1. Grace Chisholm Young Grace Chisholm Young. March 15, 1868 March 29, 1944. Grace ChisholmYoung was born on March 15, 1868, near London, England. http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/young.htm

Grace Chisholm Young March 15, 1868 - March 29, 1944 Grace Chisholm Young was born on March 15, 1868, near London, England. She was the youngest of three surviving children. Her father was Warden of the Standards in the British government, in charge of the department of weights and measures. Her brother was sent to grammar school, a prestigious boarding school, and then earned a top scholarship to Oxford, but in the custom of the times in England, Grace and her sister were taught at home by their mother and a governess. Her family encouraged her to become involved in social work among the London poor but Chisholm wanted to continue her studies. Her mother would not allow her to study medicine so she decided to study mathematics at Girton College, part of Cambridge University. Girton, opened in 1869, was the first school in England dedicated to educating women at the university level. Chisholm entered Girton in 1889 at the age of 21. Women could not earn formal degrees at Cambridge at that time, but in 1893 she passed her final examinations (Mathematics Tripos) and scored the equivalent of a first-class degree. Chisholm wanted to continue in mathematics but women were not yet admitted to graduate schools in England so she went to Gottingen in Germany to study with Felix Klein. This was one of the major mathematical centers in the world. The decision to admit her had to be approved by the Berlin Ministry of Culture. She earned the Ph.D. magna cum laude at the age of 27. Again government approval had to be obtained to allow her to take the examination. She thus became the first woman to officially receive a doctorate in any field in Germany. As Sylvia Wiegand writes in [5]

2. Grace Chisholm Young Grace Chisholm Young Mathematician Biography Project December 1, 1999 Grace Chisholm Young contributed much to the areas of pure and applied mathematics. http://www.math.vt.edu/people/thmassey/homepage/archieves/1205/projects/young/yo

Grace Chisholm Young Mathematician Biography Project Group Ginnie Lintecum Tommy McDermott Thomas Willis December 1, 1999 Grace Chisholm Young contributed much to the areas of pure and applied mathematics. She was born Grace Chisholm, the youngest of three surviving children, on March 15, 1968 in Haslemere, Surrey, England, near London. Her Father was Henry William Chisholm who was a British career civil servant and who later became chief of Britain’s weights and measures. Grace was educated at home and her mother crushed her hopes of studying medicine, so she was led to the field of mathematics. She attended Griton College, part of Cambridge University in 1889 when she was twenty-one years old. At Griton she was the school’s Sir Francis Goldschmid Scholar of mathematics, and earned first-class degree honors. She sat informally for final mathematics examinations at Oxford, where her brother had earned a top scholarship, and placed first. At the time, in England, women were not admitted to graduate schools. Despite this, Grace Chisholm was determined to get a higher degree in Mathematics.

3. Young Grace chisholm young grace Chisholm Young was born in Haslemere, England. http://www.math.twsu.edu/history/Women/young.html

Grace Chisholm Young Grace Chisholm Young was born in Haslemere, England. Although her brother was sent to grammar school, a prestigious boarding school, where he could earn a top scholarship to Oxford, Grace and her sister were educated by a governess at home. In these times, this was the custom. Grace became involved in social work helping the poor in London. She had aspirations of studying medicine, but her family would not allow it. However, Grace wanted very much to continue her studies, so she entered Girton College, part of Cambridge University to study mathematics. Girton was the first school at the university level that was dedicated to educating women. In 1893, Grace passed her final examinations and scored the equivalent of a first-class degree. However, women were not awarded formal degrees at that time. In order to continue her studies, Grace had to go to Gottingen in Germany to study with Felix Klein. Women were not allowed to attend graduate school in England. Gottingen was one of the major mathematical centers in the world. Grace went on the attain the first woman to receive a doctorate in any field in Germany. While at Girton, Grace had a tutor by the name of William Young, whom she married the year after she received her Ph.D. at Gottingen. Grace and William spent the next 44 years together. They produced more than 200 mathematical papers and books, many of which were in William’s name. Grace had a very major role in producing these papers. William noted in an article in 1914 that he had discussed the major idea of the work with his wife, and Grace had elaborated on the argument and put it into publishable form. Grace produced many papers on her own despite the fact that her husband was away from the family for large parts of the year and she was left in Switzerland to take care of the children. She wrote a paper in 1915 on the foundations of calculus that won the Gamble Prize at Cambridge. She and her husband also published books on geometry and set theory.

4. Grace Chisholm YOUNG 1.9 grace chisholm young (18681944) CARTWRIGHT grace chisholm young, J. London Math. 19 (1944) pp. 185-192. young at Aberystwyth, Historia Mathematica 19 (1992) no.1, 71-75. http://www.desargues.univ-lyon1.fr/home/fem/biblio/biblio-1-9.html

5. Young, Grace Chisholm References for the biography of grace chisholm young M L Cartwright, grace chisholm young, J. London Math. http://www.district96.w-cook.k12.il.us/hauser/classpages/people/YoungGraceChisho

Young, Grace Chisholm E-Mail Address: krapfn@district96.w-cook.k12.il.us Nobel Prize in Mathematics Nominations! Specific project information can be found in the math folder found in the Hauser Hard Drive. Use the internet sites below to investigate one of the Mathematical Pleiades, seven women mathematicians whose achievements have helped shape mathematics of today. After you have answered the questions on your worksheet, your group will present your nomination for the newly formed Nobel Prize for Mathematics. Besides pertinent biographical information, your nomination must put your mathematician in historical perspecive and must explain why she is a member of the Mathematical Pleiades. Notices: Important dates: March 15: •e-sheet due April 15: •nominations due •posters due Young Women Mathematicians The Ask Jeeves for Kids search site. The Yahooligans search site. ... Click here to update. Last updated on 3/18/02.

6. Chisholm_Young Describes the education and achievements of this English scholar born in 1868. Discusses the influences of her professor and her tutor/husband. grace chisholm young. Born 15 March 1868 in Haslemere (near London), England http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Chisholm_Young.html

Grace Chisholm Young Born: 15 March 1868 in Haslemere (near London), England Died: 1944 in England Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Grace Chisholm was educated by a governess at home, then at the age of 17 she passed the Cambridge Senior Examination. Following her family's wishes Grace become involved in social work among poor people in London. She was stopped by her family from studying medicine, the topic of her choice, then decided to enter Girton College, Cambridge in 1889. At Girton her tutor was William Young . She obtained a first class degree in mathematics in 1892. Klein 's attitude towards women:- Professor Klein 's attitude is this, he will not countenance the admission of any woman who has not already done good work, and can bring proof of the same in the form of degrees or their equivalent ... and further he will not take any further steps till he has assured himself by a personal interview of the solidity of her claims. Professor Klein 's view is moderate. There are members of the Faculty here who are more eagerly in favour of the admission of women and others who disapprove altogether.

7. Women Mathematicians-Chronological Index 18641949) Clara Eliza Smith (1865-1943) Clara Latimer Bacon (1866-1948) AnnieMacKinnon Fitch (1868-1940) grace chisholm young (1868-1944) Isabel Maddison http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/chronol.htm

Biographies of Women Mathematicians , Agnes Scott College] Search Chronological Index of Women Mathematicians The choice of what century to use is a bit subjective. For the sake of this index I have listed each woman by the century of her birth. Eighteenth Century and Before Theano (5th Century B.C.) Hypatia (370?-415) Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (1646-1684) Emilie du Chatelet (1706-1749 ... Mary Fairfax Somerville (1780-1872) Nineteenth Century Ada Byron King, Countess of Lovelace (1815-1852) Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) Mary Everest Boole (1832-1916) Susan Jane Cunningham (1842-1921) ... Pelageya Yakovlevna Polubarinova-Kochina (1899- ) Twenthieth Century Gertrude Mary Cox (1900-1978) Mary Lucy Cartwright (1900-1998) Nina Karlovna Bari (1901-1961) Edna Kramer Lassar (1902-1984) ... Karen E. Smith (1965- ) Need Help on these with date of birth (and death if appropriate)! Margaret Wright Gloria Gilmer Goldie Prentis Horton Home ... LRiddle@AgnesScott.edu Last modified July 24, 2002 Agnes Scott College , Decatur, GA

8. Chisholm_Young grace chisholm young. Born 15 March 1868 in Haslemere (near London), EnglandDied 1944 in England. Click the picture above to see two larger pictures http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Chisholm_Young.html

Grace Chisholm Young Born: 15 March 1868 in Haslemere (near London), England Died: 1944 in England Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Grace Chisholm was educated by a governess at home, then at the age of 17 she passed the Cambridge Senior Examination. Following her family's wishes Grace become involved in social work among poor people in London. She was stopped by her family from studying medicine, the topic of her choice, then decided to enter Girton College, Cambridge in 1889. At Girton her tutor was William Young . She obtained a first class degree in mathematics in 1892. Klein 's attitude towards women:- Professor Klein 's attitude is this, he will not countenance the admission of any woman who has not already done good work, and can bring proof of the same in the form of degrees or their equivalent ... and further he will not take any further steps till he has assured himself by a personal interview of the solidity of her claims. Professor Klein 's view is moderate. There are members of the Faculty here who are more eagerly in favour of the admission of women and others who disapprove altogether.

9. Grace Chisholm Young grace chisholm young. Born 15 March 1868 in Haslemere (near London), England http://uk.geocities.com/magoos_universe/ch_young.htm

Grace Chisholm Young Born: 15 March 1868 in Haslemere (near London), England Died: 1944 in England Grac e Chisholm was educated by a governess at home, then at the age of 17 she passed the Cambridge Senior Examination. Following her family's wishes Grace become involved in social work among poor people in London. She was stopped by her family from studying medicine, the topic of her choice, then decided to enter Girton College, Cambridge in 1889. At Girton her tutor was William Young. She obtained a first class degree in mathematics in 1892. Professor Klein's attitude is this, he will not countenance the admission of any woman who has not already done good work, and can bring proof of the same in the form of degrees or their equivalent ... and further he will not take any further steps till he has assured himself by a personal interview of the solidity of her claims. Professor Klein's view is moderate. There are members of the Faculty here who are more eagerly in favour of the admission of women and others who disapprove altogether. Under Klein's supervision she completed a doctorate in 1895. Her thesis was on The algebraic groups of spherical trigonometry and Klein discusses the results in one of his books.

10. University Of Liverpool Archives: Papers Of W.H. And G.C.Young Papers of Professor William Henry young, and grace chisholm young. 1925).grace chisholm young. Born 1868, married 1896. Educated http://sca.lib.liv.ac.uk/collections/archive/young.htm

Papers of Professor William Henry Young, and Grace Chisholm Young Biographical notes Arrangement of the archive Summary guide to the archive Related collections held by the University ... Bibliography Biographical notes William Henry Young Publications: Fundamental Theorems of the Differential Calculus , 1910; nearly 200 mathematical papers, as well as articles on educational and academic topics; jointly with his wife, Theory of Sets of Points First Book of Geometry , 1905 (translated into German as Der Kleine Geometer , 1908, also Italian, Swedish (1920), and Magyar (1925). Grace Chisholm Young Born 1868, married 1896. Educated at Girton College, Cambridge, also Oxford (1892); Doctorate from Gottingen 1895 (first woman allowed a degree in Prussia). Studied medicine at Gottingen and Geneva. Publications: for joint books with her husband see above; articles in Nature ; poems; mathematical and astronomical papers. Arrangement of the archive The Young papers have been listed in the categories into which they had been sorted before their deposit in the University Archives in 1976. This organisation was preserved as adding a valuable extra dimension to the archive since it was the work of successive persons with detailed knowledge of the family and mathematical background. One of these organisers of the archive was the eldest daughter, Dr Cecily Tanner, who wrote a note explaining the background thus: "Both William Henry and Grace Chisholm Young had as their first love an interest in history and this included family history. William Henry Young particularly hoped that as it did for him, their own life and the upbringing of their children, as far as preserved letters might show, would give the next generation a conscious sense of their background in their own careers. Other papers were systematically destroyed because each successive home was to be a temporary one, and last no more than seven years at the outside, until in the later 1920s the idea of a return to England for permanent family residence was abandoned.

11. Chisholm_Young Portraits grace chisholm young. JOC/EFR August 2001 http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/PictDisplay/Chisholm_Young.html

Grace Chisholm Young JOC/EFR August 2001 The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/PictDisplay/Chisholm_Young.html

12. Archives Of The University Of Liverpool architect; grace chisholm young (18681944) mathematician; WilliamHenry young (1863-1942) mathematician. There is also a Bibliography http://sca.lib.liv.ac.uk/collections/archive/unihome.htm

University Archives Guide to the Archives Staff Students University Chancellors ... University homepage These pages provide links to lists of the University of Liverpool's institutional archives from 1835, and to lists of archives from associated organisations, and of former staff and students. Full descriptions are given for the records of some of the major international figures among the University's staff: Cyril Burt (1883-1971) psychologist Lord Holford (1907-1975) civic designer Charles Reilly (1874-1948) architect Grace Chisholm Young (1868-1944) mathematician William Henry Young (1863-1942) mathematician There is also a Bibliography of the History of the University of Liverpool and a brief history of the University. last updated 17 August 2000

13. Young grace chisholm young. 18681944. grace chisholm young was born inHaslemere, England. Although her brother was sent to grammar http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/women/young.html

Grace Chisholm Young Grace Chisholm Young was born in Haslemere, England. Although her brother was sent to grammar school, a prestigious boarding school, where he could earn a top scholarship to Oxford, Grace and her sister were educated by a governess at home. In these times, this was the custom. Grace became involved in social work helping the poor in London. She had aspirations of studying medicine, but her family would not allow it. However, Grace wanted very much to continue her studies, so she entered Girton College, part of Cambridge University to study mathematics. Girton was the first school at the university level that was dedicated to educating women. In 1893, Grace passed her final examinations and scored the equivalent of a first-class degree. However, women were not awarded formal degrees at that time. In order to continue her studies, Grace had to go to Gottingen in Germany to study with Felix Klein. Women were not allowed to attend graduate school in England. Gottingen was one of the major mathematical centers in the world. Grace went on the attain the first woman to receive a doctorate in any field in Germany. While at Girton, Grace had a tutor by the name of William Young, whom she married the year after she received her Ph.D. at Gottingen. Grace and William spent the next 44 years together. They produced more than 200 mathematical papers and books, many of which were in William’s name. Grace had a very major role in producing these papers. William noted in an article in 1914 that he had discussed the major idea of the work with his wife, and Grace had elaborated on the argument and put it into publishable form. Grace produced many papers on her own despite the fact that her husband was away from the family for large parts of the year and she was left in Switzerland to take care of the children. She wrote a paper in 1915 on the foundations of calculus that won the Gamble Prize at Cambridge. She and her husband also published books on geometry and set theory.

14. Women Charlotte Angas Scott (1858 1931). grace chisholm young (1868-1944). Emmy Noether(1882 - 1935). grace Murray Hopper (1906 - 1992). Cathleen Morawetz (1923 - ). http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/women.html

Women Home Men Topics Activities Following are biographies of some of the women important in the history of mathematics. Available Biographies Hypatia (c.370 – 415 C.E.) Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (1646-1684) Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718 - 1799) Caroline Herschel (1750 - 1848) ... Activities

15. Grace Chisholm Young Translate this page grace chisholm young (1868-1944). Nació en Inglaterra, durante la épocavictoriana. Su familia gozaba de una privilegiada situación http://centros5.pntic.mec.es/~barriope/matematicas/mujeres/sandra/grace.htm

GRACE CHISHOLM YOUNG (1868-1944) Nació en Inglaterra, durante la época victoriana. Su familia gozaba de una privilegiada situación y de una elevada educación. Su padre había tenido un prestigioso cargo en el Departamento de Pesas y Medidas del gobierno británico y la madre era una consumada pianista que, junto a su padre, daba recitales de violín y de piano. Era la más pequeña de cuatro hermanos, todos eran hombres menos ella. Solo le enseñaban lo que quería aprender que era cálculo mental y música, que le enseñaba su madre hasta los diez años. A los diecisiete pasó los exámenes de Cambridge, pero no le dejaron seguir estudiando por ser mujer. Más tarde a los veintiún años decidió continuar estudiando. Escribió Primer libro de Geometría en el que opinaba sobre el interés que tenía enseñar geometría utilizando cuerpos geométricos en tres dimensiones. Quería estudiar medicina pero su madre no aprobó esa elección, por lo que con el apoyo de su padre comenzó a estudiar matemáticas. Entró en la universidad de Cambridge. Tuvo dificultades para asistir a clases de Arthur Cayley (1821-1895) pero obtuvo allí su licenciatura. Para proseguir su carrera como matemática debió abandonar su país, pues en él aún no era posible que una mujer se doctorase, e ir a Göttingen. Grace consiguió doctorarse, la podemos considerar como la primera mujer que consiguió doctorarse en matemáticas de una forma

16. Grace Chisholm Young Translate this page grace chisholm young. grace chisholm fu ducata da una istitutrice incasa ,poi quando compì 17 anni superò l'ultimo esame a Cambridge http://www.geocities.com/palestra_matematica/matematici/gyoung.html

Grace Chisholm Young William Young .Lei ottenne il primo diploma in matematica nel 1892. Klein nei confronti delle donne: Klein Sotto la supervisione di Klein Klein discusse il risultato di uno dei suoi libri. William Young William Young a sua moglie(vedi[3]per maggiori dettagli): Insieme William Young e Grace hanno scritto 220 articoli di matematica ,e numerosi libri.Uno di questi The Theory of Sets of Points Cantor Io sono molto contento del fatto che voi stiate andando avanti con quste idee.in parte mi sento come se io vi stessi insegnando e risolvendo i problemi che io non sono riuscito a fare... Tra il 1914 e il 1916 sul fondamento dei calcoli a suo nome;con tale lavoro lei vinse il"Gamble Prize"dal Girton College. (trad. di Damiano Lomazzo) Torna all'indice dei Grandi Matematici e Fisici

17. I Grandi Matematici E Fisici Norbert Wiener, Alan Mathison Turing, Simeon Denis Poisson. Panini,grace chisholm young, Louis Victor Pierre Raymond Duc De Broglie. http://www.geocities.com/palestra_matematica/matematici/matematici.html

18. Biography-center - Letter Y Mathematicians/Youden.html; young, grace chisholm wwwhistory.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/chisholm_young.html;young, John http://www.biography-center.com/y.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish Y 42 biographies Yagudin, Alexei www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/heroes/bio_uk.asp?PAR_I_ID=98498 Yalow, Rosalyn www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1977/yalow-autobio.html Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman library.thinkquest.org/20117/yalow.html Yamashita, Yasuhiro www.worldsport.com/academy/members/yamashita.php#yamashita Yang, Chen Ning www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1957/yang-bio.html Yang, Yang www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/heroes/bio_uk.asp?PAR_I_ID=97016 Yang Hui, www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Yang.html Yankovic, Frankie elvispelvis.com/frankyankovic.htm Yaping, Deng www.worldsport.com/academy/members/deng.php#deng Yarnall, Agnes www.wic.org/bio/ayarnall.htm Yates, Robert odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/B/yates/yates.htm Yates Frank,

19. Amy Debner Toni Carol. 1017-00. grace chisholm young. (1997). grace chisholm young. http//www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Maathematicans/chisholm_young.html. http://www.sienahts.edu/~adebner/mathpaper.html

20. Math Science Network - Expanding Your Horizons grace chisholm young 18681944. The young grace loved to follow her important father around, helping him with his carpentry and http://www.expandingyourhorizons.org/young.html

Grace Chisholm Young 1868-1944 The young Grace loved to follow her "important" father around, helping him with his carpentry and visiting the British Department of Weights and Measures where he was head. She was one of the first female undergraduates admitted to Cambridge, although, at that time, women were still not receiving formal degrees. Grace Young and her husband did much of their mathematical research together ... while Grace took care of him as well as their six children. To contact the Math/Science Network or to make corrections to this page, send email to: msnstaff@mills.edu

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