21. CARNOT, LAZARE NICOLAS 376 http://38.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CA/CARNOT_LAZARE_NICOLAS.htm

document.write(""); CARNOT, LAZARE NICOLAS CARNOT, L. H.^CARNOT, L. K. M. dressed and deprived of the longer harsh outer hairs, constitute the " sealskin" of commerce. The species include O. stelleri, the northern sea-lion, the largest of the genus, from the North Pacific; about 10 ft. in length; O. jubata, the southern sea-lion, from the Falkland Islands and Patagonia; O. californiana, from California; O. ursina, the sea-bear or fur-seal of the North Pacific, the skins of which are imported in immense numbers from the Pribiloff Islands; O. antarctica or pustila, from the Cape of Good Hope;! and O-forsteri, from Australia and various islands in the southern hemisphere. (See SEAL-FISHERIES.) Little is known as to the past history of the sea-lions and sea-bears, but a skull has been obtained from the Miocene strata of Oregon, which Mr F. W. True states to be considerably larger than any existing sea-lion skull; its basal length when entire being probably about 20 in. The name Pontoleon magnws has been proposed for this fossil sea-lion, as the character of the skull and teeth do not agree precisely with those of any living member of the group. If, however, all the modern eared seals are included in the genus Otaria, there is apparently no reason to exclude the fossil species. EXTINCT CARNIVORA By means of the Amphicyonidae, as represented by the Middle Tertiary genera Proamphicyon, PseudamphieyGM, and Amphicyon, in which there were three upper molars, we have a transition from the Cynodictis-type to the bear-group; one of the later intermediate forms being the Lower Pliocene Old World Hyaenarctus, in which the two upper molars are squared and foreshadow those of Ursus itself. In some unknown manner Hyaenarctus appears to be related to Aeluropus. An allied type is found in Arctotherium of the South American Pleistocene^

22. CARNOT, LAZARE HIPPOLYTE The true seals (family Phocidae) are the most completely adapted for aquatic life of all the Pinnipedia http://37.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CA/CARNOT_LAZARE_HIPPOLYTE.htm

document.write(""); CARNOT, LAZARE HIPPOLYTE The true seals (family Phocidae) are the most completely adapted for aquatic life of all the Pinnipedia. When on land the hind-limbs are extended backwards and take no part in progression, Seals, which is effected by a series of jumping movements produced by the muscles of the trunk, in some species aided by the fore-limbs. The soles’ of the feet are hairy. There is no pinna to the ear, and no scrotum, the testes being abdominal. The upper incisors have simple, pointed crowns, and vary in number in the different groups. All have well developed canines and I teeth of the cheek series. In those species of which the milk-dentition is known, there are three milk molars, which precede the second, third, and fourth permanent molars; the dentition is therefore p. ~, m. I, the first premolar having as usual no milk predecessor. The skull has no post-orbital process and no alisphenoid canal. The fur is stiff and adpressed, without woolly under-fur. In the typical group, or subfamily Phocinae, the incisors are I. All the feet have five well-developed claws with the toes on the hindfeet subequal, the first and fifth not greatly exceeding the others in length, the interdigital membrane not extending beyond them. In the genus Halichoerus the dentition is i. I~ c. i, p~ ~., m. I; total 34. Molars with large, simple, conical, recurved, slightly compressed crowns, having sharp anterior and posterior edges, but without accessory cusps, except’ sometimes the two hinder ones of the lower jaw. With the exception of the last one or two in the upper jaw and the last in the lower jaw, all are single-rooted. Vertebrae:

23. The Creation Of Modern Geometry carnot. lazare Nicholas Marguerite carnot, born at Nolay on May 13, 1753, and died at Magdeburg on Aug. 22, 1823, was http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Napoleonic/RouseBall/RB_ModGeom.html

The Creation of Modern Geometry From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics' (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball. Monge Carnot Poncelet While Euler, Lagrange, Laplace, and Legendre were perfecting analysis, the members of another group of French mathematicians were extending the range of geometry by methods similar to those previously used by Desargues and Pascal. The revival of the study of synthetic geometry is largely due to Poncelet, but the subject is also associated with the names of Monge and L. Carnot; its great development in more recent times is mainly due to Steiner, von Staudt, and Cremona. Monge Gaspard Monge In 1780 he was appointed to a chair in mathematics in Paris, and this with some provincial appointments which he held gave him a comfortable income. The earliest paper of any special importance which he communicated to the French Academy was one in 1781, in which he discussed the lines of curvature drawn on a surface. These had been first considered by Euler in 1760, and defined as those normal sections whose curvature was a maximum or a minimum. Monge treated them as the locus of those points on the surface at which successive normals intersect, and thus obtained the general differential equation. He applied his results to the central quadrics in 1795. In 1786 he published his well-known work on statics. Monge eagerly embraced the doctrines of the revolution. In 1792 he became minister of the marine, and assisted the committee of public safety in utilizing science for the defence of the republic. When the Terrorists obtained power he was denounced, and escaped the guillotine only by a hasty flight. On his return in 1794 he was made a professor at the short-lived Normal school, where he gave lectures on descriptive geometry; the notes of these were published under the regulation above alluded to. In 1796 he went to Italy on the roving commission which was sent with orders to compel the various Italian towns to offer pictures, sculpture, or other works of art that they might possess, as a present or in lieu of contributions to the French republic for removal to Paris. In 1798 he accepted a mission to Rome, and after executing it joined Napoleon in Egypt. Thence after the naval and military victories of England he escaped to France.

24. Carnot Biography of lazare carnot (17531823) lazare carnot graduated from the School of Engineering in Mézières in 1773. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Carnot.html

Born: 13 May 1753 in Nolay, Burgundy, France Died: 2 Aug 1823 in Magdeburg, Prussian Saxony (now Germany) Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Lazare Carnot to submit for a prize in a competition. He revised it in 1781 and it was eventually published in 1783. It deals with mechanics and areas of engineering. The following year he declined an invitation to enter the Prussian service and, in the same year he was promoted to captain. From 1787 he became a member of the Dijon Academy while he was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1791 and to the National Convention in 1792. He directed the Army of the North after April 1793 becoming in that year a leading member of the Committee of General Defence and a member of the Committee of Public Safety. In 1794, under direction from Carnot and Monge Sadi Carnot was born. The year 1797 was an eventful one for Carnot. In this year he published his famous text The book is introduced with the words:- As however everything indicates that there will be a new turn in the culture of mathematics, the author deems it apposite to publish this monograph.

25. Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte (1801-1888) carnot, lazare Hippolyte (18011888). carnot, lazare Hippolyte (1801-1888),minister of education in 1848, born at St. Omer, April http://www.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/ac/carnot.htm

Table of Contributors Table of Contents Return to Encyclopedia Home Page Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte (1801-1888) Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte (1801-1888), minister of education in 1848, born at St. Omer, April 6, 1801, the son of Lazare Carnot, known as "organizer of victory" and "Le Grand Carnot" during the First Republic. Carnot founded the short-lived Ecole d'administration Patrick J. Harrigan Bibliography Carnot, H. (Paris, 1848). Moody, Joseph. French Education Since Napoleon (Syracuse, N.Y., 1979). Table of Contributors Table of Contents Return to Encyclopedia Home Page Holly Johnston revised this file ( http://www.cats.ohiou.edu/~chastain/ac/carnot.htm ) on March 7, 1997. Please E-mail comments or suggestions to chastain@www.cats.ohiou.edu

26. 10566. Carnot, Lazare. The Columbia World Of Quotations. 1996 ATTRIBUTION lazare carnot (1753–1823), French revolutionary, military strategist.First Order of the Day, February 2, 1794, to army commanders. http://www.bartleby.com/66/66/10566.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Quotations The Columbia World of Quotations PREVIOUS ... AUTHOR INDEX The Columbia World of Quotations. NUMBER: QUOTATION: The General Order is always to manoeuver in a body and on the attack; to maintain strict but not pettifogging discipline; to keep the troops constantly at the ready; to employ the utmost vigilance on sentry go; to use the bayonet on every possible occasion; and to follow up the enemy remorselessly until he is utterly destroyed.

27. Carnot, Lazare (1753-1823) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biograph Nationality , French v. Gender or Minority Status , Scientific Families v.carnot, lazare (17531823), French philosopher and successful military leader. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/CarnotLazare.html

Branch of Science Mathematicians Branch of Science Philosophers ... Scientific Families Carnot, Lazare (1753-1823) French philosopher and successful military leader. He sought to establish universality in analytic geometry and put math and calculus on firm philosophical and logical foundations with his works (1797). He extended the synthetic geometry of Blaise Pascal and Desargues . Carnot was also a great military leader. In 1793, he organized 14 armies to defeat the 500,000 troups sent against France by the European antidemocratic forces. Carnot (Sadi) Dandelin Desargues Pascal Additional biographies: MacTutor (St. Andrews) Bonn Author: Eric W. Weisstein

28. Carnot, Sadi (1796-1832) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biography carnot (lazare). Additional biographies MacTutor (St. Andrews). Clausius,Dalton, Davy, Joule, Mayer (Julius), Prévost (Pierre), Rumford. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/CarnotSadi.html

Branch of Science Physicists Nationality French ... Scientific Families Carnot, Sadi (1796-1832) French physicist who developed the theory of heat engines in (1824). He proposed that work was generated by the passage of caloric from a warmer to a cooler body, with caloric being conserved in the process. Clausius showed, however, that heat was, in fact, not conserved. Carnot qualitatively proposed the reversible Carnot cycle and discovered that the efficiency of a heat engine depended only on its input and output temperatures Carnot (Lazare) Additional biographies: MacTutor (St. Andrews) Clausius Dalton Davy ... Rumford Author: Eric W. Weisstein

29. Carnot, Lazare-Nicolas-Marguerite Translate this page carnot, lazare-Nicolas-Marguerite (17531823) After his success in politicsand military life, carnot took an active role in mathematical research. http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib

Carnot, Lazare-Nicolas-Marguerite (17531823) After his success in politics and military life, Carnot took an active role in mathematical research. Forced to flee from France, Carnot went to Switzerland where he published R flexions sur la m taphysique du calcul infinit simal Returning to France, Napoleon named him minister of war, but Carnot resigned and continued to work in science. Carnot helped Monge establish the École polytechnique. Later Carnot published Principes fondamentaux de l' quil i bre et du mouvement Major publications: R flexions sur la m taphysique du calcul infinit simal; Principes fondamentaux de l' quil i bre et du mouvement

30. Biographies Cardano, Girolamo (15011576). carnot, lazareNicolas-Marguerite (17531823).Cauchy, Augustin-Louis (17891857). Cavalieri, Bonaventura (15981647). http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib

Alphabetical Listing Biographies of over 100 people who have developed or used calculus or related mathematics: Abel, Niels Henrik (18021829) Agnesi, Maria Gaetana (17181799) Albert of Saxony (ca. 13161390) Alembert, Jean le Rond d' ... B.C.

31. Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite encyclopediaEncyclopedia carnot, lazare Nicolas Marguerite, läzär'nEkôlä' märgurEt' kärnO' Pronunciation Key. carnot, lazare http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0810519.html

The # 1 wireless color security cam! Ultimate home movie ! Genuine Indian and Asian astrology reports and consultations by reputed Vedic Astrologers. Step-by-step guide to finding money for a growing business All Infoplease All Almanacs General Entertainment Sports Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Infoplease Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Fact Monster Kids' reference Info:Daily Fun facts Homework Center Newsletter You've got info! Help Site Map Visit related sites from: Family Education Network Encyclopedia Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite E u r E O Pronunciation Key Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite , French revolutionary, known as the organizer of victory for his role in the French Revolutionary Wars . A military engineer by training, Carnot became the military genius of the Revolution and was chiefly responsible for the success of the French in the wars. A member of the Legislative Assembly, the Convention, and the Committee of Public Safety, he made himself almost indispensable through his military knowledge. After the fall of Maximilien Robespierre, who was primarily responsible for the Reign of Terror, Carnot managed to avoid punishment for his own part in the Terror and became a member of the Directory . He was ousted from the Directory in the coup of 18 Fructidor (Sept., 1797) and fled abroad. He returned in 1799 and served as minister of war (1800) and in the tribunate under Napoleon Bonaparte (

32. Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi , 1796–1832, French physicist, afounder of modern thermodynamics; son of lazare NM carnot. His http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0810520.html

The # 1 wireless color security cam! Ultimate home movie ! Genuine Indian and Asian astrology reports and consultations by reputed Vedic Astrologers. Step-by-step guide to finding money for a growing business All Infoplease All Almanacs General Entertainment Sports Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Infoplease Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Fact Monster Kids' reference Info:Daily Fun facts Homework Center Newsletter You've got info! Help Site Map Visit related sites from: Family Education Network Encyclopedia [n E k O A E O Pronunciation Key , French physicist, a founder of modern thermodynamics; son of Lazare N. M. Carnot. His famous work on the motive power of heat ( 1824) is concerned with the relation between heat and mechanical energy. Carnot devised an ideal engine in which a gas is allowed to expand to do work, absorbing heat in the process, and is expanded again without transfer of heat but with a temperature drop. The gas is then compressed, heat being given off, and finally it is returned to its original condition by another compression, accompanied by a rise in temperature. This series of operations, known as Carnot's cycle, shows that even under ideal conditions a heat engine cannot convert into mechanical energy all the heat energy supplied to it; some of the heat energy must be rejected. This is an illustration of the second law of thermodynamics. Carnot's work anticipated that of Joule, Kelvin, and others. Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite

33. Carnot, Lazare-Nicholas-Marguerite (1753-1823)., De La Corrélation Des Figures Bennett Gilbert. carnot, lazareNicholas-Marguerite (1753-1823). De la Corrélationdes Figures de Géométrie . Paris, Crapelet for Duprat, IX (1801). http://www.polybiblio.com/gilbooks/3420.html

Bennett Gilbert Carnot, Lazare-Nicholas-Marguerite (1753-1823). De la Corrélation des Figures de Géométrie.... Paris, Crapelet for Duprat, IX (1801). First edition of a fundamental work on the meaning of quantity in mathematics. It was Carnot's first great work and is among his most important contribution. It was motivated by his interest in understanding the infinitesimal calculus. He sought to make sense of the notion of "unreasonable quantities" and learning how to manage infinitesimal numbers. He also wanted to reconcile them with the imaginary and negative numbers of algebra. His effort to do this was presented in this work and in its successor, Géometrie de position (1803), and these "constituted his most significant clarification of the procedures of mathematics" (D. S. B.). Octavo: 4 A-M8; (viii), 188pp. Four folding engravings, sign Duruisseau, of geometrical figures. Entirely untrimmed in original purple wrappers (light wear to extremities). Fine. Dictionary of Scientific Biography 3.76-78. This item is listed on Bibliopoly by Bennett Gilbert ; click here for further details.

34. CARNOT, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite., De La Corrélation Des Figures De Géométri Bernard Quaritch Ltd. carnot, lazare Nicolas Marguerite. De la Corrélationdes Figures de Géométrie. Paris, Crapelet, 1801. 8vo, pp. http://www.polybiblio.com/quaritch/Sq20.html

Bernard Quaritch Ltd. CARNOT, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite. De la Corrélation des Figures de Géométrie. Paris, Crapelet, 1801. 8vo, pp. viii, 188, [4, advertisements], with 4 folding engraved plates; text lightly browned, a very good copy in Deuxième Empire red morocco-backed cloth with Napoleon's arms gilt-stamped on front cover, spine gilt. FIRST EDITION, rare on the market. This work, along with its sequel Géométrie de Position, 1803, were considered in Carnot's own view to constitute 'his most significant clarification of the procedures of mathematics' and together they were instrumental in the renaissance of geometry in 19th-century France. 'The service that geometry might render to analysis lay mainly through the study of the correlation of figures, and that in turn exhibits a certain congruence with his point of view in the mechanics of machine processes. Its subject matter is the comparison of geometric systems in various states that can evolve into each other. The state taken for term of comparison he called the primitive system and any other state a transformed system... The whole topic may be taken as the geometric operation of Carnot's favourite reasoning device - a comparison of systems between which the nexus of change is a continuum' (Charles C. Gillespie in DSB, with a lengthy analysis of this work). This item is listed on Bibliopoly by Bernard Quaritch Ltd.

35. Encyclopædia Britannica carnot, lazare Encyclopædia Britannica Article. MLA style carnot, lazare. Encyclopædia Britannica 2003 Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=20731

36. Encyclopædia Britannica Education and training from carnot, lazare The son of a lawyer, carnot studied atthe Collège d'Autun and subsequently at the small seminary in the same town. http://www.britannica.com/search?query=Sadi Carnot&ct=

37. Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Margurite Z. Or search the encyclopaedia HUTCHINSON ENCYCLOPEDIA. carnot,lazare Nicolas Margurite. French general and politician. A member http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0000606.html

HOME Internet Access Broadband Email ... Travel Search the Web: serveAd("REFERENCE.HOME") REFERENCE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Country Facts On This Day ... Wildlife TOOLS Car Insurance Cheap Flights Downloads Email By Phone ... What's On TISCALI About Us Business Services Investor Relations Contact Us Click a letter for the index A B C D ... Z Or search the encyclopaedia: HUTCHINSON ENCYCLOPEDIA Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Margurite French general and politician. A member of the National Convention in the French Revolution, he organized the armies of the republic. He was war minister 180001 and minister of the interior in 1815 under Napoleon. His work on fortification, De la Dfense de places fortes (1810), became a military textbook. Minister of the interior during the hundred days , he was proscribed at the restoration of the monarchy and retired to Germany. PAGE TOOL BOX Send to a friend Print now Related articles Related offers makeButtonNoSize("REFERENCE.HOME","R2") SITE MAP SERVICE STATUS HELP CONTACT US refreshads("REFERENCE.HOME",1); //refresh ads servePixl("REFERENCE.HOME"); //accipter 1x1 pixel

38. Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite carnot, lazare Nicolas Marguerite 17531823, French revolutionary, known asthe organizer of victory for his role in the French Revolutionary Wars . http://www.slider.com/enc/10000/Carnot_Lazare_Nicolas_Marguerite.htm

Vendercom Hosting Solutions Home Encyclopeadia C Cap - Car ... Rope Ladders Trellian WebPage Slider Search: The Web Encyclopaedia Shopping Index Help Encyclopaedia Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite 1753-1823, French revolutionary, known as the organizer of victory for his role in the French Revolutionary Wars . A military engineer by training, Carnot became the military genius of the Revolution and was chiefly responsible for the success of the French in the wars. A member of the Legislative Assembly, the Convention, and the Committee of Public Safety, he made himself almost indispensable through his military knowledge. After the fall of Maximilien Robespierre, who was primarily responsible for the Reign of Terror, Carnot managed to avoid punishment for his own part in the Terror and became a member of the Directory . He was ousted from the Directory in the coup d'etat of 18 Fructidor (Sept., 1797) and fled abroad. He returned in 1799 and served as minister of war (1800) and in the tribunate under Napoleon Bonaparte ( Napoleon I ). In the next few years he wrote several works on mathematics and military engineering; in 1810 appeared his masterpiece

39. Lazare Nicolas Carnot Biografie Translate this page lazare Nicolas carnot Biografie. 13.5.1753 - 3.8.1823. Französischer Hauptseitelazare Nicolas carnot wurde am 13.5.1753 in Nolay (Côte d´Or) geboren. http://www.geschichte.2me.net/bio/cethegus/c/carnot.html

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40. Mot Clef : Carnot (Lazare) Translate this page Sélection par mot-clés carnot (lazare). Dictionnaire critique dela Révolution française (FURET F. / OZOUF M. (et collaborateurs)). http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/labos/cht/biblio/mots/mot276.htm

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