the motion of incompressible fluids in 1842-43 and on the friction of fluids in motion and the equilibrium and motion of elastic solids in 1845. In 1849 Stokes was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. In 1851 Stokes was elected to the Royal Society and was secretary of the Society from 1854 to 1884 when he was elected president. He investigated the wave theory of light, named and explained the phenomenon of fluorescence in 1852, and in 1854 theorised an explanation of the Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum. He suggested these were caused by atoms in the outer layers of the Sun absorbing certain wavelengths. However when Kirchhoff later published this explanation Stokes disclaimed any prior discovery. Stokes developed mathematical techniques for application to physical problems, founded the science of geodesy, and greatly advanced the study of mathematical physics in England. His mathematical and physical papers were published in 5 volumes, the first 3 of which Stokes edited himself in 1880, 1883 and 1891. The last 2 were edited by Sir Joseph Larmor in 1887 and 1891.

63. Science Topics By Hisaaki Shinkai William Burnside 1906 Alfred G Greenhill 1907 Ernest W Hobson, 1909 Augustus EH Love1911 George Chrystal 1914 Ernest W Brown 1915 sir joseph larmor 1916 Hector http://atlas.riken.go.jp/~shinkai/science/topics.html

His Science Topics $B3- $BJF9q?M;v$K4X$9$k1=%Z! <%8(J $B%N! ^!$%U%$! ... ^(J (2002/1/31)(2002/10/8 update) $B%$%s%Q%/%H%U%!%/%?! <(J $B!V:G$b0zMQ$5$l$?O@J8!W!)(J His Science Database $B$KLa$k!%(J $BJF9q?M;v$K4X$9$k1=%Z! <%8(J $B!!$3$s$J%Z! $BAGN3;RJT(J $B!K(J $B!!>pJs$O!$FI $B!!$3$l$i$K%j%s%/$5$l$F$$$k$b$N$H$7$F!$B>$K!$(J $B!V(Jreject$B$5$l$? $B$H$+!$(J offer$B$r D$N?4F@(J $B$J$I$b;29M$K$J$k(J(?)$B!%(J $B%N! ^!$%U%$! ^(J $BJF9qHG%N! ^$G$"$k!$!V(J $B%Y%s%8%c%_%s%U%i%s%/%j%s>^(J $B!W$K!$(J $B!V%+! <%I3+H/!W$NCfB <=$Fs!J9)3XItLg!K $B$3$l$^$G$K(J $B%N! ^(J $B$r (2002/10/9 update) $BEDCf9L0l(J $B2=3X>^(J $B!V@8BN9bJ,;R$NF1Dj$*$h$S9=B$2r@O$N$?$a$N $B>. ;=S(J $B!V%K%e! <%H%j%NE7J83X$N@h6nE*$J9W8%$KBP$7$F!W!%(J <#(J $B2=3X>^(J $BGr@n1Q $B2=3X>^(J $BMx:,@n?J(J $BJ!0f8,0l(J $B2=3X>^(J $B9>:jNh1wF`(J <%I$N3+H/(J $BD+1J?60lO:(J $BEr@n=( $BM[;R$HCf@-;R$H$N4V$K:nMQ$9$k3KNO$rG^2p$9$k$b$N$H$7$F!"Cf4V;R$NB8:_$rM=8@(J $B$3$N$[$+!$%5%$%(%s%90J30$NJ,Ln$G$O(J $BBg9>7r;0O:(J $BJ83X>^(J $B:4F#1I:n(J $BJ?OB>^(J

64. Stokes in 1880, 1883 and 1891. The last 2 were edited by sir joseph larmor in 1887and 1891. Welcome page Instructions Birthplace map Mathematicians http://physics.hallym.ac.kr/reference/physicist/Stokes.html

George Gabriel Stokes Aug 13 1819 - Feb 1 1903 Born Sligo, Ireland. Died Cambridge, England. Welcome page Instructions Birthplace map Mathematicians of the day ... Previous (Chronologically) Next Chronological Index Previous ( Alphabetically) Next Alphabetical Index Stokes established the science of hydrodynamics with his law of viscosity (1851), describing the velocity of a small sphere through a viscous fluid. Stokes published papers on the motion of incompressible fluids in 1842-43 and on the friction of fluids in motion and the equilibrium and motion of elastic solids in 1845. In 1849 Stokes was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. In 1851 Stokes was elected to the Royal Society and was secretary of the Society from 1854 to 1884 when he was elected president. He investigated the wave theory of light, named and explained the phenomenon of fluorescence in 1852, and in 1854 theorised an explanation of the Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum. He suggested these were caused by atoms in the outer layers of the Sun absorbing certain wavelengths. However when Kirchhoff later published this explanation Stokes disclaimed any prior discovery.

65. Fy Energia ja Sähkö Sähkömagnetismi. Internetix, Sähkömagnetismi;Nikola Tesla; sir joseph larmor Moderni fysiikka. FYSIIKKA 6; Albert http://kotisivu.mtv3.fi/elot/fy.htm

Fysiikan luokka Kuukauden fyysikko FYSIIKKA 1 Laskuharjoituksia Fysiikan osa-alueet ... WHAT IS SCIENCE? Fysiikan historiaa Kuukauden fyysikko Klassisen fysiikan oppihistoria History of astronomy in Uppsala Rosen's Biographies Links ... TIETOKONE JA MITTAUSAUTOMAATIO Mekaniikan kokeita Liike Sanomalehti fysiikan opetuksessa Maailmankaikkeuden synty ja rakenne Uskomatonta, mutta totta. Maailman syntyteoria eli ns. "Big Bang"-teoria Fysiikka yhteiskunnassa Fysiikka yhteiskunnassa FYSIIKKA 2 Energia Fysiikka teollisuudessa Fysiikka kotona Pori energia Fysiikka muussa yhteiskunnassa Mekaniikka Mekaniikka I, Kinematiikka ja dynamiikka FYSIIKKA 3 Fysiikka 4 SLL:n energia-sivut ... In the histories of the arts and the sciences, William Thomson, Lord Kelvin Ranskankieliset linkit Rudolf Diesel THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Aaltoliike AALTOLIIKE ELECTRICAL HISTORY Count Alessandro Volta Georg Simon Ohm ... Sir Joseph Larmor Moderni fysiikka FYSIIKKA 6 Albert Einstein Albert Einstein Online Atomin historiaa antiikin ajoilta ... The Uniton – the elementary quantum – building matter, fields and 'vacuum'. The discovery of a universal quantum ether Ydinfysiikka Radioaktiivisuus Marie Curie RADIOAKTIIVISUUS, Harjoituksia

66. Magnetic Dynamos With Dynamics This process was originally suggested by sir joseph larmor in 1919 and astrophysicistsand mathematicians have been investigating it ever since. http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/rcfta/anrep95/anrep95/node9.html

Next: Winds and radio stars Up: Research highlights Previous: Research highlights Magnetic dynamos with dynamics Numerical simulations by Dave Galloway and Olga Podvigina have shed new light on magnetic field generation in astrophysical plasmas, allaying fears that the proposed mechanism would saturate long before the field became as strong as is observed. All magnetic effects are produced by moving electrically charged particles (electric currents) and since almost all astrophysical objects consist of gases of electrically charged particles known as plasmas, almost all astrophysical objects are magnetized. For example the Sun is very strongly influenced by magnetic effects, as are most stars, and the more active planets such as Jupiter and Saturn, and even the Earth is magnetized though via a different process. In most astrophysical objects magnetic fields are thought to build up as a result of so-called ``dynamo action'' when the electrically conducting gases comprising the object move in concert and generate the field in a manner analogous to a dynamo in a power station generating electricity. This process was originally suggested by Sir Joseph Larmor in 1919 and astrophysicists and mathematicians have been investigating it ever since. There is no doubt that the mechanism works if the gas motions remain unhampered by the magnetic fields that they generate, which is the case if the magnetic fields remain weak. Most work has considered only this case but it has recently been suggested that when the back reaction of the field on the motion (via the so-called Lorentz force) is included this theory may have problems explaining the magnetic fields observed in the cosmos.

67. La Vita Di Joseph John Thomson larmor è il sposò Rose Elisabeth, figlia di sir George E http://digilander.libero.it/sofiasabatti/thomson/JJThomson.htm

Joseph John Thomson Joseph John Thomson nacque a Cheetham Hill, a sobborgo di Manchester (in Inghilterra), il 18 dicembre del 1856. Suo padre morì quando J. J. aveva solo sedici anni. Si iscrisse nell'Owens College di Manchester nel 1870, dove il suo professore di matematica lo incoraggiò affinché riuscisse ad entrare al Trinity College, uno dei college più prestigiosi della Cambridge University. Nel 1876 J. J. vinse la borsa di studio e nel 1880 fu il secondo della propria classe (dopo Joseph Larmor) nell'estenuante gara degli esami di matematica. Divenne un 'Fellow' del Trinity College nel 1880 e rimase un membro del College per tutto il resto della sua vita, come 'Lecturer' dal 1883 e come 'Master' dal 1918. J. J. Thomson da piccolo, nel 1861 circa. (Dalla biografia di Thomson scritta da Lord Rayleigh) Gli studenti della Cambridge University di solito lavoravano con dei tutor privati per prepararsi al "Tripos", un esame noto per essere particolarmente difficile. In questa fotografia sono ripresi gli studenti del tutor E. J. Routh nel 1879. Thomson è il primo sulla destra dei quattro dell'ultima fila, davanti alla porta; Larmor è il primo sulla sinistra della stessa fila. (Hill and Saunders, Cambridge)

68. Mathematics At TCD 1592-1992 Another Irishman, sir joseph larmor, who became Lucasian Professor of Mathematicsin Cambridge in 1903, also worked at Mac Cullagh's aether. http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/official/400Hist/15.html

Back to table of contents. THE AETHER The grand concept of the world aether, an all pervasive medium which penetrated matter and extended throughout the universe, was of fundamental importance in nineteenth century scientific thought. It was believed that wave phenomena of any kind required such a medium within which to happen and to propagate. The existence of light, generally recognized by 1840 as a wave phenomenon, and its propagation throughout the universe demanded the existence of the aether as a mechanical medium subject to dynamical laws. MAC CULLAGH as controversialist. Since Einstein, the existence of the aether has ceased to be a necessary or relevant hypothesis. Yet a modern world view demands the existence of a complex fluctuating energy-rich vacuum: an image which closely parallels that of the classical aether. There is a certain irony in that what relativity took away the quantum revolution in some sense restored. Of course classical aether models, such as Mac Cullagh's, have little relevance for the rich, teeming, all-pervasive vacuum as it is now understood, which can only be described in the language of quantum field theory, nevertheless there is a continuity in concept and vision which causes the idea of the aether to retain a certain fascination even today. George Salmon

69. Blank Entries From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biography Translate this page 1762) Lamb, Horace (1849-1934) Lamé Lapp, Ralph (1917-) larmor, joseph (1857-1942 1838-1910)Thomae, Johannes Karl (1840-1921) Thomson, sir joseph John (1856 http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/blank-entries.html

Any assistance in providing definitions for the following items would be greatly appreciated. Please send additions to scienceworld@wolfram.com Abbe, Ernst (1840-1905) Adams, John Couch (1819-1892) Aepinus, Franz (1724-1802) ... Zwicky, Fritz (1898-1974)

70. IP8 Fluid Dynamos: An Ongoing Challenge To Applied Mathematicians The directional property of the magnetic compass needle has been known for over 4000years, but it was only in 1919 that sir joseph larmor gave the explanation http://www.siam.org/meetings/an98/ip8.htm

Wednesday, July 15 Fluid Dynamos: An Ongoing Challenge to Applied Mathematicians 9:00 AM-9:45 AM Chair: Anna Lawniczak, University of Guelph, Canada Room: Convocation Hall The directional property of the magnetic compass needle has been known for over 4000 years, but it was only in 1919 that Sir Joseph Larmor gave the explanation that has stood the test of time: the magnetic field of the Earth is created by the motion of its electrically-conducting fluid core. The theory of such self-excited homogeneous dynamos has, after many vicissitudes, produced simulated fields that behave in a similar way to the geomagnetic field. Meanwhile observation has revealed many other examples of cosmic magnetism that of planets, satellites, and galaxies that are explained by similar dynamo mechanisms. The subject is currently being actively developed by several groups in several countries, but much remains to be done. The speaker will present an assessment of the subject as it stands today. Paul H. Roberts Department of Mathematics University of California, Los Angeles

71. ACM Guide Subject Index 6, 78, Precession and sir joseph larmor Michael Meadows MagneticResonance an Educational Journal June 1999 Volume 11 Issue 4, 79, http://portal.acm.org/subjects.cfm?row=B&idx=Biographies/autobiographies&part=su

72. Results 180, Precession and sir joseph larmor Michael Meadows Magnetic Resonancean Educational Journal June 1999 Volume 11 Issue 4, 77%. http://portal.acm.org/results.cfm?query=Biographies/autobiographies CCS&que

73. Lebensdaten Von Mathematikern Translate this page Georg (1865 - 1912) van Lansberge, Philip (1561 - 1632) Laplace, Pierre Simon Marquisde (28.3.1749 - 5.3.1827) larmor, sir joseph (1857 - 1942) de La Roche http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~hebisch/cafe/lebensdaten.html

Diese Seite ist dem Andenken meines Vaters Otto Hebisch (1917 - 1998) gewidmet. By our fathers and their fathers in some old and distant town from places no one here remembers come the things we've handed down. Marc Cohn Dies ist eine Sammlung, die aus verschiedenen Quellen stammt, u. a. aus Jean Dieudonne, Geschichte der Mathematik, 1700 - 1900, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1985. Helmut Gericke, Mathematik in Antike und Orient - Mathematik im Abendland, Fourier Verlag, Wiesbaden 1992. Otto Toeplitz, Die Entwicklung der Infinitesimalrechnung, Springer, Berlin 1949. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive A B C ... Z Abbe, Ernst (1840 - 1909) Abel, Niels Henrik (5.8.1802 - 6.4.1829) Abraham bar Hiyya (1070 - 1130) Abraham, Max (1875 - 1922) Abu Kamil, Shuja (um 850 - um 930) Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani (940 - 998) Ackermann, Wilhelm (1896 - 1962) Adams, John Couch (5.6.1819 - 21.1.1892) Adams, John Frank (5.11.1930 - 7.1.1989) Adelard von Bath (1075 - 1160) Adler, August (1863 - 1923) Adrain, Robert (1775 - 1843)

74. FUSION 2/1998: Für Die Menschenrechte Der Relativitätskritiker Translate this page grundsätzlichen Zweifel an ihr äußerten, gehörten ua solche bekannten Namen wieAA Michelson, Walther Ritz, Frederick Soddy, joseph larmor, sir Oliver Lodge http://www.solidaritaet.com/fusion/1998/2/relativ.htm

Aus FUSION 2/98: Hypothese Anomalie Begriff experimentellen Physik machen wollte. Ob Einstein die richtige Antwort unkritisch PM Bild der Wissenschaft Bild der Wissenschaft Dr. Jonathan Tennenbaum Lesen Sie zu diesem Thema bitte auch und Aus der an Bild der Wissenschaft gerichteten Gegendarstellung

75. Historical Manuscripts Commission | National Register Of Archives | List Of Pers 17971868) Antiquary (3) Larkins, Roy (fl 1940-1945) Officer In The Royal Air Force,Lowestoft (1) larmor, sir joseph (1857-1942) Knight Physicist (10) Larpent http://www.hmc.gov.uk/nra/browser/person/page/personLA.htm

LA LE LH LI ... LY List of Persons with surname beginning LA Laban, Rudolf (d 1958) Dancer Labelye, Charles (1705-? 1781) Architect and Engineer Labilliere, Paul Fulcrand Delacour De (1879-1946) Dean of Westminster Labouchere, Henry (1798-1869) 1st Baron Taunton, statesman ... Lamb, Sir Horace (1849-1934) Knight Mathematician Lamb, Sir James Bland (1752-1824) Knight see Burges ( Lamb, James (fl 1898-1902) General Practitioner Lamb, Kenneth Henry Lowry (b 1923) Broadcaster Lamb, Sir Lionel Henry (b 1900) Knight Diplomat Lamb, Lynton Harold (1907-1977) Graphic Artist ... Lazerowitz, Alice Ambrose (b 1906) Philosopher Persons listed: back Search the NRA Browse Personal Names A B ... Archives in Focus Design by Reading Room Ltd Technology by Sherwood Government

76. STOLBERG, FRIEDRICH LEOPOLD, GRAF ZU first three (Cambridge, 1880, 1883, and 1901) under his own editorship, and thetwo last (Cambridge, 1904 and 1905) under that of sir joseph larmor, who also http://34.1911encyclopedia.org/S/ST/STOLBERG_FRIEDRICH_LEOPOLD_GRAF_ZU.htm

document.write(""); STOLBERG, FRIEDRICH LEOPOLD, GRAF ZU academical distinctions included honorary degrees from many universities, together with membership of the Prussian Order Pour le Mérite. Sir George Stokes’s mathematical and physical papers were published in a collected form in five volumes; the first three (Cambridge, 1880, 1883, and 1901) under his own editorship, and the two last (Cambridge, 1904 and 1905) under that of Sir Joseph Larmor, who also selected and arranged the Memoir and Scientific Correspondence of Stokes published at Cambridge in 1907. STOLBERG, FRIEDRICH LEOPOLD, GRAF ZU (1750—1819), (from 1812) in the neighbourhood of Bielefeld, he removed to his estate of Son dermuhlen near Osnabrück, where he died on the 5th of December 1819. He wrote many odes, ballads, satires and dramas—among the last the tragedy Timoleon (1784), translations of the Iliad (1778), of Plato (1796—1797), Aeschylus (1802), and Ossian (1806); he published in 1815 a Leben A if reds des Grossen, and a voluminous Geschichte der Religion Jesu Christi (17 vols., 1806—1818). Stolberg’s brother, CHRISTIAN, GRAy zu STOLBERG (1748—1821), was also a poet. Born at Hamburg on the 15th of October 1748, he became -a magistrate at Tremsbuttel in Holstein in 1777, and died on the ,Sth of January 1821. Of the two brothers Friedrich was undoubtedly the more talented, but Christian, though not a poet of high originality, excelled in the utterance of gentle sentiment. They published together a volume of poems, Gedichte (edited by H. C, Boie, ,779); Schauspiele mit Choren (1787), their object in the latter work being to revive a love for the Greek drama; and a collection of patriotic poems Vaterlandische Gedichte (1815). Christian von Stolberg was the sole author of Gedichte aus dent Griechischen (1782), a translation of the works of Sophocles (1787), and of a poem in seven ballads, Die weisse Frau (1814), which last attained considerable popularity.

77. Tim Chilcott - Silversmith. Commissions larmor Plate. Cambridge awards it's highest achieving students each year with itemstaken from the collection of silver known as The sir joseph Lamor Plate. http://www.tjcsilver.co.uk/commissions.htm

Commissions "The process of design preparation and selection is for me the most rewarding part of my work. The relationship which is built up with my customers is necessarily close. However, it can take some time and is often a cause of frustration in our world of instant consumerism. It is worthwhile considering at this point that the finished product is one which will far outlast the commissioner and the maker and deserves some patience for this." Royal Society of Medicine Paper Knives These Knives, of which there are 20, were commissioned by the Royal Society of Medicine to be given to winners of the 'Geofferey Chisohlm Award'. On the handle of the knives is the emblem of the Royal Society of Medicine carved in high relief and gilded. The Blades carry the hallmark on one side and the name of the recipient bright engraved on the other. Each Knife is carried in it's own fitted presentation case. Cartridge Spirit Shots This boxed set of nine spirit shots are intended to be used at a shoot where participants can partake of the traditional nip of Sloe Gin. At the bottom of the cartridge is a number to correspond with the peg that person will stand at to shoot. The Windfall Trophy The Windfall Trophy was commissioned by the Essex Ladies County Golfing Association for presentation to the winner of the annual Ladies golfing round in Essex. It is a water jug of Sterling Silver with gilded and textured decoration. The Association's enameled crest appears on the handle and 'The Windfall Trophy' is engraved on the body.

78. PSEWEB: Professor Peter Excell - Sir Edward Appleton Trust Cambridge at that time was an exciting place for physics in additionto Bragg, the staff included sir JJ Thomson and sir joseph larmor. http://www.inf.brad.ac.uk/~psexcell/personal/appleton.htm

SIR EDWARD VICTOR APPLETON Nobel Laureate Pioneer of Radio and Space Research INTRODUCTION Sir Edward Appleton, Nobel prizewinner, and widely recognized as the discoverer of the Ionosphere, was born in 1892 in the city of Bradford. Although he ceased full-time residence in Bradford at the age of 19, he maintained close links with the members of his family who remained there, and it was thus a significant influence in his life. Early years in Bradford While at this school, Appleton developed an interest in physics, spurred by the influence of a gifted and energetic physics master, J. A. Verity. Appleton developed a passion for physics, scoring 100% in his first school examination in the subject. Verity recog­nized his potential, to the extent that he was given a key to the laboratory and was permitted to attend some more advanced classes at the Bradford Technical College. It is noteworthy that his portrait photograph from that period was posed in the company of an optical bench. Cambridge and World War I Appleton went up to Cambridge (St John’s College) in 1911 and his undergraduate career appears to have been exemplary, resulting in a ‘double first’ (i.e. first-class honours in Part I of the Natural Science Tripos in 1913 and first-class honours again in Part II Physics papers in 1914). He seems to have spent the vacations back in Bradford, including further periods of work at the Technical College, probably because his home life at the time was clouded by the terminal illness of his first sister Isabel, who died at the end of 1911.

79. On The Geodynamo The idea that planetary magnetic fields might result from a dynamoprocess was first put forward by sir joseph larmor in 1919. He http://www.tim-thompson.com/geodynamo.html

80. A Breief History Of The Electron The electron was first discovered in 1898 by sir John joseph Thomson. In thissense joseph larmor, JJ Thomson's Cambridge classmate, used the term. http://www.egglescliffe.org.uk/physics/particles/electron/electron.html

Includes student results for determining the electron's charge/mass ratio Particles Main The electron was first discovered in 1898 by Sir John Joseph Thomson. Almost 100 years ago J.J. Thomson was at Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University. Thomson was investigating 'Cathode Rays' which had been a puzzle for a long time. Through his experiments Thomson put forward a then controversial theory in which the 'Cathode Rays' were made up of streams of particles much smaller than atoms, Thomson called these particles 'corpuscles'. Thomson mistakenly believed that these 'corpuscles' made up the entire atom. This idea was controversial as most people at this time thought that the atom was the smallest particle in matter and was divisible. Thomson's theory was not explicitly supported by his experiments. It took more experimental work by Thomson and others to conclusively prove the theory. The atom is now known to contain other particles as well. Yet Thomson's bold suggestion that 'Cathode Rays' were material constituents of atoms turned out to be correct. The rays are made up of electrons: very small, negatively charged particles. Mysterious Rays Science lecturers who traveled from town to town in the mid nineteenth century delighted audiences by showing them the ancestor of the neon sign. They took a glass tube with wires embedded in opposite ends. They then applied a high voltage across the tube. When the air was pumped out of the tube the interior of the tube would glow. In 1859 a German physicist sucked out still more air with an improved pump and saw that where this light from the cathode reached the glass it produced a fluorescent glow. Evidently some kind of ray was emitted by the cathode and lighting up the glass.

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