21. Al-andalus Translate this page Averroes, Al-Umawi. Ibn Majid, Muhyi l'din al-Maghribi. jabir ibn aflah, AbdRahman III. Mussa ibn nussayre, Sulayman. Abd Rahman I, Abd al-Moumen ibnAli. http://www.multimania.com/andalus

Dates importantes Début de l'histoire Omeyyades d'Espagne Emirs Omeyyades ... Galerie Photos Al-Idrissi Premier géographe arabe à pénétrer l'Europe de la Renaissance et héritier de plusieurs traditions cartographiques arabes, al-Idr is s i réalise une synthèse des travaux de ses prédécesseurs . Il est repris par les auteurs qui lui succèdent : le géographe arabe Ibn Sa'îd, de Grenade (mort en 1274) et Abû Fidâ, de Damas (mort en 1331) ont copié ses notices. L'historien Ibn Khaldûn (mort en 1406) assure de son côté avoir suivi l'exemple d'Idr is s i Une version tardive et simplifiée de l'œuvre, aurait été rédigée en 1192 sous le titre de : "Le petit Edrisi", résumé du grand Carte de Al-Idrissi Astrolabe La méditerranée Témoignage de Ibn jubayr Contribution scientifique ... Email ©2002 Al-Andalus

22. Ivars Peterson's MathLand earlier Greek work. One of these scholars was jabir ibn aflah, whoworked in Islamic Spain in the twelfth century. His methods for http://www.maa.org/mathland/mathland_1_20.html

Ivars Peterson's MathLand January 20, 1997 Fragments of the Past The early history of mathematics is like a jigsaw puzzle missing many of its pieces. Historians and mathematicians have been painstakingly filling in the blanks, gradually constructing a richer, more complete story of how and where mathematical thought originated and spread. One period of considerable interest is that between the decline of Greek mathematics, coinciding with the collapse of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century, and the rise of European mathematics in the fifteenth century. Mathematics professor Morris Kline of New York University's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences expressed a common view of that period in his 1972 book Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times . "The Arabs made no significant advance in mathematics," he wrote. "What they did was absorb Greek and Hindu mathematics, preserve it, and ultimately, ... transmit it to Europe." In other words, Islamic scholars did little more than put Greek mathematics into cold storage until Europe was ready to accept it. Historian George G. Joseph challenged that view in his provocative book

23. Science News Online - Ivars Peterson's MathLand - 1/18/97 earlier Greek work. One of these scholars was jabir ibn aflah, whoworked in Islamic Spain in the 12th century. His methods for http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc97/1_18_97/mathland.htm

Fragments of the Past The early history of mathematics is like a jigsaw puzzle missing many of its pieces. Historians and mathematicians have been painstakingly filling in the blanks, gradually constructing a richer, more complete story of how and where mathematical thought originated and spread. One period of considerable interest is that between the decline of Greek mathematics, which coincided with the collapse of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century, and the rise of European mathematics in the 15th century. Mathematics professor Morris Kline of New York University's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences expressed a common view of that period in his 1972 book Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times . "The Arabs made no significant advance in mathematics," he wrote. "What they did was absorb Greek and Hindu mathematics, preserve it, and ultimately, … transmit it to Europe." In other words, Islamic scholars did little more than put Greek mathematics into cold storage until Europe was ready to accept it. Historian George G. Joseph challenged that view in his provocative book

24. Enigma Galgano - Medioevo In Rete - Personaggi - Matematici Del XII Secolo Translate this page 3) Adelard of Bath (1075-1160). 4) Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra (1092-1167). 5)al-Ishbili Abu Muhammad jabir ibn aflah (1100-1160). 6) Bhaskara (1114-1185). http://web.infinito.it/utenti/e/enigmagalgano/Medioevo_in_Rete/personaggi/matema

Matematici del XII secolo Omar Khayyan Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci Torna a Personaggi Omar Khayyan (18 maggio 1048 - 4 dicembre 1131) Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi Adelard of Bath Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra al-Ishbili Abu Muhammad Jabir ibn Aflah ... Johannes de Sacrobosco

25. Torquetum Translate this page Torquetum. jabir ibn aflah. Inicio. http://ma1.eii.us.es/GMD/Torquetum.htm

Torquetum Jabir ibn Aflah Inicio Torquetum Jabir ibn Aflah Inicio

26. Muslims Internet Directory: Religion Of Islam/Science And Health/Muslim Scientis AlIshbili Abu Muhammad jabir ibn aflah - Describes the life and influential worksof the Muslim scientist and scholar of the 12th century also known in Latin http://www.idleb.com/directory/Religion_Of_Islam/Science_And_Health/Muslim_Scien

Directory Gallery Forum Free Services Webmasters Tools Welcome Guest User Register Users My Links ... PLACE Islamic Items for a cheap prices from 2muslims.com to fund and support 2discoverislam.com project. The Islamic CD, Quran CD, Recitation, Journey to Islam CD , Empire of faith VHS and more. The Entire Directory Jabir ibn Haiyan More search options Home Religion Of Islam Science And Health ... Muslim Scientists : Jabir ibn Haiyan: Top Categories Menu: Beliefs And Practices Business And Economy Comparative Religions Computers And Internet Countries Discover Islam Education Islamic Gallery Media Resources Miscellaneous Mosques And Centers Organizations Quran And Hadith Religion Of Islam Society And Culture Women In Islam Log On To The system: Username: Password: Forgot Password? Register Why Registering? Inside The Directory Directory Home Add A Site Modify A Site New Sites ... Editors Corner HOT! Directory Statistics Newsletter Random Site Search 2Muslims.com Forum Newest 5 Posts: want books? by kulsoom_q Re: [David Duke] How Israeli terrorism and American treason by BonnCompany Re: [ihawash] Please post your waiting time and country by mowsow Re: [mowsow] Security breach in the FPGEE®, no exams till early 03

27. Muslims Internet Directory: Al-Ishbili Abu Muhammad Jabir Ibn Aflah AlIshbili Abu Muhammad jabir ibn aflah, Hits13. , Visit Al-Ishbili AbuMuhammad jabir ibn aflah Now. http://www.idleb.com/cgi-bin/links/detail_page.cgi?ID=6648

28. Culture Of Muslim Spain suggesting that the orbits of the planets are not circular but ovoid.jabir ibn aflah (12th century) criticized the Ptolemaic system. http://lilt.ilstu.edu/bekurtz/culture.htm

Culture of Muslim Spain Arab civilization in the peninsula reached its zenith when the political power of the Arabs began to decline. In the 8th century, in the years immediately following the conquest, there were no traces of a cultural level higher than that attained by the Mozarabs who lived among the Arab conquerors. All available evidence points to the fact that in this period popular works of medicine, agriculture, astrology, and geography were translated from Latin into Arabic. Many of these texts must have been derived from the Etymologies of Isidore of Seville and from other Christian writers. In the 9th century, the situation changed abruptly: the Andalusians, who traveled east in order to comply with the injunction to conduct a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetimes, took advantage of their stay in those regions to enhance their knowledge, which they then introduced into their native country. Literature. The highest peak in Islamic literature in Spain was attained during the era of the ta`ifas, when the poet-king al-Mu'tamid established an embryo of an academy of belles lettres, which included the foremost Spanish intellects as well as Sicilians who emigrated from their native land before its conquest by the Normans. Other petty kings in the peninsula endeavoured to compete with al-Mu'tamid but did not succeed in assembling a constellation of writers of comparable stature. Among the outstanding poets of the 12th century in eastern Andalusia (the Andalusian Levant) were Ibn Khafaja of Alcira and his nephew Ibn az-Zaqqaq. To the era of greatest decadence in the 13th century belonged Abu al-Baqa` of Ronda and Ibn Sa'id. In the 14th century three court poets, Ibn al-Jayyab, Ibn al-Khatib, and Ibn Zamraq, preserved their verses by having them inscribed in the Alhambra.

29. AT THE THRESHHOLD OF A NEW MILLENNIUM–II, MG Vol. 1 No. 2 d. 881 ), Ahmad ibn Yusuf alMisri Ametus (d. 912), Al-Battani Albategnius /Albetenius (d. 929), jabir ibn aflah Geber Filius Aflac (d. 1050 ), Khalid http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15-1-2000/Art5.htm

32 pages, Twice a month. Subscribe Now . Credit Cards accepted (ISSN 0972-3366) Cartoons Special Reports National Issues ... Contact Us » Tell me when the next issue comes online: Unsubscribe q » Recommend this site to your friend (Click below): » Dont miss an issue. A lot can happen within the community and beyond in a fortnight The Milli Gazette » Only a fraction of the rich contents of The Milli Gazette is online. To make sure you get your hands on the real picture - subscribe to THE MILLI GAZETTE Join Us About the Book q » The Milli Gazette's Message Board: q Add a link to your homepage at The Milli Gazette's Free-for-all Links page (FFA Page) AT THE THRESHHOLD OF A NEW MILLENNIUM–II By Zafarul-Islam Khan Much of our internal problems may be traced to the self-imposed decadence and the self-created ideological vacuum. After the Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century, our scholars closed the doors of ijtihad, i.e., independent reasoning and inference about new issues and situations which keep arising because human society by its very nature is in constant flux and in an ever-changing ferment. Only animals are unable to plan any change in their lives. New situations and challenges crop up all the time in every human society. And only those societies succeed and grow which accept new challenges and take the trouble of solving their problems in time.

30. History Of Mathematics: Chronology Of Mathematicians A list of all of the important mathematicians working in a given century.Category Science Math Mathematicians Directories...... Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn alSa'igh ibn Bajja (Avenpace) (d. 1139)*SB; Abu Muhammad jabir ibn aflah al-Ishbili (Geber) (c. 1125) *SB; http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html

Chronological List of Mathematicians Note: there are also a chronological lists of mathematical works and mathematics for China , and chronological lists of mathematicians for the Arabic sphere Europe Greece India , and Japan Table of Contents 1700 B.C.E. 100 B.C.E. 1 C.E. To return to this table of contents from below, just click on the years that appear in the headers. Footnotes (*MT, *MT, *RB, *W, *SB) are explained below List of Mathematicians 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB

31. The Literature Of The Copernician Revolution: Research Paper l of Granada (d. 1185/6 AD), and alBitruji and jabir ibn aflah of Seville (bothactive circa 1200 AD), all attempted to reformulate Ptolemaic astronomy. http://home.nycap.rr.com/mismedia/Coperican Revolution.htm

Introduction Allow time for all images to download History is replete with revolutions. They have been bloody, bloodless, political, industrial, intellectual, cultural, social, sexual, scientific, and spiritual. The word has been applied to innumerable areas. We may discuss a revolution in music, such as when Jazz or Rock and Roll was introduced, or a revolution in fashion when the bikini or mini-skirt first appeared. Revolutions are more than a dramatic change or the sudden appearance of a heretofore-unknown idea. A revolution represents a change of values. What we value becomes part of our culture and defines who we are. Who we are today and what we define as our modern world was born of a revolution that took place not on the battlefield, but in the mind. This paper will review the written works of the astronomers, scientists, and mathematicians who participated in what has come to be called the Copernican Revolution. The Ancient Universe: Staring up at the night skies and contemplating the nature of the universe must surely rank as one of the humanity's oldest philosophical pursuits. Often, how a particular culture defines the universe tells us more about the culture than the true nature of the universe. The ancient Egyptians, for example, imagined their universe as a sort of an elongated platter, closely resembling the dimensions of the Nile valley. Like the Babylonians, the Egyptians imagined the heavens to be a sort of dome over the Earth.

32. ALHAMBRA 2000 - THE CONGRESS inquires into his attitude towards alFarghani, Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Bitruji, ibnRushd, Muhammad al Bagdadi, Pseudo-ibn al-Haytham, jabir ibn aflah, and Pseudo http://www.ugr.es/~alhambra2000/0Congr.htm

ALHAMBRA 2000 European-Arabic Congress of Mathematics (with History of European and Arabic Mathematics and Mathematicians) SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE President: Karine Chemla (CNRS - U. Paris VII - France) Enrico Giusti (USF - Firenze - Italy) Hourya Sinaceur (CNRS - Paris I - France) CONTENTS AND SCOPE The ALHAMBRA 2000 European-Arabic Congress of Mathematics (with History of European and Arabic Mathematics and Mathematicians) aims for presenting a global view of how mathematical schools around the Mediterranean Sea contributed to the development of Mathematics. It will especially focus on the following points: To offer a synthesis of our recent knowledge on Arabic Mathematics and its transmission towards the North from the 12th till the 17th century onwards, with a special emphasis on the case of Spain. To revise our understanding of the originality of the Mathematics which developed in Europe from the 13th century onwards. The role played by Spain during the Middle Ages in the advancement of Mathematics was twofold. First, the very development of Mathematics during the age of Al-Andalus was very important. On the other hand, various communities lived in Spain in good terms and worked together. Fm the 12th century onwards, this attracted scholars from the North of Europe who came to Spain to translate this body of knowledge into Latin. As a consequence, this symposium is designed for a wide audience, which is not limited to specialists on past and present-day Mathematics, Arabic, Medieval, Renaissance and Classical mathematics.

33. Arabisk Videnskab I Middelalderen Alhazen skrev en afhandling om dette. jabir ibn aflah, Averröes, ThabitibnQurra og al-Birunni var andre kendte kritikere af Ptolemæus. http://home3.inet.tele.dk/skaaning/artikler/videnskab2.htm

Arabisk videnskab i middelalderen. Astronomien udvikling i de arabiske lande i middelalderen. Videnskabernes udvikling i de arabiske lande byggede videre på resultater opnået i andre kulturer, primært græsk kultur, men også indisk og persisk kultur. Først oversattes videnskabelige tekster om astronomi fra sanskrit/indisk og pahlavi/middelpersisk til arabisk. Dernæst fulgte oversættelser af græsk videnskabelig litteratur. I løbet af det 8. og 9. årh. var de indiske, persiske og græske hovedværker, bl.a. Almagest og Euklids Elementer oversat til arabisk. Den græsk-hellenistiske tradition blev mønsterdannende for videnskaberne i de arabiske lande. Den græsk-hellenistiske tradition indenfor astronomien var geocentrisk. Platon skitserede i dialogen Timaios (ca. 350 f.v.t.) et univers med jorden i centrum og med fixstjernerne, solen og planeterne kredsende i koncentriske cirkler om jorden. Herefter var de kun få som tvivlede på den geocentriske model. Det fremgår bl.a. af Aristoteles' værk De caelo , hvori han noterede at fornuft og almindelig erfaring bekræftede det geocentriske verdensbillede med jorden i centrum. De græske filosoffer som tvivlede på det geocentriske verdensbillede fik kun kortvarig indflydelse. Ptolemæus samlede de græske bestræbelser gennem flere århundreder i en syntese i værket

34. Pedro Nunes, 1502-1578: Fontes: Outras Translate this page astronomia, sobretudo porque apresenta a primeira edição impressa de uma famosaparáfrase do Almagesto de Ptolomeu redigida por jabir ibn aflah (século XII http://bnd.bn.pt/ed/pedro-nunes/obras/fontes-p-nunes/pn_fontes_outras_27.asp

APIANUS, Petrus, 1495-1552 BN RES. 2137 A. - Pert.: "Da liuraria publica de Braga" Atalhos para: Sala de Imprensa A VIDA Cronologia da Vida Documentos D'Arquivo A OBRA Manuscritos FONTES Com marcas de posse Outras CONHECIMENTO EUROPEU ESTUDOS Autores Principais Impressores Marcas de Posse

35. Abstract jabir ibn aflah ( Geber ). 5. Lorch, R. (1995). The Astronomy of jabir ibn aflah.Arabic Mathematical Sciences Instruments, Texts, Transmission. (VI). http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMT668.Folders.F97/Waggener/Papers/arabtrig.ht

Jessica Furr (Waggener), EMT 635, March 4, 1997 A Report on Mathematical Activity in Trigonometry in Medieval Arabia Introduction The contributions of Arabic cultures to the history of mathematics is often underrepresented. In particular, scientific activity in the near east between 900 and 1500a.d. was vital in maintaining the continuum of knowledge between ancient and modern scholars. The story of the preservation, expansion, and transmission of trigonometry is just one example of the accomplishments of the medieval Moslem people. The World Context After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century, the Byzantine and Persian Empires dominated the world scene. The Byzantine Empire, centered at Constantinople, maintained complex relations with the Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church. Within this reign, Greek remained a common language among the native tongues of the Syrians and Arabs. Because Greek continued to be spoken and scholars still had a direct access to many Hellenistic libraries, there was little concern for the preservation or translation of ancient documents (Neugebauer). In fact, the era following the fall of Rome and preceding the rise of Islam was marked by extreme intellectual neglect. The famous library at Alexandria was already in terrible disrepair when it was burned by invading Arabs in the 8th century. The shift of powers at the turn of the millenium is far more complex than the scope of this paper can begin to cover. Hopefully, a few general remarks can suffice to set the background. The Byzantine Empire which arose in the 5th century had passed its peak and would officially end when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. Persia experienced a period of significant academic and artistic activity in the 10th century, even though they were successively dominated by the Arabic and Ottoman (Turkish) empires. The Arabic Empire, after rapid, expansive growth, declined as a result of internal religious and political divisions, but still left behind permanent cultural influences. And looking toward the future, it is important to keep in mind that the Ottoman Empire (culturally Islamic) and the Holy Roman Empire (Western Christian) were in the midst of respectively consolidating power.

36. 1000-1250 1120. Plato of Tivoli (translator from the Arabic); Adelard of Bath (translatorfrom the Arabic). 1130. jabir ibn aflah or Gerber (trigonometry). 1140. http://euphrates.wpunj.edu/courses/math21180/chrono08.htm

Home Up Before 3000 BC 3000-2000 BC ... Alhazen (optics, geometric algebra); Gerbert or Pope Sylvester II (arithmetic, globes). Al-Karkhi (algebra). Edward the Confessor became king. Death of al-Biruni Norman Conquest First Crusade Omar Khayyam (geometric solution of cubic equations, calendar). Important edition of the Arithmetic in Nine Sections printed. Plato of Tivoli (translator from the Arabic); Adelard of Bath (translator from the Arabic). Jabir ibn Aflah or Gerber (trigonometry). Johannes Hispalensis (translator from the Arabic); Robert of Chester (translator from the Arabic). Second Crusade Gherardo of Cremona (translator from the Arabic); Bhaskara (algebra, indeterminate equations). Murder of Thomas a Becket Fibonacci (arithmetic, algebra, geometry, Fibonacci sequence , Liber abaci). Magna Carta Jordanus Nemorarius (algebra). Announcements Assignments Bibliography Chronological Facts ... Home © Spring 2003 - M Llarull Department of Mathematics William Paterson University

37. IJ Index jabir ibn aflah (529) Jacobi, Carl (2614*) Jacobson, Nathan (453*) Jafar, AbualKhazin (1148) James, Ioan (773*) Jamshid, al-Kashi (1725*) Janiszewski http://www.math.hcmuns.edu.vn/~algebra/history/history/Indexes/IJ.html

38. Mathematicians Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn alSa'igh ibn Bajja (Avenpace) (d. 1139)*SB. Abu Muhammad jabir ibn aflah al-Ishbili (Geber) (c. 1125) *SB. http://www.chill.org/csss/mathcsss/mathematicians.html

List of Mathematicians printed from: http://aleph0.clarku.edu:80/~djoyce/mathhist/mathhist.html 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *mt 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *mt Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *mt Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *mt Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *mt Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB Hippias of Elis (fl. c. 425) *SB *mt Theodorus of Cyrene (c. 425) Socrates (469-399) Philolaus of Croton (d. c. 390) *SB Democritus of Abdera (c. 460-370) *SB *mt 400 B.C.E. Hippasus of Metapontum (or of Sybaris or Croton) (c. 400?) Archytas of Tarentum (of Taras) (c. 428-c. 347) *SB *mt Plato (427-347) *SB *MT Theaetetus of Athens (c. 415-c. 369) *mt Leodamas of Thasos (fl. c. 380) *SB

39. Autoren (13.) Des Jahrhunderts (ca. 1170-1320) (Transl); De causis (Transl); Euklid (Transl); jabir ibn aflah Islah (Transl http://www.phil.uni-erlangen.de/~p2mitlat/liste/AutorG.htm

LISTE LATEINISCHER AUTOREN DES 13. JAHRHUNDERTS (ca. 1170-1320) Zurück zur Startseite der Liste lateinischer Autoren des 13. Jahrhunderts Zurück zur mittel- und neulateinischen Startseite Autoren G Galienus de Orto OP († nach 1290): Werke: Abbreviatio secundae partis Summae de theologia Thomae Aq. (Theol); Sermones (Serm). - Lit.: Schneyer II 102; SsOP. Galterius de Coinci (Gautier, 1177/8-1236) Werke Mirakelberichte H agM) (CarmL) Lit.: LMA; Szöv. II 188ff. Galvanus Flamma OP (Galvaneus, 1283-ca. Werke: Chronica Galvagnana , Zeitraum: a.o.c.-13. Jh. (ChrS); Chronica ordinis fratrum praedicatorum , Zeitraum: 1170-1333/44 (ChrOrd); Chronicon extravagans de antiquitatibus Mediolani (ChrS); Chronicon maius , Zeitraum: 568-1342 (ChrU); Manipulus florum (ChrS). - Lit.: BibH; LMA IV, Sp. 425f; Lorenz II 279; RepF; SsOP. Galvanus de Levanto Ianuensis (Ende 13./Anf. 14. Jh.): Werke: Medizinische Schriften (Med). - Lit.: Perugia 1983, Paravicini Bagliani 273f. Gandulphus Tornacensis ep., Bischof von Tournai († 1203): Werke: Kommentare zum kanonischen Recht (Can). -

40. Conference Participants century AD). The ‘universal’ instrument of jabir ibn aflah (twelfthcentury) was a theoretical construct. With the addition http://www.riifs.org/abstracts/abstract_islamscience.htm

About RIIFS Publications Journal (BRIIFS) Nashra ... Responses to Questions Abstracts Conference on Islam and Science August 2001 Mohammed Abattouy. The Arabic Science of Weights: A Report on an Ongoing Research Project Kamel Ajlouni. Values, Qualifications, Ethics and Legal Standards in Arabic (Islamic) Medicine Bennacer El Bouazzati. The Continuum of Knowledge and Belief Sonja Brentjes. On the Location o f The Ancient or ‘Rational’ Sciences in Muslim Educational Landscapes (AH 500-1100) Charles Burnett. The Translation of Arabic Science into Latin: A Case of Alienation of Intellectual Property? Lawrence I. Conrad. Commentary Culture and the Shaping of Academic Culture in Medieval Islam Ahmad Dallal. The Adjustment of Science Anne A. Davenport. Mnèmè Theou: Science as Dhikr in Descartes, Faraday And Ibn Al-Haytham

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