21. 1Up Info > Hypsicles Of Alexandria (Astronomy, Biographies) - Encyclopedia You are here 1Up Info Encyclopedia Astronomy, Biographies Hypsicles ofAlexandria, 1Up Info A Portal with a Difference. hypsicles of alexandria. http://www.1upinfo.com/encyclopedia/H/Hypsicle.html

You are here 1Up Info Encyclopedia Astronomy, Biographies Hypsicles of Alexandria ... News Search 1Up Info ENCYCLOPEDIA Astronomy, Biographies Hypsicles of Alexandria Related Category: Astronomy, Biographies Hypsicles of Alexandria [h kl z] Pronunciation Key , astronomer of ancient Greece. Some authorities place Hypsicles in the 2d cent. B.C. and some in the 2d cent. A.D. The 14th and 15th books of Euclid's Elements, which discuss regular many-sided solids, are attributed to him. His other works include a short treatise on astronomy that introduces the division of the circle into multiples of sixty. Related Resources and Utilities AMAZON All Products Books Magazines Popular Music Classical Music Video DVD Electronics Software Outdoor Living Wireless Phones Computers Outlet Read articles on eLibrary: Encyclopedia Topics History People Places Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. Home Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ©1Up Info

22. 1Up Info > Astronomy, Biographies - Encyclopedia Horrocks, Jeremiah • Hough, George Washington • Hubble, Edwin Powell • Huggins,Sir William • hypsicles of alexandria • Janssen, Pierre Jules César http://www.1upinfo.com/encyclopedia/categories/astrobio.html

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23. EUCLID OF MEGARA of thirteen books; two more are frequently added, but there is reason to believethat they are the work of a later mathematician, hypsicles of alexandria. http://23.1911encyclopedia.org/E/EU/EUCLID_OF_MEGARA.htm

document.write(""); EUCLID OF MEGARA certain kinds of beryl (aquamarine) and topaz, from which it may be distinguished by its specific gravity (3.1). Its hardness (7.5) is rather less than that of topaz. Euclase occurs with topaz at Boa Vista, near Ouro Preto (Villa Rica) in. the province of Minas Geraes, Brazil. It is found also with topaz and chrysoberyl in the gold-bearing gravels of the R. Sanarka in the South Urals; and is met with as a rarity in the mica-schist of the Rauris in the Austrian Alps. EUCLID OF MEGARA founder of the Megarian (also called the eristic or dialectic) school of philosophy, was born c. 450 B.c., probably at Megara, though Gela in Sicily has also been named as his birthplace (Diogenes Laertius i~. 106), and died in 374. He was one of the most devoted of the disciples of Socrates. Aulus Gellius (vi. 10) states that, when a decree was passed forbidding the Megarians to enter Athens, he regularly visited his master by night in the disguise of a woman; and he was one of the little band of intimate friends who listened to the last discourse. He withdrew subsequently with a number of fellow disciples to Megara, and it has been conjectured, though there is no direct evidence, that this was the period of Plato’s residence in Megara, of which indications appear in the Theaetetus. He is said to have written six dialogues, of which only the titles have been preserved. For his doctrine (a combination of the principles of Parmenides and Socrates) see MEGARIAN SCHOOL.

24. History Of Astronomy: What's New At This Site On September 3, 1999 hypsicles of alexandria Hypsikles von Alexandria (c. 190 BC c.120 BC) Short biography and references. L Lane, David J. (20th http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/new/new990903.html

History of Astronomy What's new History of Astronomy: What's new at this site on September 3, 1999 Some URLs have been updated. Welcome / About Site map (complete Table of Contents) updated Acknowledgements updated History of astronomy Observatories and other places Palermo , Italy Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo Persons B Beals, Carlyle Smith (1899-1979) Very short biography Bishop, Roy (20th c.) Very short biography Borra, Ermanno Franco (20th c.) Very short biography Brown, Peter (20th c.) Very short biography Bruce, William (1833-1927) Bruce Park , Hamilton, Canada Including a very short biography with references. C Cassini, Gian Domenico [Giovanni Domenico; Jean Dominique] [Cassini I] (1625-1712) Short biography (Or see Italian version or French version or German version Chalonge, Daniel (1895-1977) Daniel Chalonge Museum , Erice, Italy Daniel Chalonge Museum (See also here International School of Astrophysics "Daniel Chalonge" Find more about Chalonge with Alta Vista Chant, Clarence Augustus (1865-1956)

25. History Of Astronomy: Persons (H) hypsicles of alexandria Hypsikles von Alexandria (c. 190 BC c. 120 BC)Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.). Wolfgang R. Dick. http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_h.html

History of Astronomy Persons History of Astronomy: Persons (H) Deutsche Fassung Habash al-Hasib (?-c.870) Very short biography Hadley, John (1682-1744) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Very short biography Very short biography Hagen, Johann Georg (1847-1930) Very short biography and references (Or see German version Very short biography Very short biography Haiyan: see Ibn Haiyan, Jabir (?-803) Hakluyt, Richard (1552(?)-1616) Biographical data and references Hale, George Ellery Hall, Asaph (1829-1907) Very short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Very short biography Haller von Hallerstein, Augustin (1703-1774) Very short biography (Or see German version Halley, Edmond Halma, Nicholas (1755-1828) Short biography From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Hamilton, Laurentine (1826-1882) Short biography Monument to the Reverend Laurentine Hamilton at Lick Observatory Hamilton, William Rowan (1805-1865) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Obituary and other material Short biography and reference Very short biography Hansen, Peter Andreas (1795-1874)

26. The Helenistic Period Of Greek Mathematics Other Great Geometers. hypsicles of alexandria (fl. 175 BC) added afourteenth book to the Elements on regular solids. In short, it http://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/helnistc/helnistc.html

Next: About this document Aristarchus of Samos (ca. 310-230 BC) He was very knowledgeable in all sciences, especially astronomy and mathematics. He discovered an improved sundial, with a concave hemispherical circle. He was the first to formulate the Copernican hypotheses and is sometimes called the Ancient Copernican He countered the nonparallax objection by asserting that the stars to be so far distant that parallax was not measurable. Wrote On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon . In it he observed that when the moon is half full, the angle between the lines of sight to the sun and the moon is less than a right angle by 1/30 of a quadrant. From this he concluded that the distance from the earth to the sun is more than 18 but less than 20 times the distance from the earth to the moon. (Actual ). Without trigonometry he was aware of and used the fact that He also made other trigonometic estimates without trigonometry. ARCHIMEDES Apollonius of Perga (ca 262 BC - 190 BC) Apollonius was born in Perga in Pamphilia (now Turkey), but was possibly educated in Alexandria where he spent some time teaching. Very little is known of his life. He seems to have felt himself a rival of Archimedes. In any event he worked on similar problems. He was known as the ``great geometer" because of his work on conics.

27. Virtual Encyclopedia Of Mathematics ibadi huntington edward vermilye hurewicz witold hurwitz adolf hutton charles huygenschristiaan hypatia of alexandria hypsicles of alexandria hérigone pierre http://www.lacim.uqam.ca/~plouffe/Simon/supermath.html

Super-Index of Biographies of Mathematicians abel niels henrik abraham bar hiyya ha-nasi abraham max abu kamil shuja ibn aslam ibn muhammad ... zygmund antoni This index was automatically generated using a new tagging program written by Simon Plouffe at LaCIM

28. Mathem_abbrev Herman Hopper, Grace Hörmander, Lars Householder, Alston Hubble, Edwin Hunaynibn Ishaq Huygens, Christiaan Hypatia of Alexandria hypsicles of alexandria. http://www.pbcc.cc.fl.us/faculty/domnitcj/mgf1107/mathrep1.htm

Mathematician Report Index Below is a list of mathematicians. You may choose from this list or report on a mathematician not listed here. In either case, you must discuss with me the mathematician you have chosen prior to starting your report. No two students may write a report on the same mathematician. I would advise you to go to the library before choosing your topic as there might not be much information on the mathematician you have chosen. Also, you should determine the topic early in the term so that you can "lock-in" your report topic!! The report must include: 1. The name of the mathematician. 2. The years the mathematician was alive. 3. A biography. 4. The mathematician's major contribution(s) to mathematics and an explanation of the importance. 5. A historical perspective during the time the mathematician was alive. Some suggestions on the historical perspective might be: (a) Any wars etc. (b) Scientific breakthroughs of the time (c) Major discoveries of the time (d) How did this mathematician change history etc.

29. OPE-MAT - Historique Translate this page Carl Huygens, Christiaan Hecht, Daniel Hipparchus of Rhodes Hypatia of AlexandriaHecke, Erich Hippias of Elis hypsicles of alexandria Heilbronn, Hans http://www.gci.ulaval.ca/PIIP/math-app/Historique/mat.htm

A Abel , Niels Akhiezer , Naum Anthemius of Tralles Abraham bar Hiyya al'Battani , Abu Allah Antiphon the Sophist Abraham, Max al'Biruni , Abu Arrayhan Apollonius of Perga Abu Kamil Shuja al'Haitam , Abu Ali Appell , Paul Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani al'Kashi , Ghiyath Arago , Francois Ackermann , Wilhelm al'Khwarizmi , Abu Arbogast , Louis Adams , John Couch Albert of Saxony Arbuthnot , John Adelard of Bath Albert , Abraham Archimedes of Syracuse Adler , August Alberti , Leone Battista Archytas of Tarentum Adrain , Robert Albertus Magnus, Saint Argand , Jean Aepinus , Franz Alcuin of York Aristaeus the Elder Agnesi , Maria Alekandrov , Pavel Aristarchus of Samos Ahmed ibn Yusuf Alexander , James Aristotle Ahmes Arnauld , Antoine Aida Yasuaki Amsler , Jacob Aronhold , Siegfried Aiken , Howard Anaxagoras of Clazomenae Artin , Emil Airy , George Anderson , Oskar Aryabhata the Elder Aitken , Alexander Angeli , Stefano degli Atwood , George Ajima , Chokuyen Anstice , Robert Richard Avicenna , Abu Ali B Babbage , Charles Betti , Enrico Bossut , Charles Bachet Beurling , Arne Bouguer , Pierre Bachmann , Paul Boulliau , Ismael Bacon , Roger Bhaskara Bouquet , Jean Backus , John Bianchi , Luigi Bour , Edmond Baer , Reinhold Bieberbach , Ludwig Bourgainville , Louis Baire Billy , Jacques de Boutroux , Pierre Baker , Henry Binet , Jacques Bowditch , Nathaniel Ball , W W Rouse Biot , Jean-Baptiste Bowen , Rufus Balmer , Johann Birkhoff , George Boyle , Robert Banach , Stefan Bjerknes, Carl

30. Full Alphabetical Index Translate this page 72) Hurewicz, Witold (529*) Hurwitz, Adolf (302*) Hutton, Charles (159) Huygens,Christiaan (2463*) Hypatia of Alexandria (821*) hypsicles of alexandria (645). http://www.maththinking.com/boat/mathematicians.html

Full Alphabetical Index Click below to go to one of the separate alphabetical indexes A B C D ... XYZ The number of words in the biography is given in brackets. A * indicates that there is a portrait. A Abbe , Ernst (602*) Abel , Niels Henrik (2899*) Abraham bar Hiyya (641) Abraham, Max Abu Kamil Shuja (1012) Abu Jafar Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzjani (1115) Ackermann , Wilhelm (205) Adams, John Couch Adams, J Frank Adelard of Bath (1008) Adler , August (114) Adrain , Robert (79*) Adrianus , Romanus (419) Aepinus , Franz (124) Agnesi , Maria (2018*) Ahlfors , Lars (725*) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (660) Ahmes Aida Yasuaki (696) Aiken , Howard (665*) Airy , George (313*) Aitken , Alec (825*) Ajima , Naonobu (144) Akhiezer , Naum Il'ich (248*) al-Baghdadi , Abu (947) al-Banna , al-Marrakushi (861) al-Battani , Abu Allah (1333*) al-Biruni , Abu Arrayhan (3002*) al-Farisi , Kamal (1102) al-Haitam , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Hasib Abu Kamil (1012) al-Haytham , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Jawhari , al-Abbas (627) al-Jayyani , Abu (892) al-Karaji , Abu (1789) al-Karkhi al-Kashi , Ghiyath (1725*) al-Khazin , Abu (1148) al-Khalili , Shams (677) al-Khayyami , Omar (2140*) al-Khwarizmi , Abu (2847*) al-Khujandi , Abu (713) al-Kindi , Abu (1151) al-Kuhi , Abu (1146) al-Maghribi , Muhyi (602) al-Mahani , Abu (507) al-Marrakushi , ibn al-Banna (861) al-Nasawi , Abu (681) al-Nayrizi , Abu'l (621) al-Qalasadi , Abu'l (1247) al-Quhi , Abu (1146) al-Samarqandi , Shams (202) al-Samawal , Ibn (1569) al-Sijzi , Abu (708) al-Tusi , Nasir (1912) al-Tusi , Sharaf (1138) al-Umawi , Abu (1014) al-Uqlidisi , Abu'l (1028) Albanese , Giacomo (282) Albategnius (al-Battani) (1333*)

31. Full Alphabetical Index 72) Hurewicz, Witold (92*) Hurwitz, Adolf (302*) Hutton, Charles (159) Huygens,Christiaan (2463*) Hypatia of Alexandria (821*) hypsicles of alexandria (645). http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mm97106/math/alphalist.htm

32. Biography-center - Letter H bios/hypnos.html; hypsicles of alexandria, wwwhistory.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hypsicles.html;Hämäläinen, Helvi http://www.biography-center.com/h.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish H 703 biographies www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herigone.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/De_L'Hopital.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Holder.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hormander.html Haab, Otto www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1825.html Haanpää, Pentti www.kirjasto.sci.fi/haanpaa.htm www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Haar.html Haarlem, Cornelis van www.kfki.hu/~arthp/bio/c/cornelis/biograph.html Haavelmo, Trygve www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1989/haavelmo-bio.html Haavikko, Paavo www.kirjasto.sci.fi/haavikko.htm Haber, Fritz www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1918/haber-bio.html Habib ibn Zayd al-Ansari,

33. Notes On The Logarithmic Spiral The socalled book XIV of Euclid's Elements, written by hypsicles of alexandriabetween 200 and 100 BC, contains some results concerning the section. In http://www.spirasolaris.ca/hambidge1a.html

DYNAMIC SYMMETRY, Jay Hambidge, Yale University Press, New Haven 1920:16-18 THE ROOT-FIVE RECTANGLE ... A rectangle whose side is divided into five equal parts by a perpendicular has a ratio between its end and its side of one to 2.236, or the square root of five. This area is a root-five rectangle and it possesses properties similar to those of the other rectangles described, except that it divides itself into rectangle similar to the whole with ratios of five and six. A square on the end is to a square on the side as one is to five, that is, the smaller square is exactly one-fifth the area of the larger square. There is an infinite succession of such rectangles, but the Greeks seldom employed a root rectangle higher than the square-root of five. (Figs. 15a, 15b omitted) The root-five rectangle, moreover, possesses a curious and interesting property which intimately connects it with another rectangle, perhaps the most extraordinary of all. To understand this strange rectangle, we must consider the phenomena of leaf distribution. This root-five rectangle may be regarded as the base of dynamic symmetry. A fairly large head, 5 to 6 inches in diameter in the fruiting condition, will show exactly 55 long curves crossing 89 shorter ones. A head slightly smaller, 3 to 5 inches across the disk, exactly 34 long and 55 short; very large 11 inch heads give 89 long and 144 short; the smallest tertiary heads reduce to 21 and 34 and ultimately 13 and 21 may be found; but these being developed late in the season are frequently distorted and do not set fruit well. A record head grown at Oxford in 1899 measured 22 inches in diameter, and, though it was not counted, there is every reason to believe that it belonged to a still higher series (144 and 233).... Under normal conditions of growth the ratio of the curves is practically constant. Out of 140 plants counted by Weisse, 6 only were anomalous, the error thus being only 4 per cent. (A. H. Church

34. History Of Alexandria: The Ptolemaic Legacy as Archimedes' screw, and, in the second century BC, that hypsicles first divided wasavailable in any library worldwide that was not available in alexandria. http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/Alexandria/History/legacy.html

The Ptolemaic Legacy The Mouseion / Library When Ptolemy Soter assumed power, he asked Demitrius Phalerus , a follower of Aristotle , to found a library system at Alexandria that would rival that of Athens. The Alexandrian Mouseion , however, far superseded its Greek prototype to become an intellectual and scientific institution; a university system rather than a bibliotheca. It was here, in the third century BC, that Archimedes invented the pump still in use today and known as Archimedes' screw , and, in the second century BC, that Hypsicles first divided the circle of the zodiac into 360 degrees. Ancient historians claim that the library's 500,000 book collection was so comprehensive that no manuscript was available in any library worldwide that was not available in Alexandria. Mathematics Have you ever heard of Euclidean Geometry? Did you know that Euclid lived, developed his theories, and wrote Elements at the Alexandria Mouseion during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus? In his Elements , Euclid provided a comprehensive analysis of geometry, proportions, and theory of numbers. His other notable contribution

35. Bibliotheca Alexandrina - A History Of The Library Of Alexandria he believed the Earth was round, and knowing the distance between alexandria andAswan Also in the 2nd century BC, hypsicles first divided the circle of the http://www.arabworldbooks.com/bibliothecaAlexandrina.htm

Articles Menu BIBLIOTHECA ALEXANDRINA Home Authors' Home Bookstore Readers' Club ... Links Arab World Books In the Media Services Contact Us Search our Site The ancient library of Alexandria and the re-built of the modern one By: Sameh M. Arab. MD, PhD Click here for our book selections related to the Library Alexandria, the main harbor of Egypt on the Mediterranean, was once called “The pearl of the Mediterranean”. Strabo, the geographer in the 1st century AD, called Alexandria “The greatest emporium of the inhabited world”. The city was supposed to witness the inauguration of its re-built famous library, “Bibliotheca Alexandrina” on 23 April 2002, a date that was postponed due to the ongoing political strains in the Middle East. The word “bibliotheca” comes from the Greek word for “books”, since the ancient library belonged to the Hellenistic period. Alexander the Great built the city in 331 BC, and upon his death his widespread empire was divided among several rulers. Ptolemy, one of his generals, chose Egypt and started a new royal house. Alexandria became the capital of the state, and by the year 200 B.C., it grew into the largest metropolis in the world, and became the world's scientific and intellectual Mecca. The legacy of the Ptolemies was highlighted by major achievements, notably its university, the Great Library, the lighthouse that was considered among the Seven Wonders of the World, as well as the “Temple of Serapis” and the “Heptastadion” that connected the Island of Pharos with Alexandria. Although ancient Egypt had known papyrus libraries as far as 3200 B.C., and Athens had a great library in the 4th century B.C., the “Bibliotheca Alexandrina” was the largest in all antiquity. It was also a part of a research institute, known as the “Alexandrian Museum” or “Mouseion” - a word related to the shrine of the “Muses” which was a customary feature of the Greek schools that attributed philosophic and artistic inspiration to the Muses and science.

36. Euclid, Elements (ed. Thomas L. Heath) Apollonius. According to another version hypsicles, a pupil of Euclidat alexandria, offered to the king and published Books XIV. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/text?lookup=Euc. init.

37. Index Of Ancient Greek Philosophers-Scientists Greek mathematician. It is believed that hypsicles introduced the 360 degreecircle to Greek mathematics. Heron (alexandria, 1st century BC). Engineer. http://www.ics.forth.gr/~vsiris/ancient_greeks/hellinistic_period.html

Hellinistic/Alexandrian period (4th century B.C. - 5th century A.D.) This period marking advances in astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Hellinistic refers to the Greeks and others who lived after Alexander the Great's conquests, during which there existed a mixture of civilizations. Important schools of this period include Epicurianism, Stoiciscm , and Skeptisicm Philosophers-Scientists Epicurus of Samos (341-270 B.C.). Founder of the philosophical school of Epicurianism which, similar to the Atomists, believed that atoms are fundamental parts of the real world. Believed that fate was governed by laws of nature and not some mysterious gods. Straton (Lambsacus, 340-290 B.C.). Greek physicist. Conducted experiments leading him to discover that bodies accelerate when they fall. However, erroneously, he also believes that heavier bodies fall faster. Also studied the lever, but does not find it's law. His work emphasizes the use of experimentation for scientific research. Lived in Alexandria, then moved to Athens to head the Aristitle's Lyceum after Theophrastos. Zenon of Citius (4th century B.C.).

38. Index Of Ancient Greek Scientists Like Plato, he disregarded practicality. Links Euclid of alexandria, Universityof St Andrews, Scotland, Euclid, Encyclopedia Britannica; hypsicles (180 BC). http://www.ics.forth.gr/~vsiris/ancient_greeks/whole_list.html

not complete Agatharchos. Greek mathematician. Discovered the laws of perspectives. Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (480-430 B.C.). Greek philosopher. Believed that a large number of seeds make up the properties of materials, that heavenly bodies are made up of the same materials as Earth and that the sun is a large, hot, glowing rock. Discovered that the moon reflected light and formulated the correct theory for the eclipses. Erroneously believed that the Earth was flat. Links: Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, MIT Anaximander (610-545 B.C.). Greek astronomer and philosopher, pupil of Thales. Introduced the apeiron (infinity). Formulated a theory of origin and evolution of life, according to which life originated in the sea from the moist element which evaporated from the sun ( On Nature ). Was the first to model the Earth according to scientific principles. According to him, the Earth was a cylinder with a north-south curvature, suspended freely in space, and the stars where attached to a sphere that rotated around Earth. Links: Anaximander, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

39. Diophantus hypsicles worked before 150 BC, so we can determine that Diophantus lives after inthe other direction, Theon, a mathematician also from alexandria, quoted the http://nova.bsuvc.bsu.edu/home/tlwatson/diophantus.html

40. The Beginnings Of Trigonometry Hipparchus is credited as generalizing hypsicles' idea of dividing the ecliptic into BothPappus and Proclus call him Menelaus of alexandria (Heath 260), so we http://www.math.rutgers.edu/courses/436/436-s00/Papers2000/hunt.html

The Beginnings of Trigonometry Joseph Hunt History of Mathematics Rutgers, Spring 2000 The ancient Greeks transformed trigonometry into an ordered science. Astronomy was the driving force behind advancements in trigonometry. Most of the early advancements in trigonometry were in spherical trigonometry mostly because of its application to astronomy. The three main figures that we know of in the development of Greek trigonometry are Hipparchus, Menelaus, and Ptolomy. There were likely other contributors but over time their works have been loss and their names have been forgotten. "Even if he did not invent it, Hipparchus is the first person of whose systematic use of trigonometry we have documentary evidence." (Heath 257) Some historians go as far as to say that he invented trigonometry. Not much is known about the life of Hipp archus. It is believed that he was born at Nicaea in Bithynia. (Sarton 285) The town of Nicaea is now called Iznik and is situated in northwestern Turkey. Founded in the 4th century BC, Nicaea lies on the eastern shore of Lake Iznik. He is one of the g reatest astronomers of all time. We know from Ptolemy's references that he made astronomical observations from 161 to 127 BC. (Sarton 285) Unfortunately, nearly all of his works are lost, and all that remains is his commentary on the Phainomena of Eudoxos of Cnidos, and a commentary on an astronomical poem by Aratos of Soloi. (Sarton 285) Most of what we know about Hipparchus comes from Ptolemy's

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