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         Hippias Of Elis:     more detail
  1. HIPPIAS OF ELIS: An entry from Gale's <i>Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> by G. Kerferd, 2006
  2. Hippias of Elis: An entry from Gale's <i>Science and Its Times</i> by Judson Knight, 2001
  3. Sophiste: Antiphon, Critias, Gorgias, Protagoras, Prodicos de Céos, Polémon de Laodicée, Hippias D'élis, Zénobios, Timée le Sophiste, Xeniades (French Edition)
  4. Ancient Eleans: Hippias, Pyrrho, Phaedo of Elis, Iamidai, Coroebus of Elis, Glaucus, Troilus of Elis, Xenias of Elis, Otus of Cyllene

21. Home Page
According to hippias of elis, who compiled a list of Olympic victors c.400 BC,at first the only Olympic event was a 200yard dash, called a stadium.
http://fp.gnosis.f9.co.uk/olympics/

22. Quadratrix - ThesaurusDictionary.com :: All About Quadratrix
curves. The quadratrix was discovered by hippias of elis in 430 BC. curves.The quadratrix was discovered by hippias of elis in 430 BC.
http://www.thesaurus-dictionary.com/files/q/u/a/quadratrix.html
Search for a new word: a b c d ... z Previous Word: quadratojugal quadrature endorhiza
Focus Word: quadratrix
1. a curve made use of in the quadrature of other curves; as the quadratrix, of dinostratus, or of tschirnhausen.
Thesaurus Terms for: quadratrix
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The Best Sites for: quadratrix
Xah: Special Plane Curves: Quadratrix Of Hippias
Quadratrix Of Hippias Quadratrix of Hippias is the first named curve other than circle and line. It
is conceived by Hippias of Ellis (ca 460 BC) to trisect the angle thus sometimes called trisectrix
of Hippias. The curve is better known as... Trisecting...
http://xahlee.org/SpecialPlaneCurves_dir/QuadratrixOfHippias_dir/quadratrixOfHippias.html
Quadratrix
Quadratrix of Hippias If your browser can handle JAVA code, click HERE to experiment interactively
with this curve and its associated curves. The quadratrix was discovered by Hippias of Elis in 430
BC. It may have been used by him for trisecting an...
http://www.alphadt.com/curves/Quadratrix.htm
Quadratrix
Quadratrix of Hippias If your browser can handle JAVA code, click HERE to experiment interactively

23. Ancient Olympic Games - By Harvey Abrams, BS, MAT, Ph.d/abd
The records of the ancient Games were first recreated in the 5th centuryBCE by hippias of elis and a century later revised by Aristotle.
http://www.harveyabramsbooks.com/ancient.html

by
Harvey Abrams, BS, MAT, Ph.d/abd.
The ancient Olympic Games are so old that even the ancient Greeks didn't know how they started. The origins of the ancient Games are steeped in legend and myth. Different versions of the origins of the Games were described by ancient writers such as Pindar, Strabo, Phlegon, Pausanius and Eusebius.
Of course all of these writers came after the ILIAD and the ODYSSEY written by Homer. There is no evidence to date Homer's works, but they appear to be from the period of the 10th to the 6th centuries BCE. In fact, there is no evidence that shows Homer was the writer and it is possible that the works were written by more than one person.
Created on Sunday, October 29, 2000.
Updated January 23, 2003.
The Ancient Olympic Games
The origins of the Olympic Games are unknown, but possibly date as early as the 14th century BCE. The stories of funeral Games (celebrations in honor of a dead king or warrior) come to us from Homer's works. The Trojan War is dated approximately 1193-83 BCE. Many ancient writers used Homer's works along with others, since lost. Writers offered different versions of the origins of the Olympics. Some attempted to recreate actual dates. For example, Eusebius of Caesarea wrote his CHRONOLOGY circa 324 CE. He recreated the Olympic Register of Victors (winner's lists) from 776 BCE to 217 CE, the 1st through the 249th Olympiads. His work was based on the work of Sextus Julius Africanus who wrote a century earlier. The records of the ancient Games were first recreated in the 5th century BCE by Hippias of Elis and a century later revised by Aristotle. These works are known only because later writers referred to them - no copies have survived for us to examine. Our knowledge of the ancient Olympics is fragmentary and based on a tiny portion of literary evidence that has survived. Much of what we know is based on an incredible guidebook to Greece written by Pausanius in the 2nd century CE. He went to Olympia, described all the statues and interviewed the officials who worked there. The Olympics were already over 900 years old.

24. Ancient Olympics Display
Zeus. hippias of elis, who wrote around 400 BC, says that the firstGames lasted only one day and had one event the stade race. (Now
http://www.geocities.com/damarisalexandros/ancientolympicsdisplay.html
This was created for an online ancient history roleplay group called AncientSites, which is in the process of folding. Services Activities This year, 65 AD, is an Olympics year! In honor of the upcoming Olympics, our Bibliotheke of Berea display explores the best known of the Greek games. But the Olympic events have become more than a national Greek celebration. Now, people from Rome and Alexandria come to compete. Who knows what future centuries will bring? History of the Olympics Current Events in the Olympics
  • Foot races
  • Pentathlon ... Sources Return to the library
    History of the Olympics
    The Olympics began in 776 B.C., in Olympia, to honor Zeus. Hippias of Elis, who wrote around 400 B.C., says that the first Games lasted only one day and had one event: the stade race. (Now, of course, the Olympics last five days and cover many events). The year 776 might not have been the first time the event was held, it could have been merely the first game held every fourth year after the peace treaty between Elis and Pisa. After all, the Eleans claim the Olympics were founded by their King Iphitos, after the Delphic Oracle told him to plant an olive tree from which we get victor's wreaths. Others say Pelops started the Olympics. While the stade race continues to be the premier event, Hippias of Elis says that the next race to be added was the double stade race, in the 14th Olympiad in 724 B.C. Greeks added the long distance race, the dolichos, in the next Olympiad of 720 B.C. Three Olympiads later, we added the

25. The Story Of Olympics
According to hippias of elis, who compiled a list of Olympic victorsin 400 BC, the sole event at the first Olympics was the footrace.
http://www.calonline.com/features/articles/olympics1.html
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All Greek citizens, who were free and had not charged with murder or heresy, could take part in the Olympic Games. Women were not entitled to take part, except as owners in the horse races. Even watching the events was strictly prohibited.
The Olympic Games were uninterrupted in ancient Greece. The games were even held in 480 BC during the Persian Wars, and they coincided with the Battle of Thermopylae. Although the Olympic games were never suspended, the games of 364 BC were not considered Olympic games because the Arkadians had captured the sanctuary and reorganized the games.
After the Battle of Chaironeia in 338 BC, Philip of Makedon and his son Alexander gained control over the Greek city-states. They erected the Philippeion (a family memorial) in the sanctuary, and held political meetings at Olympia during each Olympiad. In 146 BC, the Romans gained control over Greece and also of the Olympic games.
In 85 BC, the Roman general Sulla plundered the sanctuary to finance his campaign against Mithridates. Sulla also moved the 175th Olympiad (80 BC) to Rome.

26. History Of Mathematics: Greece
Chios (c. 450?); Leucippus (c. 450); Hippocrates of Chios (c. 450);Meton (c. 430) *SB; hippias of elis (c. 425); Theodorus of Cyrene
http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/greece.html
Greece
Cities
  • Abdera: Democritus
  • Alexandria : Apollonius, Aristarchus, Diophantus, Eratosthenes, Euclid , Hypatia, Hypsicles, Heron, Menelaus, Pappus, Ptolemy, Theon
  • Amisus: Dionysodorus
  • Antinopolis: Serenus
  • Apameia: Posidonius
  • Athens: Aristotle, Plato, Ptolemy, Socrates, Theaetetus
  • Byzantium (Constantinople): Philon, Proclus
  • Chalcedon: Proclus, Xenocrates
  • Chalcis: Iamblichus
  • Chios: Hippocrates, Oenopides
  • Clazomenae: Anaxagoras
  • Cnidus: Eudoxus
  • Croton: Philolaus, Pythagoras
  • Cyrene: Eratosthenes, Nicoteles, Synesius, Theodorus
  • Cyzicus: Callippus
  • Elea: Parmenides, Zeno
  • Elis: Hippias
  • Gerasa: Nichmachus
  • Larissa: Dominus
  • Miletus: Anaximander, Anaximenes, Isidorus, Thales
  • Nicaea: Hipparchus, Sporus, Theodosius
  • Paros: Thymaridas
  • Perga: Apollonius
  • Pergamum: Apollonius
  • Rhodes: Eudemus, Geminus, Posidonius
  • Rome: Boethius
  • Samos: Aristarchus, Conon, Pythagoras
  • Smyrna: Theon
  • Stagira: Aristotle
  • Syene: Eratosthenes
  • Syracuse: Archimedes
  • Tarentum: Archytas, Pythagoras
  • Thasos: Leodamas
  • Tyre: Marinus, Porphyrius
Mathematicians
  • Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550)

27. 1 Million Links - Providing Over 1,000,000 Free Links To And For Christians And
Music; Hippias and Hipparchus; Plato Greater Hippias; Hippias' Quadratrix;hippias of elis - Biographical Notes; hippias of elis; Habermas
http://jamesablevins.com/1millionlinks/Philosophy3.html
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28. GRK201.Apology19d8-20c3
OCD hippias of elis, sophist, a younger contemporary of Protagoras (who livedc. 481411), is vividly depicted in Plato's Hippias Major and Hippias Minor.
http://www.wesleyan.edu/~mkatz/grk201/GRK201.Apology19d8ktl.html
Plato, Apology 19d8-20c3 (English) [19d8] But in fact none of these things are true, and if you have heard from anyone that I undertake to teach [19e] people and that I make money by it, that is not true either. Although this also seems to me to be a fine thing, if one might be able to teach people, as Gorgias of Leontini and Prodicus of Ceos and Hippias of Elis are. For each of these men, gentlemen, is able to go into any one of the cities and persuade the young men, who can associate for nothing with whomsoever they wish among their own fellow citizens, [20a] to give up the association with those men and to associate with them and pay them money and be grateful besides. And there is also another wise man here, a Parian, who I learned was in town; for I happened to meet a man who has spent more on sophists than all the rest, Callias , the son of Hipponicus; so I asked him for he has two sons "Callias," said I, "if your two sons had happened to be two colts or two calves, we should be able to get and hire for them an overseer who would make them [20b] excellent in the kind of excellence proper to them; and he would be a horse-trainer or a husbandman; but now, since they are two human beings, whom have you in mind to get as overseer? Who has knowledge of that kind of excellence, that of a man and a citizen? For I think you have looked into the matter, because you have the sons. Is there anyone," said I, "or not?" "Certainly," said he. "Who," said I, "and where from, and what is his price for his teaching?"

29. M. Luz Presocratics 10
hippias of elis (contemporary of Protagoras (c. 490420 BC) In the dialogue Protagoras,Plato briefly describes Hippias' lecturing about nature, astronomy and
http://research.haifa.ac.il/~mluz/Access/PhilLect10.html
Dr Menahem Luz,
Presocratic Philosophers
Summary 10
Sophists, Protagoras, Gorgias etc.
next Summary 11 (Socrates)
return
to index of summaries Contents
  • Sophists sophist figures
  • Protagoras of Abdera
  • Gorgias of Leontini
  • Hippias of Elis
  • Prodicus of Ceos two surviving sophist documents
  • Dissoi Logoi
  • Anonymous Iamblichus
    return to top
  • Sophists
      background
    • The word 'sophist' (Greek: sophistes ) comes from the roots sophia (= wisedom) + the suffix istes (= expert in). See tadpis p. 25 no. 1)
    • Its specific meaning refers to a group of wandering educators and teachers of wisdom and statesmanship who taught in various Greek cities during the 5th century BC.
    • although they had some very general features in common, they ascribed to no central authority i.e. they formed a movement not a school.
    • in general, the movement marks a renewed interest in society, ethics, teaching and the means of knowing , rather than the old Ionian examination of nature physis and the cosmological interests of previous thinkers
    • this is not to deny that several of the Prescoratics questioned society and ethics (e.g., Xenophanes, Democritus) and on the other hand, some sophists like Protagoras and Prodicus examined questions like the origin of man and the nature of the earth.
  • 30. History Of Philosophy 6
    The chief Sophists are Protagoras of Abdera, the individualist; Gorgias of Leontini,the nihilist; hippias of elis, the polymathist; and Prodicus of Ceos, the
    http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/hop06.htm
    Jacques Maritain Center History of Philosophy / by William Turner
    CHAPTER VI
    THE SOPHISTS
    Sophistic philosophy, which constitutes so important a crisis in the history of Greek thought and civilization, was germinally contained in the preceding systems. Atomistic materialism culminated in the Sophism of Protagoras; the doctrines of Heraclitus paved the way to Scepticism, as was demonstrated by Cratylus, the teacher of Plato; and Gorgias the Sophist merely carried to excess the dialectic method introduced by Zeno the Eleatic. All these schools Atomistic, Heraclitean, Eleatic had, as has been said, attacked by the aid of specious fallacies the trustworthiness of common consciousness, so that until Socrates appeared on the scene to determine the conditions of scientific knowledge no positive development of philosophy was possible. Meantime there was nothing left but to deny the possibility of attaining knowledge. And that is what the Sophists did: they are the first Sceptics of Greece. There was, then, an inevitable tendency on the part of the prevalent philosophy to culminate in Scepticism. Besides, the

    31. Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2002.09.40
    crucial problem addressed is that of the reliability of our information about Olympicvictors since the list of Olympionikai compiled by hippias of elis ca.
    http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2002/2002-09-40.html
    Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2002.09.40
    Christian Mann,
    Reviewed by Thomas Heine Nielsen, The Copenhagen Polis Centre (heine@hum.ku.dk)
    Word count: 1885 words
    Greek athletics are an extremely fertile field of research, as is evidenced e.g. by a periodical such as Nikephoros and the steady flow of excellent studies such as the recent ones by Mark Golden ( Sport and Society in Ancient Greece , Cambridge 1998) and Hugh M. Lee ( The Program and Schedule of the Ancient Olympic Games , Hildesheim 2001), to mention just two examples. There has been, however, no major study of the relations between athletes and their home-poleis, and so Mann's full-scale study of precisely this subject is more than welcome. And let the conclusion be stated in advance: M.'s study is very successful and highly interesting. It will appeal to both historians and classicists. The book is subdivided into eight chapters: (two introductory chapters on methodology; five case studies; and a concluding chapter) it contains a very useful 13-page appendix on the epinician poems of Simonides (arguing that the preserved fragments stem from genuine epinicians and do not contain satirical elements), and concludes with a rich bibliography and a general index; there is, unfortunately, no index of sources. Chapter 1 is a short but readable survey of research, to situate M.'s study in the context of modern research. M. identifies three basic trends in modern research on Greek athletics: (i) the idealising romantic trend which provides the modern Olympic movement with some fundamental tenets of its self-perception; (ii) its antipode, the 'Entmythisierung' exemplified by the works of e.g. Pleket and Young; and (iii) the emphasis on the cultic context of athletics (here M. takes the opportunity to point out sensibly that the fact that all Greek athletics were embedded in cult does not mean that political, social, economic etc. investigations are bound to fail). All three of these trends, says M., suffer from failure to allow for the diversity of Greek athletics since they disregard, e.g., diachronical developments and regional variations.

    32. Classics In The History Of Psychology -- Baldwin (1901) H Words
    Hindoo Philosophy, Hinrichs, Hermann Friedrich Wilhelm, Hipp Chronoscope.hippias of elis, Hippolytus, Romanus, Histogenesis. Histology,
    http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Baldwin/Dictionary/Hwords.htm
    Classics in the History of Psychology
    An internet resource developed by
    Christopher D. Green

    York University, Toronto, Ontario

    ISSN 1492-3173 (Return to Classics index
    DICTIONARY OF
    PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY
    JAMES MARK BALDWIN (1901) Posted August 2000
    Habeas Corpus
    Habit Habitat Habituation ... Hysteron Proteron

    33. History Of Astronomy: Roughly Sorted Links - Biographies (1)
    Heinrich (Rudolf) Hertzsprung, Ejnar Hesiod Hess, Victor Francis Hevelius, JohannesHewish, Antony Hill, George William Hipparchus hippias of elis HoggPriestly
    http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/unsorted/rough_bio_01.html
    History of Astronomy Unsorted and roughly sorted links
    Roughly sorted links - Biographies (1)
    Please note that the links were found some time ago and may be outdated meanwhile. This list is not a permanent one. Any link may be moved or deleted without special announcement, and also this file may be deleted.
    Alexander Friedmann
    Jahrbuch fuer die Fortschritte der Mathematik
    Dirk Frimout (in German)
    Dirk Frimout (in French) ...
    ? Raleigh, Sir Walter
    navigation
    Ramsden, Jesse
    Reber, Grote
    Regiomontanus
    Reichenbach, Georg von ...
    Wolfgang R. Dick . Created: 20 Aug 2001. Latest update: 20 Feb 2002

    34. Lists And Catalogues In Greek Paraliterary Papyri
    ordering. So it is not by accident that as a literary prose genreit first developed with the sophists (eg hippias of elis). As
    http://perswww.kuleuven.ac.be/~u0013314/lists&catalogues.htm
    K.U.Leuven, Department of Classical Studies MARC HUYS
    LISTS AND CATALOGUES IN GREEK PARALITERARY PAPYRI Marc Huys Alberto Nodar
    Search the CMP
    OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY OF THE PROJECT
    Problem Description and State of the Art
    Lists and catalogues in higher literature, especially in poetry, have been thoroughly studied, but prose lists which do not belong to the great literary genres but rather to ancient scholarly and didactic tradition, have often been neglected. The research on prose lists as a separate literary genre seems not to have substantially advanced since the encyclopaedic article by Regenbogen ( Pinax in: Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaften, 14, 1950, 1408-1482) apart from the study of some individual authors and texts such as Callimachus (e.g. Blum, Kallimachos und die Literaturverzeichnung bei den Griechen , Frankfurt am Main 1977) and of some specific aspects such as the evolution from orality to literacy in early Greek prose lists (cf. R. Thomas, Oral tradition and written record in classical Athens , Cambridge 1989, p. 188-197, 286-287).

    35. HIPPIAS REX
    it is like I am seeing for the first time ~ yes! ~ the curve is a heartshapepath ~ a cardioid ~ hippias of elis? ~ that old geomancer!
    http://users.aol.com/baidawei11/act2scv.html
    HIPPIAS REX
    Act II Scene v
    The Coronation
    [scene: Thebes : inside a temple ~ Priest and Philip ~ Priest is Herodotus with cane and pointer ~ wearing an olive wreath crown] Priest : Philip, why such an angry frown?
    Philip : Owl Guy, I have just learned a few things today from my ancient nanny ~ she was not always a slave, you know.
    Priest : Yes, I know.
    Philip : Did you know that she was brought from Macedonia?
    Priest : Yes.
    Philip : O! Nemesis! Hear me now! [knocks on wood] When I am a man I shall burn this infernal city to the ground! Chorus [Female Marshal] : By Father Zeus's long beard! Philip shall NOT burn Thebes!
    No! ~ but his son Alexander will.
    All : cackle, cackle, cackle ~ snicker, snicker. Priest : Ai Ya! Philip! If you do not learn to control your temper, you will never GROW to be a man. Don't you know these walls have ears?
    Listen to me! [gives Philip a whack with his pointer] I am your tutor. If you do not pay attention, then next time you shall feel my cane!
    Philip : O.K., O.K., Apollo, you are right, of course ~ but the World is not fair.

    36. Silly 2000 - Keeping You Sane During The Games
    in 776BC. According to hippias of elis, the only event held at thefirst Olympic Games was a simple footrace. These first Games
    http://www.silly2000.com/history/
    days until the end of the Olympics
    Hippias, who was known as "the Livy of Elias" (a term that loosely translates as "the Ted Turner of Southern Greece") was one of several historians who reported on the Games. Due to differences in information technology, the Ancient Games were not broadcast in real-time, but were instead the subject of historical conjecture several generations after the Games themselves had occurred. The first Olympic Games were held at Olympia, in Greece, in 776BC. According to Hippias of Elis , the only event held at the first Olympic Games was a simple footrace. These first Games established several long-standing Olympic traditions, some of which persist today. Hippias compiled a list in 400BC of Olympic victors. (Unfortunately, the names of the losers of Olympic events in ancient times are gone forever, never to be remembered - much like the names of losers of Olympic events in modern times). continue

    37. THE OLYMPIAD
    Later, in the early 4th century BC, the sophist hippias of elis numberedall Olympiads in relation to the first Olympiad, held in 776 BC.
    http://www.greece.to/olympics/olympiad.htm
    For information and Hotel or Cruise reservations call USA 800-736 5717 or 714 641 3118 GREECE: 011-30 210 93 70240 Fax: 011 30 210 93 74400
    THE OLYMPIAD
    After the 5th century BC the games, which were held every four years, lasted five days. They were scheduled during the hottest months of the year. Throughout the centuries the games evolved, the number of athletic contests from the first to the last Olympiad increased and new contests were introduced. During the 5 days of the Olympic festival, the Greeks sacrificed to Zeus and other deities of the sanctuary. A number of athletic games took place. The festival ended with great religious and festive ceremonies. SCHEDULED
    Date and duration of the Olympiads
    The Olympic festival, like the other Panhellenic festivals, was held once every four years in accordance to the Greek eight-year calendar. The exact dates of the festival were calculated on the basis of the lunar 28-day month. The games were held at the first full moon after the summer solstice, coinciding with today's mid-July, approximately between the 11th-16th of the month. This was the hottest period of the year, and many athletes found the heat uncomfortable. The time spanning between two Olympic festivals was called an Olympiad. The term was also used to denote the days of the festival itself.

    38. Youth 2004
    This is based on a list of Olympic victors written by hippias of elis in 400BC, although there are some doubts as to whether the list is authentic.
    http://www.olympiceducation.gr/pub/docLocator.asp?docId=2758&lang=en

    39. Untitled
    One of the earliest ways discovered was that of hippias of elis(circa 425BC). Hippias used a curve he had invented, called the quadratrix.
    http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Students/Tim/Trisection.page.html
    Dividing one angle into three equal angles seems a trivial problem. That is probably why it irked the Greeks so. Instead of being a simple problem, it is a complex, non-planar problem, as the Greeks soon discovered. The trisection problem can probably credit its origin to the construction of regular polygons. The discover of the construction of a perfect pentagon(see The Golden Section One of the earliest ways discovered was that of Hippias of Elis(circa 425 BC). Hippias used a curve he had invented, called the quadratrix . With this curve, the problem of trisecting an angle could be reduced to the trisection of a line segment. The following picture is one construction of such segment trisect. The great benefit of this method was that it could be generalized to divide any angle into any number of parts. I don't really like this next solution, but maybe you will. This second method, perhaps the most well known of all, can be credited to Nicomedes(circa 180 BC). Nicomedes created a special device to use in his construction. As the upper part slide back and forth in its groove, the angle of the pointer changed so as to describe a curve known as a conchoid(as a function, y=K(x^2 + C)^(-1/2) is the simplest form).

    40. Greek Olympics
    According to hippias of elis, who compiled a list of Olympic victors c.400BC, the only event held at the first Olympics was the stadion footrace.
    http://www.crystalinks.com/greekolympics.html
    Greek Olympics
    Ancient Times The Greeks invented Olympic athletic contests and held them in honor of their gods. But sports and competitions are part of the history and culture of many ancient civilization - including those of Meso- America. In Egypt there had been many findings and glyphs depicting sports events have been found. In ancient Egypt, acrobats, who displayed physical agility and strength, were mainly viewed as performers. Most Egyptian acrobats were women, and they performed alone or in groups. Young Egyptian boys also participated in acrobatics, and played games with hoops. There are 200 wrestling groups depicted on one wall of the tomb at Beni-Hassan. The wrestlers wear a loin-cloth similar to the cod-piece or loin-cloth of Minoan athletes. Although the scenes portray the various positions and "holds" involved in wrestling, the sport was practiced as part of Egyptian military training, and there is no evidence of organized competition. Ancient Egyptians also participated in various running activities. One of the kingdom's most important festivals was the "jubilee celebration," a festival first celebrated on the 30th anniversary of the reign of Amenophis III, and celebrated continuously in three-year intervals. In the "ritual run", an integral part of the celebration, the current king would run between two sets of three semicircles, the semicircles being cosmic references to the order of the universe. Unlike later Greek footraces, however, the Egyptian king ran alone, without a competitor. Physical evidence of the "ritual run" exists at the pyramid complex of King Djoser, where one can find the ruins of the world's first sports facility, complete with the running track for the "ritual run."

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