1. Hipparchus hipparchus of rhodes Hipparchus, (b. Nicaea, Bithyniad. http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/hipparchus.html

Hipparchus of Rhodes Hipparchus, (b. Nicaea, Bithyniad. after 127 BC, Rhodes?), Greek astronomer and mathematician who discovered the precession of the equinoxes, calculated the length of the year to within 6 1/2 minutes, compiled the first known star catalog, and made an early formulation of trigonometry. Hipparchus carried out his observations in Bithynia, at Rhodes, where he spent much time, and also, it seems, at Alexandria. The year 127 BC is usually cited as the last date known for his actual work, and a French astronomer, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Delambre (1749-1822), clearly demonstrated that some observations of Hipparchus on the star Eta Canis Majoris could well have been carried out in that year. Most of contemporary knowledge of Hipparchus is contained in the writings of Strabo of Amaseia (flourished c. AD 21) and in the great astronomical compendium Almagest by Ptolemy (flourished AD 127-151). Ptolemy often quotes Hipparchus, and it is obvious that he thought highly of him; indeed, as a result of the slow progress of early science, he speaks of him with the respect due a distinguished contemporary, although almost three centuries separated the work of the two men. It is difficult always to determine to which of them credit is due. Few details are known of the instruments that Hipparchus used. It seems likely that he observed with the usual devices current in his day, although Ptolemy credits him with the invention of an improved type of theodolite with which to measure angles.

2. People(Hipparchus) - STARBASE hipparchus of rhodes was a Greek astronomer who was the first person to systematically survey the sky and is considered to be the 'father of astronomy'. Short Biography of hipparchus of rhodes http://www.ph.surrey.ac.uk/astrophysics/files/hipparchus.html

NB. Blue links are links within the current page. Purple links are external links to other web sites. Pale Green links are are to other pages at this site.) General Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543) Einstein, Albert (1879-1955) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) ... Hawking, Stephen (1942-1998+) Hipparchus of Rhodes was a Greek astronomer who was the first person to systematically survey the sky and is considered to be the 'father of astronomy'. LINKS Short Biography of Hipparchus of Rhodes http://www.windows.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/tour_def/people/ancient_epoch/hipparchus.html Information on Hipparchus and what he did http://windows.engin.umich.edu/cgi-bin/tour_def/people/ancient_epoch/hipparchus.html Information about the observations of Hipparchus during a solar eclipse including a diagram http://astrosun.tn.cornell.edu/courses/astro201/hipparchus.htm

3. Joh3bern hipparchus of rhodes 125 B.C.) Written and Researched by Jill Knudtson Hipparchus was a mathematician and astronomer who was considered one of the most eminent of antiquity. http://www.forestcity.k12.ia.us/pages/FCHS/Site/hipparchus.htm

Hipparchus of Rhodes (180 B.C. - 125 B.C.) Written and Researched by Jill Knudtson Hipparchus was a mathematician and astronomer who was considered one of the most eminent of antiquity. Little is known about his personal life nor do we know the exact years that he lived. It is assumed that he was born in or around 180 BC. He was born in Nicaea, Bithynia which is now Iznik, Turkey. Hipparchus began his study in astronomy at his observatory of the commercial center of Rhodes. It was here that he catalouged and named 850 stars as well as noted changes about stars postions over a period of about 150 years. At this time the only astronomical instrument available to him were his eyes, so the stars he described were only described in terms such as "small" or "bright." Hipparchus has also been credited with such things as the determination of the length of the lunar month to within 1" of the presently accepted value. He is credited as well with an accurate calculation of the inclination of the ecliptic, and the discovery and estimation of the annual precission of the equinoxes. Another of Hipparchus's achievements was his advocation of the location of postions on the earth by latitude and longitude. Among Hipparchus's mathematical achievements was his work with trigonometry. It is reasonable to say from the evidence we have that the sciences of trigonometry begins with Hipparchus. It has been assumed although proof is unsatisfactory that the formula for sin(a+- b) and cos(a+-b) and the radius of the circumscribed circle (R=abc/4 ) were known to him.

4. Hipparchus hipparchus of rhodes. Thirdly there was commentary on Aratus by Attalusof Rhodes, written shortly before the time of Hipparchus. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hipparchus.html

Hipparchus of Rhodes Born: 190 BC in Nicaea (now Iznik), Bithynia (now Turkey) Died: 120 BC in probably Rhodes, Greece Click the picture above to see three larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Little is known of Hipparchus 's life, but he is known to have been born in Nicaea in Bithynia. The town of Nicaea is now called Iznik and is situated in north-western Turkey. Founded in the 4th century BC, Nicaea lies on the eastern shore of Lake Iznik. Reasonably enough Hipparchus is often referred to as Hipparchus of Nicaea or Hipparchus of Bithynia and he is listed among the famous men of Bithynia by Strabo , the Greek geographer and historian who lived from about 64 BC to about 24 AD. There are coins from Nicaea which depict Hipparchus sitting looking at a globe and his image appears on coins minted under five different Roman emperors between 138 AD and 253 AD. This seems to firmly place Hipparchus in Nicaea and indeed Ptolemy does describe Hipparchus as observing in Bithynia, and one would naturally assume that in fact he was observing in Nicaea. However, of the observations which are said to have been made by Hipparchus, some were made in the north of the island of Rhodes and several (although only one is definitely due to Hipparchus himself) were made in Alexandria. If these are indeed as they appear we can say with certainty that Hipparchus was in Alexandria in 146 BC and in Rhodes near the end of his career in 127 BC and 126 BC.

5. Hipparchus Biography of Hipparchus (190BC120BC) hipparchus of rhodes. Born 190 BC in Nicaea (now Iznik), Bithynia (now Turkey) http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hipparchus.html

Hipparchus of Rhodes Born: 190 BC in Nicaea (now Iznik), Bithynia (now Turkey) Died: 120 BC in probably Rhodes, Greece Click the picture above to see three larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Little is known of Hipparchus 's life, but he is known to have been born in Nicaea in Bithynia. The town of Nicaea is now called Iznik and is situated in north-western Turkey. Founded in the 4th century BC, Nicaea lies on the eastern shore of Lake Iznik. Reasonably enough Hipparchus is often referred to as Hipparchus of Nicaea or Hipparchus of Bithynia and he is listed among the famous men of Bithynia by Strabo , the Greek geographer and historian who lived from about 64 BC to about 24 AD. There are coins from Nicaea which depict Hipparchus sitting looking at a globe and his image appears on coins minted under five different Roman emperors between 138 AD and 253 AD. This seems to firmly place Hipparchus in Nicaea and indeed Ptolemy does describe Hipparchus as observing in Bithynia, and one would naturally assume that in fact he was observing in Nicaea. However, of the observations which are said to have been made by Hipparchus, some were made in the north of the island of Rhodes and several (although only one is definitely due to Hipparchus himself) were made in Alexandria. If these are indeed as they appear we can say with certainty that Hipparchus was in Alexandria in 146 BC and in Rhodes near the end of his career in 127 BC and 126 BC.

6. Poster Of Hipparchus hipparchus of rhodes. lived from 190 BC to 120 BC. Hipparchus an early exampleof trigonometric tables and gave methods for solving spherical triangles. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Posters2/Hipparchus.html

Hipparchus of Rhodes lived from 190 BC to 120 BC Hipparchus an early example of trigonometric tables and gave methods for solving spherical triangles. Find out more at http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/ Mathematicians/Hipparchus.html

7. TMTh:: HIPPARCHUS OF RHODES MATHEMATICIAN, ASTRONOMER, GEOGRAPHER hipparchus of rhodes (fl. 190 120 BC) Life The greatest astronomical observer of all time http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/3/58.html

Home Ancient Greek Scientists AGRICULTURALISTS ARCHITECTS ... PHYSICISTS MATHEMATICIAN, ASTRONOMER, GEOGRAPHER HIPPARCHUS OF RHODES (fl. 190 - 120 BC) Life The greatest astronomical observer of all time, and the father of astronomy, Hipparchus was born in Nicaea in Bithynia, but lived most of his life in Rhodes and Alexandria. He insisted that geography - the determination of the positions of places on earth - had to be based on the use of astronomical methods to determine their latitude and longitude: he determined latitude by application of the gnomon, the zenith of the fixed stars, the duration of the longest day of the year, and thought that longitude could be determined by observing, from each place, the moments when a solar eclipse began and ended. Work His maps were based on geometric calculation, and marked a great step forward in the history of cartography. One of the craters on the moon has been named "Hipparchus" in his honour. His work is chronicled in Stobaeus. Hipparchus invented an improved type of astrolabe, which he used to determine with accuracy the co-ordinates of the stars. He devised a globe and a planisphere. The planisphere allowed "stereographic projections" - also invented by Hipparchus - to be used to determine the precise time. He improved the dioptra, an instrument used to estimate the apparent diameter, distance and size of the sun and the moon, and used and improved various older instruments, including the plumb, the gnomon, the polos, the sundial, the clepsydra, the fixed sphere, the water clock and the rings.

8. TMTh:: HIPPARCHUS OF RHODES Home Ancient Greek Scientists AGRICULTURALISTS ARCHITECTS ARTISTS ASTRONOMERS BIOLOGISTS BOTANISTS CHEMISTS ENGINEERS GEOGRAPHERS INVENTORS MATHEMATICIANS METEOROLOGISTS PHARMACOLOGISTS PHYSICIANS PHYSICISTS MATHEMATICIAN, ASTRONOMER, GEOGRAPHER http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/58.html

Home Ancient Greek Scientists AGRICULTURALISTS ARCHITECTS ... PHYSICISTS MATHEMATICIAN, ASTRONOMER, GEOGRAPHER HIPPARCHUS OF RHODES (fl. 190 - 120 BC) Life The greatest astronomical observer of all time, and the father of astronomy, Hipparchus was born in Nicaea in Bithynia, but lived most of his life in Rhodes and Alexandria. He insisted that geography - the determination of the positions of places on earth - had to be based on the use of astronomical methods to determine their latitude and longitude: he determined latitude by application of the gnomon, the zenith of the fixed stars, the duration of the longest day of the year, and thought that longitude could be determined by observing, from each place, the moments when a solar eclipse began and ended. Work His maps were based on geometric calculation, and marked a great step forward in the history of cartography. One of the craters on the moon has been named "Hipparchus" in his honour. His work is chronicled in Stobaeus. Hipparchus invented an improved type of astrolabe, which he used to determine with accuracy the co-ordinates of the stars. He devised a globe and a planisphere. The planisphere allowed "stereographic projections" - also invented by Hipparchus - to be used to determine the precise time. He improved the dioptra, an instrument used to estimate the apparent diameter, distance and size of the sun and the moon, and used and improved various older instruments, including the plumb, the gnomon, the polos, the sundial, the clepsydra, the fixed sphere, the water clock and the rings.

9. TMTh:: Ancient Greek Technologists DIOCLES OF ALEXANDRIA DIOPHANTUS OF ALEXANDRIA EUCLID EUDEMUS OF RHODES EUDOXUS OFCNIDUS GEMINUS OF RHODES HERO OF ALEXANDRIA hipparchus of rhodes HIPPASUS OF http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1.html

Home Ancient Greek Scientists AGRICULTURALISTS ARCHITECTS ARTISTS ASTRONOMERS ... ZENO OF ELEA Read about the life and Work of Ancient Greek Scientists. Choose the desired category from the list on the left and the desired scientist from the list on the right Based on the Greek book: K. Georgakopoulos, "Ancient Greek Scientists", Athens, 1995 Contact the Technology Museum

10. Poster Of Hipparchus hipparchus of rhodes lived from 190 BC to 120 BC Hipparchus an early example of trigonometric tables and gave methods for solving spherical triangles. Find out more at http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Posters2/Hipparchus.html

Hipparchus of Rhodes lived from 190 BC to 120 BC Hipparchus an early example of trigonometric tables and gave methods for solving spherical triangles. Find out more at http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/ Mathematicians/Hipparchus.html

11. Hipparchus hipparchus of rhodes Name hipparchus of rhodes Dates I80 BC 125 BC Place of birth or lifes work Rhodes, Greece, Nicea and Alexandria Family Information NA http://www.summitschool.com/classrooms/appelget/Hipparchus.htm

Hipparchus of Rhodes Name: Hipparchus of Rhodes Dates: I80 BC- 125 BC Place of birth or life’s work : Rhodes, Greece, Nicea and Alexandria Family Information: NA Major Discoveries: He discovered the approximate length of the seasons and calculated the length of the tropical year within 6.5 minutes Experiment: calculate the length of a tropical year Title: The Location of the Earth Materials: telescope and a clear sky Hypothesis: there are exactly 365 days in a year Experimental Design: 1) use a telescope to see precisely where we are at the sun. 2) every morning use the telescope to see how far we have moved, and the changes. 3) later, when you reach the same spot that you were at on the first day of measurement, your conclusion will be that it takes 365 days for the earth to rotate around the sun. By: Tracy, Caroline, Claudia, Nikki Back to Greek Guys Reports

12. Sophia-L: Aristarchus Of Samos And Hipparchus Of Rhodes Aristarchus of Samos and hipparchus of rhodes. David Fideler (phanes@cris.com)Wed, 21 Feb 1996 200455 GMT I've come across suggestions http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/subject/hd/fak7/hist/o1/logs/sophia/log.started9602

Aristarchus of Samos and Hipparchus of Rhodes David Fideler ( phanes@cris.com Wed, 21 Feb 1996 20:04:55 GMT

13. Sophia-L By Subject 59 GMT. Aristarchus of Samos and hipparchus of rhodes David FidelerWed, 21 Feb 1996 200455 GMT. Aristotle's Tyranny. Hrannar Mar http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/subject/hd/fak7/hist/o1/logs/sophia/log.started9602

Sophia-L by subject Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ author ] Other mail archives Starting: Tue 06 Feb 1996 - 17:27:22 MET DST Ending: Tue 16 Apr 1996 - 00:00:-20558 MET DST Messages: "For the most part" Nicholas Denyer Wed, 3 Apr 1996 11:05:40 BST "O my friends..." Donald Stahl Fri, 23 Feb 1996 03:44:16 GMT (no subject) Bernie Kappius Tue, 6 Feb 1996 23:02:31 GMT wildcelt Sun, 11 Feb 1996 04:39:56 GMT sophia-request@liverpool.ac.uk Thu, 22 Feb 1996 13:42:56 +0100 Kory Felker Sat, 23 Mar 1996 07:57:37 GMT Melanie Tsai Sat, 10 Feb 1996 19:50:09 GMT Shyamala Raperjee Mon, 18 Mar 1996 04:24:22 GMT Lucy Whitten Sun, 24 Mar 1996 12:03:51 GMT Allison Eng Sun, 25 Feb 1996 10:28:55 GMT ancient philosophy voodoo Mon, 4 Mar 1996 06:34:27 GMT Ancient Philosophy Lists Hugh Jass Wed, 21 Feb 1996 21:54:23 GMT Arabic Plato translations jwalbrid Tue, 5 Mar 1996 13:26:59 GMT jwalbrid Tue, 5 Mar 1996 13:26:59 GMT Aristarchus of Samos and Hipparchus of Rhodes David Fideler Wed, 21 Feb 1996 20:04:55 GMT Aristotle's Tyranny. Hrannar Mar Sigurdsson Wed, 10 Apr 1996 17:17:24 BST Black Athena (on-line debate) (fwd) Stephen Clark Wed, 3 Apr 1996 13:01:03 BST

14. Hipparchus The First Great Astronomer University Science Books, 1995. O’Connor, JJ, “hipparchus of rhodes” Online,Retrieved October 20, 2002. ii O’Connor, “hipparchus of rhodes”. http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~seaquist/sci199y/presentations/dob1.html

J.J. Dobrovolski Professor E.R. Seaquist Hipparchus: the first great astronomer, or a heretical rebel? Amazing discoveries are often achieved by people who figuratively stand on the shoulders of those who precede them. This statement pertains to Hipparchus. However, it was not Hipparchus who stood on the shoulders of others. Rather, Hipparchus was the man who laid the groundwork for what were to become some of the most significant discoveries in the field of astronomy [i] . The works of Hipparchus have had a sizeable impact on succeeding generations of astronomers. Special emphasis in this essay will be placed on evaluating his works, and the influence his works have had on modern astronomy. Unfortunately, the work of genius often can be a breeding ground for contempt from others. At the time Hipparchus’s works were published, they often contradicted the beliefs of both his colleagues and the religious leaders. This essay will also underscore the importance of maintaining an open attitude towards divergent thought in society. Little is known concerning the early life of Hipparchus. Little is known of his life in general. This is true because very few of Hipparchus’s works have survived. To be precise, only one of his works is still in existence. The existing piece is a commentary on the astronomical poem of Aratus (third centuryBC).

15. Zahra Ziaie Moayyed O'Conno, JJ and Robertson, EF “hipparchus of rhodes .” School of Mathematicsand Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland. April 1999. http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~seaquist/sci199y/biblio/ziaie1.html

Zahra Ziaie Moayyed E. R. Seaquist SCI 199Y1 – L0111 21 October 2002 Work Cited Calogero , Guido. L'autenticità dell'"Ipparco " Platonico Bologna N. Zanichelli Hipparchus The geographical fragments of Hipparchus London University of London Athlone Press, 1960. O'Conno , J. J. and Robertson, E. F. “ Hipparchus of Rhodes School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland . April 1999 Plato. Charmides Alcibiades Hipparchus : The Lovers: Theages Minos Epinomis ; with an English translation by W.R.M. Lamb. London : William Heinemann, 1964, c1927. Plato. Hipparchus Milano Rusconi Plato. Opera Oxonii : E Typographeo Clarendoniano Plato. Platonis Dialogi secundum Thrasylli tetralogias dispositi / Post Carolum Fridericum Hermannum recognovit Martinus Wohlrab Lipsiae : B. G. Teubneri Plato Works [microform ]; a new and literal version; chiefly from the text of Stallbaum by Henry Cary. London : H.G. Bohn, 1854.

16. Mappa.Mundi Magazine - Locus - Meridian mapping agency. » hipparchus of rhodes from the School of Mathematicsand Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland. » Ptolemy http://mappa.mundi.net/locus/locus_015/

Stephanie Faul is director of public relations for the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. A long-time writer and editor, she has been a frequent contributor to on-line and old-line media. Locus is a series about words about places and how language, culture and society have created and used these words down through the ages. Previous Issues Links Relating to this edition Greenwich Meridian on-line. On the Line links people in the eight meridian-line countries. Latitude and Longitude on Compton's Encyclopedia Online. "Tracing the Greenwich Meridian" Ordnance Survey, Britain's national mapping agency. "Hipparchus of Rhodes" from the School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland. "Ptolemy" from the School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland. "Ptolemy's Geography" from the EXPO John Flamsteed George Airy "Suffolk's own Time Lord" By Naomi Kilby. The Airy Transit Circle Burt's Solar Compass used in iron mines in Michigan. By Stephanie Faul

17. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Hipparchus (Ancient) Astronomy Ancient Hipparchus. Biography; Hipparchus in Astronomy;hipparchus of rhodes; Hipparchus Brief Profile. Privacy Policy http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Tec

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18. Malaspina.com - Hipparchus (ca. 190- Ca. 125 BC) Entry MGB; Galileo Entry MGB; Kepler Entry MGB; Newton Entry MGB.MacTutor Entry on hipparchus of rhodes. Click Here! Top of Page. http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/hippar1.htm

Hipparchus (ca. 190-ca. 125 BC) [MacTutor] Great Books Biography [Malaspina] Amazon Search Form] Library of Congress Online Citations [LC] Library of Congress Offline Citations [MGB] COPAC UK Online Citations [COPAC] Free Online Practice Exams [Grad Links] Canadian Book Orders! Chapters-Indigo Save on Textbooks! [Study Abroad] Used Books Search Form Alibris Dummies Books Amazon EBay! Ebay Books from Chapters Canada Chapters Amazon's 100 Hot Books Amazon The Geographical Fragments of Hipparchus Amazon UK The geographical fragments of Hipparchus [Harvard Citation] Additional Biography [University of Virginia] Aristotle Entry [MGB] Aristarchus Entry [MGB] al-Farghani Entry [MGB] al-Battani Entry [MGB] al-Buzjani Entry [MGB] al-Haitham (Alhazen) Entry [MGB] Copernicus Entry [MGB] Brahe Entry [MGB] Galileo Entry [MGB] Kepler Entry [MGB] Newton Entry [MGB] MacTutor Entry on Hipparchus of Rhodes Top of Page

19. Astro-Fact Carmen Rush, The First Star Catalogue. hipparchus of rhodes was aGreek astronomer and geographer, born in 170 BC. Inspired by the http://ottawa.rasc.ca/astronomy/astro_facts/hipparcus.html

Astro-Fact: Hipparcus of Rhodes by Carmen Rush The First Star Catalogue Hipparchus of Rhodes was a Greek astronomer and geographer, born in 170 BC. Inspired by the observation of a new star in 134 BC, Hipparchus constructed a catalogue of about 850 stars and was the first to assign a scale of magnitude to indicate their apparent brightness. His scale, numbered from 1 to 6,from brightest to faintest, is still used today although it has since been refined. He then studied the equinoxes and discovered they grew progressively earlier in relation to the sideral year. He determined the length of the sideral and tropical years accurate to within 6 minutes. Then came improved methods for determining latitude and longitude on the Earth's surface and the beginning of trigonometry with a construction of a table of chords the precursor of the sine ratio. All of Hipparchus writing have been lost. Thankfully, his work was recorded by Ptolemy and passed down through the ages. This page last modified: May 3, 2001

20. The Antikythera Mechanism It is worth noting, however, that the man who invented trigonometry and first scientificallycatalogued the stars' positions was hipparchus of rhodes; that in http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rrice/apagadgt.html

Gears, Galleys, and Geography: The Antikythera Mechanism's Implications Text of the 1993 APA Abstract Rob S. Rice

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