41. Outline Of Cosmology And Astronomy To Aristarchus heraclides of pontus (c. 390 c. 322 BC) Claimed earth at center of universe,but revolving about axis. Also claimed Mercury and Venus orbit the sun. http://babbage.clarku.edu/~djoyce/ma105/astrocos.html

Outline of Cosmology and Astronomy to Aristarchus Math 105 History of Mathematics, D Joyce. Spring, 1999 Source: Thomas Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1913. Reprinted by Dover, New York, 1981. Thales of Miletus (c. 630? - c 550? BC) Statesman, engineer, mathematician and astronomer, one of the "seven wise men." Cosmology: earth floated on water, a disk. Sun, stars, and planets fiery. Perhaps based on Egyptian and/or Babylonian cosmology. Said to have predicted a solar eclipse, but unlikely. Eudemus referred to two written works by Thales: On the Solstice and On the Equinox, since lost. Noted length of four seasons not all the same. Diogenes Laertius says Thales declared the apparent size of the sun and the moon to be 1/720 part of the circle described by it (i.e., 1/2 degree). Recommended sailing by Little Bear (Little Dipper) as the Phoenicians did. Anaximander of Miletus (Anasimandros) (c. 611 - c. 547 BC) Considered first Greek philosopher. Student of Thales. Cosmology: earth at center, a disk with depth 1/3 of breadth floating in air. Believed the stars to be fiery wheels emitting flames through vents, and eclipses occur when the vents are stopped up. Concluded the circle of the sun is 27 or 28 times the size of the earth, and that of the moon 18 or 19 times. Probably brought the vertical sundial (gnomon) to Greeks from Babylonians. Said to be first to draw a map of the inhabited earth. Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 585 - c. 528 BC. Stars on crystal sphere, but planets have their own movements. Sun, moon, stars made of fire. Said eclipses due to obscuring dark bodies.

42. OUP USA: ToC: The Heirs Of Plato Champion of Ethical Praxis Life and Works B. Philosophy A. 5. Minor Figures Philippusof Opus B. Hermodorus of Syracuse C. heraclides of pontus D. Crantor of http://www.oup-usa.org/toc/tc_0198237669.html

The Heirs of Plato A Study of the Old Academy (347-274 BC) John Dillon CONTENTS A. 1 The Riddle of the Academy The Physical Structure of the Academy B. Plato's Intellectual Legacy A. 2. Speusippus and the Search for an Adequate System of Principles Life and Works B. Philosophy A. 3. Xenocrates and the Systematization of Platonism Life and Works B. Philosophy A. 4. Polemon, Champion of Ethical Praxis Life and Works B. Philosophy A. 5. Minor Figures Philippus of Opus B. Hermodorus of Syracuse C. Heraclides of Pontus D. Crantor of Soli E. Conclusion 6. Epilogue: Arcesilaus and the Turn to Scepticism Bibliography General Catalog Information Publication dates and prices are subject to change without notice. Prices are stated in US Dollars and valid only for sales transacted through the US website. Please note: some publications for sale at this website may not be available for purchase outside of the US. This page last updated Thursday, 13-Mar-2003 15:33:46 EST Please send comments or suggestions about this server to webmaster@oup-usa.org

43. Powell's Bookstores Chicago Oxford University Press Reprint Series 1520. SW6561, $20.00. Gottschalk, HB, heraclides of pontus. SW19834,20. Graham, AJ, Colony and Mother in Ancient Greece. SW21584, 17. Hanson http://www.powellschicago.com/reprints.html

Powell's Bookstores Chicago Reprints STORES CATALOGUES WHOLESALE REPRINTS ... BUYERS We are the exclusive North American distributor for a series of reprints from Oxford University Press in subjects such as philosophy, ancient history and classics, and medieval studies. These reprints are available directly to our customers through our orders department. Here's a list of titles currently in the series. All are hardcover reprint editions, bound in blue cloth and with a protective glossy dust jacket. The list is alphabetical by author and includes a book number and price, should you wish to order. To order contact us at orders@powellschicago.com . We accept payment via personal check, money order, Visa card or Mastercard. You may also phone in an order at (312) 341-0748 or fax one to (312) 341-1614. For bookstore orders, please contact our wholesale department Author Title Book Number Price Alexander, Paul J. Alfoldi, Andrew (Harold Mattingly, trans.) The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome Anderson, George

44. Niagara University Library: October 2002 New Book List B305.H474 G67 1998 heraclides of pontus BD348 .G5613 2001 Wooden eyes nine reflectionson distance BD450 .O46 1999 The human animal personal identity http://www.niagara.edu/library/october2002.html

Niagara University Library October 2002 New Book List The list below contains books added to the Library's collection during October 2002. If you are an employee of the University and see a book you are interested in, just fill out the form to the right. We will check out the book in your name and mail it to your office. If you are a student, we will hold the book for you at the Circulation Desk. PLEASE SCROLL DOWN TO VIEW THE NEW BOOK LIST. Your Name What is your affiliation with the University? (Please check one) University Employee Student Campus Address Phone Number E-Mail Address Book Title Call Number Comments Choose a subject to jump to the beginning of its call number range, or browse the entire list below. (Note: there are many books that slip through the subject arrangement, so browsing the entire list can be fruitful.) Art Biology Business/Economics/Accounting Chemistry (None) Children's Literature Communications Studies Computer Science Criminal Justice ... Hospitality Management (None) Literature Mathematics Military Science Music ... Nursing (None) Performing Arts Philosophy Psychiatry Psychology ... Social Work (None) Sociology Sports (None) Travel/Tourism B305.H474 G67 1998 Heraclides of Pontus BD348 .G5613 2001 Wooden eyes : nine reflections on distance BD450 .O46 1999 The human animal : personal identity without psychology BF1623.R7 L49 1953 The symbolic prophecy of the Great pyramid BF441 .F497x 2001 Critical thinking : an introduction

45. Biography-center - Letter H Hera, www.messagenet.com/myths/bios/hera.html; heraclides of pontus, wwwhistory.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Heraclides.html; http://www.biography-center.com/h.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish H 703 biographies www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herigone.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/De_L'Hopital.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Holder.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hormander.html Haab, Otto www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1825.html Haanpää, Pentti www.kirjasto.sci.fi/haanpaa.htm www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Haar.html Haarlem, Cornelis van www.kfki.hu/~arthp/bio/c/cornelis/biograph.html Haavelmo, Trygve www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1989/haavelmo-bio.html Haavikko, Paavo www.kirjasto.sci.fi/haavikko.htm Haber, Fritz www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1918/haber-bio.html Habib ibn Zayd al-Ansari,

46. 20th WCP: Pythagorean Symbolism And The Philosophic Paideia In The Stromateis Of heraclides of pontus records that Pythagoras taught that happiness is thescientific knowledge of the perfection of the numbers of the soul. (15). http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciAfon.htm

Ancient Philosophy o( Klh/mhj puqagori/zei : Pythagorean Symbolism and the Philosophic Paideia in the Stromateis of Clement of Alexandria Eugene Afonasin Novosibirsk State University afonasin@philos.nsu.ru This paper requires SGreek font for proper viewing. This font can be downloaded from www.perseus.tufts.edu ABSTRACT: This paper discusses certain aspects of the philosophy of education developed by the second century Christian writer Clement of Alexandria. Special attention is given to the place of his philosophy in the context of both pagan and Christian philosophical and theological movements as they relate to the Neopythagorean tradition that was revived in the first century. Introductory remarks Tracing treks of specific philosophic schools in the mixture of different intellectual traditions of the first and second centuries AD is a kind of a task which both extremely rewarding and notoriously difficult. It is rewarding, for the treks if found contribute greatly to our understanding of philosophic paths of the individual figures, especially when direct evidence, and this is usually the case, is scarce and scattered all over different sources. But on the other hand, detective search for clues in order to highlight possible sources of a given author is a dangerous adventure which may easily lead to misunderstanding. For oblique clues and 'striking similarities' while (given limited amount of evidence) prove nothing, can turn search in a direction which brings the whole thing to the dead end. But

47. [Philnet] Project Theophrastus (fwd) topics including Peripatos. For 2003 Project Theophrastus announcesa conference on heraclides of pontus. The conference aims to http://lists.ccil.org/pipermail/philnet/2001-July/000472.html

[Philnet] Project Theophrastus (fwd) Prof S.R.L. Clark srlclark@LIVERPOOL.AC.UK Wed, 11 Jul 2001 19:09:12 +0100 Previous message: [Philnet] Meditation Conference (fwd) Next message: [Philnet] plato journal (fwd) Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] ... e.e.pender@leeds.ac.uk Messages to the list are archived at http://listserv.liv.ac.uk/archives/philos-l.html. Other philosophical resources on the Web can be found at http://www.liv.ac.uk/Philosophy/philos.html Previous message: [Philnet] Meditation Conference (fwd) Next message: [Philnet] plato journal (fwd) Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ]

48. Timeline Of Rockets - Leaving Earth Behind Greeks. 388315 BC - heraclides of pontus explains the daily rotationof the stars by assuming that the Earth spins on its axis. He http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrockettimeline.htm

zfp=-1 About Homework Help Inventors Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Inventors with Mary Bellis Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS 20th Century Inventions History of Computers/Internet A to Z Inventions ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Timeline of Rockets 3,000 BCE - 1700 AD Return Rockets 3,000 BCE - 1700 AD 1700 AD - 1850 AD 1850 AD - 1957 ... 1957 AD - 1989 3000 BCE - Babylonian astrologer-astronomers begin making methodical observations of the skies. 2000 BCE - Babylonians develop a zodiac. 1300 BCE - Chinese use of firework-rockets becomes widespread. 1000 BCE - Babylonians record sun/moon/planetary movements - Egyptians use sun-clock 600-400 BCE - Pythagoras of Samos sets up a school which rivals the Ionians. Parmenides of Elea, a student, proposes a spherical Earth made from condensed air and divided into five zones. He also sets forth ideas for stars being made of compressed fire and a finite, motionless, and spherical universe with illusory motion. 585 BC - Thales of Miletus, a Greek astronomer of the Ionian school, predicts the angular diameter of the sun. He also effectively predicts a solar eclipse, frightening Media and Lydia into negotiating for peace with the Greeks.

49. New Page 1 heraclides of pontus and Ecphantus the Pythagorean give the Earth motion, not indeedtranslatory, but like a wheel on its axis, from west to east, about its http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1991/PSCF3-91Spradley.html

Tradition and Faith in the Copernican Revolution JOSEPH L. SPRADLEY Physics Department Wheaton College Wheaton, Illinois 60187 From: Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith (March 1991): 36-42. A review of the Copernican revolution reveals the importance of nonempirical factors in its development. The writings of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo show the continuity of their ideas with the Greek classical tradition and the connection of their work with their Christian faith. These human dimensions illustrate how cultural values, creative insights and personal commitments can be as important in science as empirical evidence. T he success of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo in developing a heliocentric system of the planets led eventually to the dominance of empiricism in much of Western thought. Ironically, the champion of this new empirical emphasis, Francis Bacon, rejected the Copernican system nearly a century after it was introduced. He stressed the need to examine the data of experience without allowing any personal bias to shape the organization of facts. Bacon's inductive method seems at odds with the deductive method of Descartes, with its emphasis on rationalism; but both agreed that nature should be interpreted by rejecting the traditions of the past. An examination of the Copernican Revolution reveals that it was based on a much richer approach to interpretation than the rational empiricism that came to dominate the Enlightenment. Its success depended on such nonempirical interpretative elements as imaginative constructs, aesthetic criteria, and ethical commitments. It borrowed heavily from the Greek classical tradition and found fresh motivations from the attitudes and values fostered by Christian faith.

50. Extracts From "History Of Western Philosophy" By Bertrand Russell, First Publish heraclides of pontus (whose dates are about 388 to 315 BC, contemporary with Aristotle)discovered that Venus and Mercury revolve about the sun, and adopted http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/books/russell_history_western_philosophy.html

This Webpage Page in No Frames Mode Welcome to Lachlan Cranswick's Personal Homepage in Melbourne, Australia Extracts from "History of Western Philosophy" by Bertrand Russell, First Published 1945 Lachlan's Homepage is at http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au Back to Lachlan's Homepage What's New at Lachlan's Homepage Historial things, Literature and Poetry Literature ... Beard: An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States Bertrand Russell Bertrand Russell (b.1872 - d.1970): http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell/ The Bertrand Russell Archives: http://www.mcmaster.ca/russdocs/russell.htm The Writings of Bertrand Russell: http://www.luminary.us/russell/index.html From the Introduction (on Romanticism) Extracts from "History of Western Philosophy", Bertrand Russell, First Published 1945 , Page XXII "The romantic movement, in art, in literature, and in politics, is bound up with this subjective way of judging men, not as members of a community, but as aesthetically delightful objects of contemplation. Tigers are more beautiful than sheep, but we prefer them behind bars. The typical romantic removes the bars and enjoys the magnificent leaps with which the tiger annihilates the sheep. He exhorts men to imagine themselves tigers, and when he succeeds the results are not wholly pleasant". From Chapter III: Pythagoras Extracts from "History of Western Philosophy", Bertrand Russell, First Published 1945

51. Classical Philosophy Contributors HB Gottschalk, Reader in Classics Emeritus, The University of Leeds,UK (Aristotelianism, Dionysius, heraclides of pontus). Daniel http://www.fitzroydearborn.com/Contribs/ClaPhilB.htm

Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers Home Latest News Publications Awards ... Contact us Encyclopedia of Classical Philosophy edited by Donald J. Zeyl Contributors James Allen, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh, USA (Aenesidemus, Agrippa, Arcesilaus, Lacydes, Pyrrho and Pyrrhonism, Sextus Empiricus, Timon) David Armstrong, Professor of Classics, The University of Texas at Austin, USA (Manichaeanism) Elizabeth Asmis, Professor of Classics, The University of Chicago, USA (Epictetus, Epicurus, Panaetius, Philodemus, Seneca) Andrew Barker, Reader in Classics, University of Birmingham, UK (Aristoxenus, Damon) Richard Bett, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Johns Hopkins University, USA (Carneades, Clitomachus, Skepticism) D. L. Blank, Professor of Classics, University of California at Los Angeles, USA (Diogenes of Seleucia, Grammar) H. J. Blumenthal, Reader in Greek, University of Liverpool, UK (Ammonius, Plutarch of Athens, Syrianus, Themistius) István Bodnár

52. Galileo The Copernican while Copernicus had returned to Aristarchus, Fracastoro had reverted to Eudoxusand Aristotle, and Tycho Brahe had revised the views of heraclides of pontus. http://www.iac.es/project/galileo/neo/abstplenashearev.html

Galileo the Copernican William Shea Université Louis Pasteur Strasbourg. France Nicolaus Copernicus'epoch-making De Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium was published in 1543, and when Galileo, some fifty years later, became interested in astronomical problems, the heliocentric theory was no longer a novel idea. It was common knowledge in educated circles that several Humanists had tried to establish the genuine world-picture by returning to the Ancients. They had sought help from Ptolemy, and when he had failed to give them the required assistance, they had taken the next step of examining those notions of Greek astronomy which the Ptolemaic system had replaced. Thus, while Copernicus had returned to Aristarchus, Fracastoro had reverted to Eudoxus and Aristotle, and Tycho Brahe had revised the views of Heraclides of Pontus. The great astronomical controversy of the sixteenth century was fought by scholars over ideas which they often believed daring and revolutionary but hardly ever original. Things changed with Galileo's succession of telescopic discoveries: the rugged surface of the Moon, the existence of hitherto unknown stars, the nature of the Milky Way, the satellites of Jupiter, and the phases of Venus. But the battle was by no means won. A mere looking-glass could not dispel a theory about the structure of the world. The case had to be argued and we shall try to show in this paper how brilliantly this was done by Galileo in his Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems of 1632.

53. Timeline the center. 350 heraclides of pontus states that the earth is inrotation and that Venus revolves around the sun. 332 Alexander http://www.astro.utoronto.ca/~hudon/ast210/210.timeline.html

Timeline with some important events and dates. B.C. Writing invented in Mesopotamia, entailing huge advances in record keeping and instruction. Construction of the Egyptian pyramids at Gizeh. Oriented as they were to the cardinal points of the compass, and with interior inclined passages which pointed at the pole star (at that era), these pyramids prove that the Egyptians had precise sighting instruments. Stonehenge built. The Babylonians modify their calendar to allow for the movements of the stars. Sundial invented, in Egypt. : Thales of Miletus predicts an eclipse of the Sun in that year. : Anaximander introduces the circle in the study of the Universe, and says that space is three-dimensional. : The Pythagoreans conclude that the earth is round. : Anaxagoras surmises the real cause of eclipses. : Philoleaus theorizes that the sun and planets all revolve around a ``Central Fire''. c.428-348 : Plato. Though not particularly interested in scientific inquiry, Plato feels that the motions in the heavens should be uniform and circular. Due to his stature, this ``dictum'' holds till the time of Kepler : Aristotle. Among many other ideas, Aristotle sets forth the notion that the heavens are perfect and unchanging.

54. STEFAN STENUDD - Pythagoras. Cosmos Of The Ancients ----------- him that he was Apollo come down from the far north and Pythagoras himself hadno less a view on his person – according to heraclides of pontus he said http://www.stenudd.com/myth/greek/pythagoras.htm

About the writer Stefan Stenudd Cosmos of the Ancients The Greek Philosophers on Myth and Cosmology Pythagoras o Pythagoras (circa 582-500 BC) it seems the gods were both factual and worthy of reverence, if the later commentators are to be trusted. Of his own words nothing remains. According to Hieronymus, Pythagoras had descended into Hades, where: he saw the soul of Hesiod bound fast to a brazen pillar and gibbering, and the soul of Homer hung on a tree with serpents writhing about it, this being their punishment for what they had said about the gods. His teaching was strict, full of rules to live by, some peculiar and some expressions of piety. He was secretive of his learning and demanded much of those who wanted to be his disciples, among other things a long waiting before being accepted. Not only did he avoid meat, but for several reasons he refused beans, to the extent that he was reported to have died because of it – when fleeing from his enemies he stopped before a field of beans, not wanting to cross it, whereby they caught and killed him. Diogenes Laertius claims that "his disciples held the opinion about him that he was Apollo come down from the far north" and Pythagoras himself had no less a view on his person – according to Heraclides of Pontus he said about himself that he was the son of Hermes, who had offered him any gift except immortality. "So he asked to retain through life and through death a memory of his experiences." Thus, his soul wandered from person to person, all of them noble men, keeping its memory through each new life lived. To Pythagoras, this was nothing ordinary, since: "He was the first, they say, to declare that the soul, bound now in this creature, now in that, thus goes on a round ordained of necessity." This is, in essence, identical with the metempsychosis of Pherecydes, who would then most likely be primary to Pythagoras in expressing the theory.

55. Copernicus heraclides of pontus, and Ecphantus the Pythagorean make the earth move, not ina progressive motion, but like a wheel in a rotation from west to east about http://www.humanistictexts.org/copernicus.htm

Click Home For Topic Search, Up For Period Summary Contents Introduction The Decision To Publish The Reason For A New System The Mobility Of The Earth ... Source Introduction Nicolaus Copernicus (Mikolaj Kopernik) was born in Torun, Poland, in 1473. His uncle, Bishop Watzenrode, arranged for his university education. He studied liberal arts, mathematics and optics at the University of Krakow, canon law at Bologna, and medicine at Padua. At Bologna he worked on astronomical measurements with a mathematics professor, Domenico Maria de Novara, and became aware of the inaccuracies inherent in Ptolemaic predictions of the motion of the planets. He received his doctorate in Italy in 1503.On his return from Italy, where the notion that the earth revolved around the sun was being discussed, he attempted to test the concept by means of observation. He returned to become canon of Frauenberg in 1512, but was not an ordained priest. He was occupied instead with administrative and political affairs and with providing medical assistance to local citizens. In 1514 he was asked his views on reform of the calendar developed by Julius Ceasar, to bring it back into synchrony with the solar year. In 1517 he put forward a plan for reform of the currency. He began his major work on the heliocentric view of the solar system ( The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ) at about this time, publishing a brief popular account in 1530. This was circulated widely, and eventually was the subject of a lecture given in Rome. Pope Clement II approved of the ideas expressed and transmitted a request via the Polish Cardinal that the ideas be published in full. A complete text of Copernicus’ work was published in 1543, shortly before his sudden death in May of that year. Copernicus himself remarked on the long time it took him to complete this work. It is worth noting that although the concept is relatively simple, the development of the theory mathematically—given the need to research ancient records of doubtful accuracy—could extend over a long period for somebody working only in their spare time.

56. The Early Modern Construction Of Space Several posit a moving earth and/or a heliocentric universe (eg, the Pythagoreans5th c., heraclides of pontus 4th c., and Aristarchus of Samos 3rd c http://www2.centenary.edu/forbidden/shelbur1.htm

Note: The following is the text of a talk and slide show delivered at Centenary College several years ago as part of an interdisciplinary series called "Project Space." The paper bears the marks of its origin, and I have made no attempt to reshape the text into a formal essay, nor have I supplied a bibliography (though you should ask if you'd like specific references). Certain points in the text clearly call for illustrations (provided by the slides accompanying the original talk); again, ask if you'd like to see a specific image. This talk represents one of the origins of the "History of Ideas Online" Internet course, offered jointly by Centenary College, Mississippi State University, and San Francisco State University, and its structure reflects that course's organization. The Early Modern Construction of Space We know space, any space, from the ways in which we describe it. But we are taught our descriptions: the circle, square, rectangle, ellipse, cone, and so on, may exist in nature (I'm not saying that there's nothing out there), but we first learn to recognize these shapes and we then find them in the world because we have the labels. This means that we create, or construct, the space we perceive through our descriptions. These descriptions, these ways of seeing, these "constructions" are cultural products. And in certain places and at certain times, powerful new descriptions emerge that change the way a culture sees the world. Many, perhaps most, of the descriptions of space that we in the West still use today were first invented in what has come to be called the "early modern period," roughly the 14th through the 17th centuries. We used to call this period the Renaissance, meaning, literally, a period of "rebirth" and especially of renewed interest in ancient Greco-Roman culture. We regarded the period as mainly backward-looking. The shift to the term "early modern" indicates a new emphasis on this period's connections not with the past, but rather with the future, with us.

57. Astronomy 9 (Spring 2000): Handout 10 No ``Void'' (vacuum), unlike the Atomists. 2. heraclides of pontus(c. 388310 BC) Proposed rotating Earth to explain daily rotation http://www.jonathanbaker.org/courses/ay9/week4/handout10/

Up: Astronomy 9 Lecture Notes A STRONOMY 9: H ISTORY OF C OSMOLOGY Handout #10 J. E. Baker UC Berkeley, Spring 2000 Cosmology in Ancient Greece: Aristotle and Greek Astronomy Aristotle (384-322 BC) Student of Plato's Academy Founded Lyceum Worked in almost every field of known science and philosophy! Profound influence on development of Western science Every effect must have a cause Important innovation: universe can be described by natural laws inferred by rational thought Aristotle's physics: mostly quite wrong, but strong common-sense appeal Founded science of mechanics (physics of motion) Developed the idea of ``force'', impetus theory of motion (wrong, but widely held even today!) Thought force was required to keep Earthly objects in motion (didn't fully understand inertia Aristotle applies his physics to the cosmos Basic Earthly elements: air, earth, fire, water Terrestrial and celestial physics are very different! Two types of ``natural'' motion (a) Earth: linear, straight-line, finite motion (air and fire go up, water and earth go down) (b) Heavens: perfect, eternal, circular motion

58. PREFACE TO DE REVOLUTIONIBUS heraclides of pontus and Ecphantus the Pythagorean make the earth move, not in aprogressive motion, but like a wheel in a rotation from west to east about its http://home8.swipnet.se/~w-80790/Works/Copernicus.htm

Copernicus's Own Preface to De Revolutionibus TO HIS HOLINESS, POPE PAUL III, NICHOLAS COPERNICUS' PREFACE TO HIS BOOKS ON THE REVOLUTIONS Copernicus worries about attack and public ridicule if he dares to write that the earth moves. Copernicus dares to write because of the urging of his friends. Copernicus describes the unsatisfactory state of astronomy in his time. Copernicus cites precedents for the idea of the earth's motion. For a long time, then, I reflected on this confusion in the astronomical traditions concerning the derivation of the motions of the universe's spheres. I began to be annoyed that the movements of the world machine, created for our sake by the best and most systematic Artisan of all, were not understood with greater certainty by the philosophers, who otherwise examined so precisely the most insignificant trifles of this world. For this reason I undertook the task of rereading the works of all the philosophers which I could obtain to learn whether anyone had ever proposed other motions of the universe's spheres than those expounded by the teachers of astronomy in the schools. And in fact first I found in Cicero that Hicetas supposed the earth to move. Later I also discovered in Plutarch that certain others were of this opinion. I have decided to set his words down here, so that they may be available to everybody: Some think that the earth remains at rest. But Philolaus the Pythagorean believes that, like the sun and moon, it revolves around the fire in an oblique circle. Heraclides of Pontus and Ecphantus the Pythagorean make the earth move, not in a progressive motion, but like a wheel in a rotation from west to east about its own center.

59. Philosophia The Coining of the Term Philosopher according to Cicero (followingheraclides of pontus, disciple of Plato) (Pythagoram) http://www.svr.unitron.com.pl/Minervium/philosophia.htm

Philosophia Ave Minerva Patrona Philosophiae! Si vis tibi omnia subicere, te subice Rationi. Seneca (If you wish to subject all things unto thyself, subject thyself to Reason.) Optimum lege; suave et facile illud faciet consuetudo. Pythagoras (Choose the best; habit will make it smooth and easy.) Nosce te ipse! Apollonian inscription at Delphi (Know thyself!) Ama Rationem! Huius te amor contra durissima armabit. Seneca (Love Reason! The love of this will arm you against the hardest things.) The Coining of the Term "Philosopher" according to Cicero (following Heraclides of Pontus, disciple of Plato) Seneca on the Promises of Philosophy Hoc enim est, quod mihi Philosophia promittet, ut parem deo faciat. For it is this which Philosophy has promissed me, that it will make me equal to a god. "Fit via vi." Et hanc tibi viam dabit Philosophia. Ad hanc te confer, si vis salvus esse, si securus, si beatus, denique, si vis esse, quod est maximum, liber. "Let a way be made by force." And this way Philosophy will give to you. To this betake yourself if you wish to be safe, to be secure, to be blessed, and finally, if you wish, what is greatest of all, to be free Seneca on Religious and Philosophical Resignation Placeat homini, quicquid deo placuit.

60. Mathematicians c. 370) *SB. Xenocrates of Chalcedon (c. 396314). heraclides of pontus(c. 390-c. 322). Bryson of Heraclea (c 350?). Menaechmus (c. 350) *SB. http://www.chill.org/csss/mathcsss/mathematicians.html

List of Mathematicians printed from: http://aleph0.clarku.edu:80/~djoyce/mathhist/mathhist.html 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *mt 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *mt Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *mt Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *mt Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *mt Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB Hippias of Elis (fl. c. 425) *SB *mt Theodorus of Cyrene (c. 425) Socrates (469-399) Philolaus of Croton (d. c. 390) *SB Democritus of Abdera (c. 460-370) *SB *mt 400 B.C.E. Hippasus of Metapontum (or of Sybaris or Croton) (c. 400?) Archytas of Tarentum (of Taras) (c. 428-c. 347) *SB *mt Plato (427-347) *SB *MT Theaetetus of Athens (c. 415-c. 369) *mt Leodamas of Thasos (fl. c. 380) *SB

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 3     41-60 of 96    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | Next 20