21. Herschel_Caroline Brief biography of the German astronomer born in 1750 includes a portrait and a list of books and articles. She was sister of William herschel and the aunt of John herschel. caroline's father Isaac was an oboist in the http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel_Caroline.htm

Caroline Lucretia Herschel Born: 16 March 1750 in Hannover, Hanover (now Germany) Died: 9 Jan 1848 in Hannover, Hanover (now Germany) Click the picture above to see a larger version Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Caroline Herschel was the daughter of Isaac Herschel and Anna Ilse Moritzen. She was sister of William Herschel and the aunt of John Herschel . Caroline's father Isaac was an oboist in the Hanovarian Foot Guards and rose to become the bandmaster. Although a man with no formal education, he tried hard to give his four sons and two daughters a good education. His interests in music, philosophy and astronomy led to lively conversations in their home but Caroline's mother disapproved of learning in general and although she reluctantly accepted that her four sons should have some education, she strongly opposed her daughters doing anything other than the household chores. Caroline Herschel's four brothers were all brought up to be musicians while Caroline showed an enthusiasm for knowledge which her father tried to satisfy despite all her mother's efforts to ensure that she did nothing but household tasks. Caroline recalled that her father took her [4]:- ... on a clear frosty night into the street, to make me acquainted with several of the beautiful constellations, after we had been gazing at a comet which was then visible.

22. HERSCHEL, CAROLINE LUCRETIA herschel, caroline LUCRETIA. Astronomer (17501848) She was the sisterof William herschel, also an astronomer. They were both self http://www.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/HERSCHEL.html

HERSCHEL, CAROLINE LUCRETIA Astronomer (1750-1848) She was the sister of William Herschel, also an astronomer. They were both self-educated scientists who lived in Bath, England. William discovered the planet Uranus. Caroline helped him throughout his life to develop the modern mathematical approach to astronomy. After William's death she continued the work to complete the great astronomical catalogs that are now the standards. Since women could not be regular members of the Royal Astronomical Society she was awarded an honorary membership. Return to Homepage

23. Caroline Herschel's Deep Sky Objects caroline herschel's Deep Sky Objects http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/messier/xtra/similar/cher.html

Caroline Herschel's Deep Sky Objects Besides and before assisting her brother, William Herschel, in his great Deep Sky survey starting in late 1782, Caroline Herschel herself was an avid astronomical observer, and discoverer of comets (she originally found 8 of them) and deepsky objects. William Herschel has included her discoveries in his catalog , and assigned numbers to them. M NGC Herschel RA Dec Con Type Discovery Date NGC 205 H V.18 00:40.4 +41:41 And G E5p 1783 Aug 27 NGC 225 H VIII.78 00:43.4 +61:47 Cas OC 1784 NGC 253 H V.1 00:47.6 -25:17 Scl G Sc 1783 Sep 23 NGC 381 H VIII.64 01:08.3 +61:35 Cas OC 1783 NGC 659 H VIII.65 01:44.2 +60:42 Cas OC 1783 NGC 891 H V.19 02:22.6 +42:21 And G Sb 1783 Aug 27 (according to W.H. Smyth) NGC 2204 H VII.13 06:15.7 -18:39 CMa OC 1783 Feb 26 (appendix to W.H.'s 1st catalog) NGC 2349 H VII.27 07:10.8 -08:36 Mon OC? 1783 NGC 2360 H VII.12 07:17.8 -15:37 CMa OC 1785 (1783 Feb 26?) M 48 NGC 2548 H VI.22 08:13.8 -05:48 Hya OC 1783

24. Caroline Lucretia Herschel 2603. Crowe, MJ, herschel, caroline Lucretia, Discovery Channel School, originalcontent provided by World Book Online, http//www.discoveryschool.com http://cometography.com/biographies/herschelc.html

Caroline Lucretia Herschel Caroline was born in Hannover, Germany on 1750 March 16, and was ultimately one of 10 children. At the age of 10 she was struck with typhus, which subsequently stunted her growth. She never grew taller than 4' 3" and remained frail throughout her life. Her father once told her she would never marry because of her looks and because she was not rich. In addition, primarily because of the times, her mother resisted giving her an education, saying that it was Caroline's duty to take care of her brothers. Despite all of this, Caroline's father secretly educated her and she ultimately displayed musical talent, as well as a gift for mathematics. Music was an important part of life for the Herschel family. Caroline's father was a military musician and her older brothers, William and Alexander, as well as Caroline, showed exceptional talent. Shortly after the beginning of the Seven Years' War, Hannover slipped into the hands of the French in 1757. Caroline was then 7 years of age and her 19-year-old brother William escaped to England where he became a music teacher. Sometime later he was joined by Alexander and they frequently performed as musicians. William moved to Bath, England in 1766 and became organist and choir master at the Octagon Chapel. In 1772, he asked Caroline to come to Bath and she subsequently trained as a singer. Despite her fraility, she was a soprano and gave many successful performances, among which were solo parts in the Messiah and Judas Maccabeus.

25. Herschel_Caroline Portrait Portrait of caroline herschel caroline herschel. JOC/EFR August 2001 http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Herschel_Caroline.html

Caroline Herschel JOC/EFR August 2001 The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/PictDisplay/Herschel_Caroline.html

26. Biographies_H 1903) Herald, David (? Herapath (-1862) Hergenrother, Carl W. Herget, Paul(1908-1981) Herrick, Samuel (1911-1974) herschel, caroline Lucretia (1750-1848 http://cometography.com/biographies/bio_h.html

G A R Y W. K R O N K ' S C O M E T O G R A P H Y . C O M Who's Who in Comet History: H Haas, Walter H. (-) Hale, Alan (b. 1958) Hall, Asaph (1829-1907) Hallerstein, Reverend Augustin (1703-1774) Halley, Edmond (1656-1742) Harding, Karl Ludwig (1765-1834) Hartley, Malcolm (-) Hartnup, John (-) Hasegawa, Ichiro (-) Hassel, Olaf (1898-1972) Helin, Eleanor F. ["Glo"] (-) Hell, Maximilian (1720-1792) Heller, Joachim (1518-1590) Henderson, Thomas (1798-1844) Hendrie, Michael J. (-) Henry, Paul Pierre (1848-1905) Henry, Prosper Matthieu (1849-1903) Herald, David (-) Herapath (-1862) Hergenrother, Carl W. Herget, Paul (1908-1981) Herrick, Samuel (1911-1974) Herschel, Caroline Lucretia Herschel, John Frederick William (1792-1871) Herschel, William (1738-1822) Hind, John Russell (1823-1895) Hiorter, Olof Peter (1696-1750) Hirose, H. (-) Hoffmeister, Cuno (1892-1968) Holden, Edward Singleton (1846-1914) Holt, Henry H. (-) Honda, Minoru (1917-1990) Hopmann, Josef (1890-1975) Howell, Ellen (-)

27. References For Herschel_Caroline References for the biography of caroline herschel M C herschel, Memoir and Correspondence of caroline herschel (New York, 1876). http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/References/Herschel_Caroline.html

References for Caroline Herschel Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Books: A M Clerke, The Herschels and Modern Astronomy M C Herschel, Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel (New York, 1876). C A Lubbock (ed.), The Herschel Chronicle: The Life-Story of William Herschel and His Sister Caroline Herschel (Cambridge, 1933). E Pierce, Caroline Herschel : Tale of a Comet Articles: A M Clerke, Caroline Lucretia Herschel, Dictionary of National Biography XXVI (London, 1891), 260-263. M T A Kempis, Caroline Herschel, Scripta Math. M B Ogilvie, Caroline Herschel's contributions to astronomy, Ann. of Sci. F J Ring, John Herschel and his heritage, in D G King-Hele (ed.), John Herschel 1792-1871 : A bicentennial commemoration (London, 1992), 3-16. J South, An address delivered at the annual general meeting of the Astronomical Society of London on February 8 1829, onpresenting the honorary medal to Miss caroline Herschel, Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Societies, honours, etc.

28. THE CAROLINE HERSCHEL PAGE - (Herschel, Caroline Lucretia - 1750-1848) - The Sci herschel, caroline Lucretia (17501848) - Biography - RA Hatch. carolineherschel Bibliography - Bibliography - RA Hatch. caroline http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/sr-women/05-S

The Galileo Page - Galileo Galilei - Biography - Bibliography - Information - Links - Dr Robert A. Hatch T H E C A R O L I N E H E R S C H E L P A G E DR ROBERT A. HATCH - UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Herschel, Caroline Lucretia (1750-1848) Biography - R.A. Hatch Caroline Herschel Bibliography - Bibliography - R.A. Hatch The Scientific Revolution - Table of Contents rah.aug.2002 BACK - HOME

29. The Scientific Revolution - Women Of Learning - Early Modern Europe - Science - Lepaute, Mad. NicholeReine-(1723-1788) - The Nicole-Reine Lepaut Page.herschel, caroline Lucretia (1750-1848) - The caroline herschel Page. http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/sr-women/05-S

The Scientific Revolution - Women of Learning - Science - Letters - The Arts - 1600-1800 - Cunitz - Schurman - Cavendish - Merian - Koopman-Hevelius - Eimmart - Winkelmann-Kirch - Chatelet - Bassi - Manzolini - Agnesi - Ramsey - Pinckney - Colden - Lepaute - Caroline Herschel T-he Scientific Revolution - The Scientific Revolution HomePage - Dr Robert A. Hatch W O M E N O F L E A R N I N G S C I E N C E - L E T T E R S - T H E A R T S Dr Robert A. Hatch - University of Florida T H E S C I E N T I F I C R E V O L U T I O N Cunitz, Maria (1604/10-1664) - The Maria Cunitz Page Tarabotti, Acangela (Elana Cassandra) - (1604-1652) - The Tarabotti Page Schurman, Anna Maria van (1607-1678) - The Anna van Schurman Page Elizabeth, Countess of Palatine (1618-1680) - The Elizabeth of Palatine Page Cavendish, Margaret (1623-1673) - The Margaret Cavendish Page Christina, Queen of Sweden (1629-1689) - The Queen Christina Page Merian, Maria Sibylla (1647-1717) -

30. Prior Astronomer Next Astronomer Back To List herschel; caroline L.; 17501848; HOL/GBR. After a childhood similarto a typical women's childhood of this period, she left without http://www.astrosurf.com/cielextreme/page93E.html

Prior Astronomer Next Astronomer Back to List HERSCHEL; Caroline L.; 1750-1848; HOL/GBR After a childhood similar to a typical women's childhood of this period, she left without regret the houseworks of Holland to join her brother William in the UK in 1772. A common image describes Caroline, lightened by a candle, writing down the observations that her brother cried out from outside the house standing at his telescopes (Georges III gave her a 50 pounds grant per year for the help she provided). Unsatisfied with only assisting her brother, she observed herself from 1782 and discovered 8 comets, observed about 100 deep sky objects and discovered 14 new nebulae.

31. Herschel, Caroline caroline herschel. caroline herschel was the daughter of Isaac herscheland Anna Ilse Moritzen. References for caroline herschel. http://www.astro-tom.com/biographies/herschel,_caroline.htm

Caroline Herschel Caroline Herschel was the daughter of Isaac Herschel and Anna Ilse Moritzen. She was sister of William Herschel and the aunt of John Herschel. Caroline's father Isaac was an oboist in the Hanovarian Foot Guards and rose to become the bandmaster. Although a man with no formal education, he tried hard to give his four sons and two daughters a good education. His interests in music, philosophy and astronomy led to lively conversations in their home but Caroline's mother disapproved of learning in general and although she reluctantly accepted that her four sons should have some education, she strongly opposed her daughters doing anything other than the household chores. Caroline Herschel's four brothers were all brought up to be musicians while Caroline showed an enthusiasm for knowledge which her father tried to satisfy despite all her mother's efforts to ensure that she did nothing but household tasks. Caroline recalled that her father took her [4]: ... on a clear frosty night into the street, to make me acquainted with several of the beautiful constellations, after we had been gazing at a comet which was then visible. Caroline could never have thought in her wildest dreams that one day she would make a major contribution to the study of comets.

32. Biography Of Caroline Herschel caroline herschel March 16, 1750 September 1, 1848. caroline herschelwas born in Hanover, Germany on March 16, 1750. Prospects http://astronomy.wakaf.net/people/htm/herschel_c.htm

Free Web space and hosting - wakaf.net Caroline Herschel March 16, 1750 - September 1, 1848 Caroline Herschel was born in Hanover, Germany on March 16, 1750. Prospects for Caroline seemed dreary, she lacked both beauty and wealth and therefore she could forget marriage. It seemed the life of drudgery as an unpaid housekeeper was to be her calling. At the age of 22, in 1772, escape seemed possible, her older brother, William Herschel, who had previously fled to England, had convinced her to move to England to become an accompanying singer. Although she was happier in England, she was still a housekeeper, though training to become a singer. During her musical career, she found herself, along with William, being drawn to astronomy. William was making and selling his telescopes, and Caroline was pressed into service. She helped her brother, casting, grinding, and polishing the reflecting mirrors William installed into his telescopes. Caroline meticulously recorded her brothers observations and even calculated star positions. In 1871, William made his greatest discovery ever, with the discovery of Uranus. He was rewarded with the title of "The King's Astronomer." For Caroline's efforts, she was given the title "Assistant to the King's Astronomer." This resulted in a pension for the both of them for the rest of their lives. This allowed them to abandon music and concentrate on astronomy. William's fame allowed them to sell their telescopes for high prices. They made enough money and moved to the city of Slough, to be near the King. A few years later, Caroline had become a competent astronomer in her own right. She discovered eight new comets and three nebulas. she was the founder of deep-sky astronomy. After her brother's death in 1822, she moveed back to Hanover, where she helped shape the talents of her favorite nephew, John Herschel. Caroline died at the age of 98, on September 1, 1848.

33. HERSCHEL, CAROLINE LUCRETIA herschel, caroline LUCRETIA. She died on the 9th of January 1848. See The Memoirand Correspondence of caroline herschel, by Mrs John herschel (f 876). http://81.1911encyclopedia.org/H/HE/HERSCHEL_CAROLINE_LUCRETIA.htm

document.write(""); HERSCHEL, CAROLINE LUCRETIA rough gravelly ground at varying distances from the coast and always in comparatively shallow water. The seasOn of spawning is different in different places, and even in the same district, e.g. the east coast of Scotland, there are herrings spawning in spring and others in autumn. These are not the same fish but different races. Those which breed in winter or spring deposit their spawn near the coast at the mouths of estuaries, and ascend the estuaries to a considerable distance at certain times, as in the Firths of Forth and Clyde, while those which spawn in summer or aqtumn belong more to the open sea, e.g. the great shoals that visit the North Sea annually. Several excellent accounts of the herring have been published, as by Valenciennes in the 20th vol. of the Histoire naturelle des poissons, and more especially by Mr J. M. Mitchell, The Herring, its Natural History and National Importance (Edinburgh, 1864). Recent investigations are described in the Reports of the Fishery Board for Scotland, and in the reports of the German Kominission zur Untersuchung der Deutschen Meere (published at Kiel). (J. T. C.) HERRINGS, BATTLE OF THE, the name applied to the action of Rouvray, fought in 1429 between the French (and Scots) and the English, who, under Sir John Falstolfe (or Falstaff), were convoying Lenten provisions, chiefly herrings, to the besiegers of Orleans. (See ORLEANS and HUNDRED

34. Herschel, Caroline Lucretia herschel, caroline Lucretia (17501848). caroline Lucretia herschelwas born in Hannover, Germany, on March 16, 1750. Her father http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/H/Herschel/1.htm

35. Encyclopædia Britannica herschel, caroline Lucretia Encyclopædia Britannica Article. MLA style herschel,caroline Lucretia. 2003 Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=41095

36. Caroline Herschel caroline herschel. caroline herschel was a singer, mathematician and astronomer!caroline herschel was born in Germany in 1750. She was one of six children. http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level1/herschel.html

Listen Caroline Herschel Caroline Herschel was a singer, mathematician and astronomer Caroline Herschel was born in Germany in 1750. She was one of six children. Caroline's father was a musician. He wanted all of his children to study French, mathematics and music. Caroline's mother thought it was a waste of time for a girl to become educated. She made Caroline do most of the housework. When she was ten, Caroline became sick from a disease called typhus. The disease stopped her from growing. She never grew taller than four foot three. When she was twenty-two Caroline went to live with her brother in England. Caroline's brother, William, trained her in singing and in mathematics. William was very interested in astronomy and he trained Caroline in that science also. Caroline Herschel helped her brother with his work. She even learned how to grind the glass to make powerful telescopes . She began using the telescopes to make discoveries by herself. Caroline Herschel discovered three new nebulae (the place where stars form). She was also the first woman to discover a comet . Caroline Herschel lived to be ninety-eight years old. Before she died, she had discovered eight comets.

37. Caroline Herschel's Deep Sky Objects caroline herschel's Deep Sky Objects. Sketches of some caroline herschel Objects,by Jane Houston Jones Jane has also sketched Moon Crater C. herschel. http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/similar/cher.html

Caroline Herschel's Deep Sky Objects Besides and before assisting her brother, William Herschel, in his great Deep Sky survey starting in late 1782, Caroline Herschel herself was an avid astronomical observer, and discoverer of comets (she originally found 8 of them) and deepsky objects. William Herschel has included her discoveries in his catalog , and assigned numbers to them. M NGC Herschel RA Dec Con Type Discovery Date NGC 205 H V.18 00:40.4 +41:41 And G E5p 1783 Aug 27 NGC 225 H VIII.78 00:43.4 +61:47 Cas OC 1784 NGC 253 H V.1 00:47.6 -25:17 Scl G Sc 1783 Sep 23 NGC 381 H VIII.64 01:08.3 +61:35 Cas OC 1783 NGC 659 H VIII.65 01:44.2 +60:42 Cas OC 1783 NGC 891 H V.19 02:22.6 +42:21 And G Sb 1783 Aug 27 (according to W.H. Smyth) NGC 2204 H VII.13 06:15.7 -18:39 CMa OC 1783 Feb 26 (appendix to W.H.'s 1st catalog) NGC 2349 H VII.27 07:10.8 -08:36 Mon OC? 1783 NGC 2360 H VII.12 07:17.8 -15:37 CMa OC 1785 (1783 Feb 26?) M 48 NGC 2548 H VI.22 08:13.8 -05:48 Hya OC 1783

38. Caroline Herschel (1750-1848) caroline herschel was born on March 16, 1750 in Hannover, Germany, as theyounger sister of William herschel. caroline herschel (17501848). Ch. http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/cherschel.html

.. under construction .. Caroline Lucretia Herschel (March 16, 1750 - January 9, 1848) Caroline Herschel was born on March 16, 1750 in Hannover, Germany, as the younger sister of William Herschel . She served in the home of her parents until 1772, when her brother William took her to England. First a housekeeper and singer for the organist William, she became his general assistent, and engaged in astronomy together with William. Most of her astronomical work was helping William by writing down his observations, but besides that work, Caroline was observing on her own, notably with a 27-inch focal length Newtonian 'sweeper.' She discovered a number of deepsky objects in the time of 1783-87, notably an independent discovery of M110 (NGC 205) , the second companion of the Andromeda Galaxy. According to G. Buttmann (1961) , p. 64, Caroline stated to have observed 14 objects until the end of 1783 alone, but the present author is only aware of a total of 13 (of which only 10 or 11 were known at that time). Between 1786 and 1797, she discovered a total of eight comets. .. more to come soon ..

39. Maria Mitchell - Reminiscences Of The Herschels - Caroline Herschel As a gift for the present Lady herschel, caroline herschel prepared herown biography after she was ninety years of age. It is written http://womenshistory.about.com/library/etext/bl_mitchell_herschel.htm

You are here: Women's History Guide Extra [an error occurred while processing this directive] Sat, Mar 29, 2003 Jone Johnson Lewis - your About.com Guide to: Women's History [an error occurred while processing this directive] Maria Mitchell's Reminiscences of the Herschels Maria Mitchell, The Century vol. 38, 1889. Related Resources About Maria Mitchell About Caroline Herschel Harriet Townsend on Maria Mitchell Women in Science and Math ... Index to Etexts on Women's History About this text: Maria Mitchell reflects on an 1857 visit to Sir John Herschel, British astronomer, and his family. Mitchell, an astronomer who later taught at Vassar, reflects in this 1889 article on the work of William Herschel, John's father, and of Caroline Herschel , William's co-worker and sister and John's aunt. Of special interest to women's history are Mitchell's reflections on Caroline Herschel and her astronomical work, her unmarried state and her complete dedication to her brother. From The Century , volume 38, 1889, the year of Mitchell's death.

40. Herschel_Caroline caroline Lucretia herschel. Died Jan 9, 1848 in Hannover, Hanover (now Germany).caroline herschel was the daughter of Isaac herschel and Anna Ilse Moritzen. http://members.fortunecity.com/jonhays/Herschel.html

Caroline Lucretia Herschel Born: March 16, 1750 in Hannover, Hanover (now Germany). Died: Jan 9, 1848 in Hannover, Hanover (now Germany) Caroline Herschel was the daughter of Isaac Herschel and Anna Ilse Moritzen. She was sister of William Herschel (organist turned astronomer) and the aunt of John Herschel. Caroline's father Isaac was an oboist in the Hanovarian Foot Guards and rose to become the bandmaster. Caroline Herschel's four brothers were all brought up to be musicians while Caroline showed an enthusiasm for knowledge which her father tried to satisfy despite all her mother's efforts to ensure that she did nothing but household tasks. After the French occupation of Hanover in 1757, Isaac was occupied fighting the French and so was not at home. William escaped to England, where he became a music teacher, and Caroline was left under the control of her mother who sent her to learn to knit and otherwise kept her fully occupied with household chores. In 1760 Isaac returned home in poor health and Caroline essentially lived the life of a servant until he died in 1767. The death of her father seems to have made Caroline realise that she had to take some control of her own life and she took lessons in dressmaking and studied to qualify as a governess. However, fitting in the studies while her mother demanded so much work from her proved a great strain. In 1766 William became an organist in Bath and, in 1772, Caroline joined him there. She made this move despite strong protests from her mother who was very unhappy at effectively losing a servant. Caroline had always been very close to her brother William and, after arriving in Bath, she trained as a singer receiving lessons from her brother. William taught Caroline more than musical skills. He had studied mathematics and astronomy in his spare time at the end of a long day after many hours teaching music, reading works such as Maclaurin's

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