1. References For Baudhayana References for baudhayana. Books GG Joseph, The crest of the peacock(London, 1991). Articles RC Gupta, baudhayana's value of 2, Math. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Baudhayana.html

References for Baudhayana Books: G G Joseph, The crest of the peacock (London, 1991). Articles: R C Gupta, Baudhayana's value of Math. Education S C Kak, Three old Indian values of Indian J. Hist. Sci. G Kumari, Some significant results of algebra of pre-Aryabhata era, Math. Ed. (Siwan) Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR November 2000 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/Baudhayana.html

2. Dharmasutras : The Law Codes Of Apastamba, Gautama, Baudhayana And Vasistha/Anno Dharmasutras The Law Codes of Apastamba, Gautama, baudhayana and Vasistha/Annotatedtext and translation by Patrick Olivelle. 3. baudhayana Dharmasutras. http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no18134.htm

Dharmasutras : The Law Codes of Apastamba, Gautama, Baudhayana and Vasistha/Annotated text and translation by Patrick Olivelle. Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 2000, xvii, 767 p., ISBN 81-208-1739-7. Contents: Preface. Introduction: 1. Literary history. 2. Authorship and dates. 3. Literary structure. 4. Semantics and sources of Dharma. 5. Divergent voices. Dharmasutras: 1. Apastamba Dharmasutras. 2. Gautama Dharmasutras. 3. Baudhayana Dharmasutras. 4. Vasistha Dharmasutras. Notes: 1. Apastamba Dharmasutras. 2. Gautama Dharmasutras. 3. Baudhayana Dharmasutras. 4. Vasistha Dharmasutras. Appendices: 1. Ritual vocabulary. 2. Names of Gods, people, and places. 3. Fauna and flora. Bibliography. Index. [Patric Olivelle is the Chair, Department of Asian Studies and Director, Center for Asian Studies at the University of Texas at Austin. He is the author of Samnyasa Upanisads : Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation, The Asrama System : History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution and The Early Upanisads. ] No. 18134

3. History Of Mathematics: Chronology Of Mathematicians baudhayana (c. 700). 600 B.C.E. http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html

Chronological List of Mathematicians Note: there are also a chronological lists of mathematical works and mathematics for China , and chronological lists of mathematicians for the Arabic sphere Europe Greece India , and Japan Table of Contents 1700 B.C.E. 100 B.C.E. 1 C.E. To return to this table of contents from below, just click on the years that appear in the headers. Footnotes (*MT, *MT, *RB, *W, *SB) are explained below List of Mathematicians 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB

4. Baudhayana baudhayana. Born sacrifices. It is clear from the writing that baudhayana,as well as being a priest, must have been a skilled craftsman. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Baudhayana.html

Baudhayana Born: about 800 BC in India Died: about 800 BC in India Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index To write a biography of Baudhayana is essentially impossible since nothing is known of him except that he was the author of one of the earliest Sulbasutras. We do not know his dates accurately enough to even guess at a life span for him, which is why we have given the same approximate birth year as death year.@He was neither a mathematician in the sense that we would understand it today, nor a scribe who simply copied manuscripts like Ahmes . He would certainly have been a man of very considerable learning but probably not interested in mathematics for its own sake, merely interested in using it for religious purposes. Undoubtedly he wrote the Sulbasutra to provide rules for religious rites and it would appear an almost certainty that Baudhayana himself would be a Vedic priest. @The mathematics given in the Sulbasutras is there to enable the accurate construction of altars needed for sacrifices. It is clear from the writing that Baudhayana, as well as being a priest, must have been a skilled craftsman. He must have been himself skilled in the practical use of the mathematics he described as a craftsman who himself constructed sacrificial altars of the highest quality. @The Sulbasutras are discussed in detail in the article Indian Sulbasutras . Below we give one or two details of Baudhayana's Sulbasutra, which contained three chapters, which is the oldest which we possess and, it would be fair to say, one of the two most important.@The Sulbasutra of Baudhayana contains geometric solutions (but not algebraic ones) of a linear equation in a single unknown. Quadratic equations of the forms

5. Baudhayana To write a biography of baudhayana is essentially impossible since nothing is known of him except that he was the author http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Baudhayana.html

Baudhayana Born: about 800 BC in India Died: about 800 BC in India Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index To write a biography of Baudhayana is essentially impossible since nothing is known of him except that he was the author of one of the earliest Sulbasutras. We do not know his dates accurately enough to even guess at a life span for him, which is why we have given the same approximate birth year as death year.@He was neither a mathematician in the sense that we would understand it today, nor a scribe who simply copied manuscripts like Ahmes . He would certainly have been a man of very considerable learning but probably not interested in mathematics for its own sake, merely interested in using it for religious purposes. Undoubtedly he wrote the Sulbasutra to provide rules for religious rites and it would appear an almost certainty that Baudhayana himself would be a Vedic priest. @The mathematics given in the Sulbasutras is there to enable the accurate construction of altars needed for sacrifices. It is clear from the writing that Baudhayana, as well as being a priest, must have been a skilled craftsman. He must have been himself skilled in the practical use of the mathematics he described as a craftsman who himself constructed sacrificial altars of the highest quality. @The Sulbasutras are discussed in detail in the article Indian Sulbasutras . Below we give one or two details of Baudhayana's Sulbasutra, which contained three chapters, which is the oldest which we possess and, it would be fair to say, one of the two most important.@The Sulbasutra of Baudhayana contains geometric solutions (but not algebraic ones) of a linear equation in a single unknown. Quadratic equations of the forms

6. Agni : The Vedic Ritual Of The Fire Altar/edited By Frits Staal IV. Texts and translations 1. baudhayana Srauta Sutra on the Agnicayana/W.Caland, translation/Yasuke Ikari and Harold Arnold. http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no23866.htm

Agni : The Vedic Ritual of the Fire Altar/edited by Frits Staal. Reprint. Delhi, Motilal, 2001, 2 Vols., 1548 p., tables, plates, figs., maps, ISBN 81-208-1660-9. Contents: Vol. I: Preface. General introduction. I. The Agnicayana ritual: 1. Introduction. 2. The Agnicayana in classical Vedic ritual sources. 3. A bird’s-eye view of the Agnicayana. 4. Traditional interpretations of the Agnicayana. 5. Origin and significance of the Agnicayana: i). Agni. ii). Fire. iii). Vedic nomads. iv). Soma. v). The cosmic man. vi). The Altar. vii). Naturally perforated stones. 6. The Nambudiri tradition. II. The 1975 performance: Preliminaries: 1. Eligibility, time and place. 2. Measurements and bricks. 3. Soma, antelope skin and woods. 4. Wooden implements. 5. Clay implements. 6. The golden man. 7. Other prerequisites. 8. The ritual enclosure. 9. Dramatis personae. The performance: a note on the Jaiminiya Samaveda. Episode: First day: April 12 and 13, 1975. 1. Ritual preparation of the Ukha pots and introductory rites ( Ukhasambharanam, Punyahavacanam, Upavyaharanam, Samkalpa

7. TITUS Texts: Black Yajurveda: Baudhayana-Dharmasutra TITUS Text collection YVS Black YajurVeda Text BaudhDhS baudhayana-DharmasutraOn the basis of the editions by E. Hultzsch, Das baudhayana-Dharmasutra. http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/yvs/dhs/baudhdhs/baudh001.

TITUS Text collection: YVS Black Yajur-Veda Text: BaudhDhS Baudhāyana-DharmasÅ«tra On the basis ... baudʰāyanadÊ°armasÅ«tram Part: 1 Chapter: 1 Paragraph: 1 Verse: 1 upadiṣṭo dÊ°armaḥ prati-vedam Verse: 2 tasya Verse: 3 smārto dvitÄ«yaḥ Verse: 4 trÌ¥tÄ«yaḥ śiṣṭa-āgamaḥ Verse: 5 śiṣṭāḥ kÊ°alu vigata-matsarā nirahaṃkārāḥ ... dambÊ°a-darpa-lobÊ°a-moha-krodÊ°a-vivarjitāḥ Verse: 6 Halfvers: ab dÊ°armeṇa _adÊ°igato yeṣāṃ vedaḥ ... saparibr̥ṃhaṇaḥ Halfvers: cd śiṣṭās tad-anumāna-j±Äá¸¥ śruti-pratyaká¹£a-hetavaḥ iti ... M Verse: 7 tad-abʰāve daśa-avarā pariá¹£at Verse: 8 atÊ°a Halfvers: ab cāturvaidyaṃ vikalpÄ« ca aá¹ ga-vid ... dÊ°arma-pāṭʰakaḥ Halfvers: cd āśrama-stʰās trayo viprāḥ pará¹£ad ... daśa-avarā Verse: 9 Halfvers: ab pa±ca vā trayo vā ... aninditaḥ Halfvers: cd prativaktā tu dÊ°armasya na ... sahasraśaḥ Verse: 10 Halfvers: ab yatʰā dārumayo hastÄ« yatʰā ... mrÌ¥gaḥ Halfvers: cd brāhmaṇaś ca _anadÊ°Ä«yānas trayas ... nāma-dʰārakāḥ Verse: 11 Halfvers: ab yad tamas-mūḍʰā mÅ«rkʰā dÊ°armam ... ajānataḥ Halfvers: cd tat pāpaṃ śatadʰā vaktr̥̄n Verse: 12 Halfvers: ab bahu-dvārasya dÊ°armasya sÅ«ká¹£mā duranugā ... gatiḥ Halfvers: cd tasmān na vācyo hy ... saṃśaye Verse: 13 Halfvers: ab dÊ°arma-śāstra-ratÊ°a-ārūḍʰā veda-kÊ°aḍga-dÊ°arā dvijāḥ Halfvers: cd krīḍa-artÊ°am api yad sa ... smrÌ¥taḥ Verse: 14 Halfvers: ab yatʰā _aśmani stÊ°itaṃ toyaṃ ... māruta-arkau Halfvers: cd tadvat kartari yat pāpaṃ ... jalavat Verse: 15 Halfvers: ab śarÄ«raṃ balam āyuś ca ... ca Halfvers: cd samÄ«ká¹£ya dÊ°armavid buddÊ°yā prāyaścittāni Verse: 16

8. Full Alphabetical Index List of mathematical biographies indexed alphabetically Battaglini, Guiseppe (102*). baudhayana (478). Battani, Abu al (1333*) http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Full_Alph.html

Full Alphabetical Index Click below to go to one of the separate alphabetical indexes A B C D ... XYZ The number of words in the biography is given in brackets. A * indicates that there is a portrait. A Abbe , Ernst (602*) Abel , Niels Henrik (2899*) Abraham bar Hiyya (641) Abraham, Max Abu Kamil Shuja (1012) Abu Jafar Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzjani (1115) Ackermann , Wilhelm (205) Adams, John Couch Adams, J Frank Adelard of Bath (1008) Adler , August (114) Adrain , Robert (1317*) Adrianus , Romanus (419) Aepinus , Franz (822) Agnesi , Maria (2018*) Ahlfors , Lars (725*) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (660) Ahmes Aida Yasuaki (696) Aiken , Howard (665*) Airy , George (2362*) Aitken , Alec (825*) Ajima , Naonobu (144) Akhiezer , Naum Il'ich (248*) al-Baghdadi , Abu (947) al-Banna , al-Marrakushi (861) al-Battani , Abu Allah (1333*) al-Biruni , Abu Arrayhan (3002*) al-Farisi , Kamal (1102) al-Haitam , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Hasib Abu Kamil (1012) al-Haytham , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Jawhari , al-Abbas (627) al-Jayyani , Abu (892) al-Karaji , Abu (1789) al-Karkhi al-Kashi , Ghiyath (1725*) al-Khazin , Abu (1148) al-Khalili , Shams (677) al-Khayyami , Omar (2140*) al-Khwarizmi , Abu (2847*) al-Khujandi , Abu (713) al-Kindi , Abu (1151) al-Kuhi , Abu (1146) al-Maghribi , Muhyi (602) al-Mahani , Abu (507) al-Marrakushi , ibn al-Banna (861) al-Nasawi , Abu (681) al-Nayrizi , Abu'l (621) al-Qalasadi , Abu'l (1247) al-Quhi , Abu (1146) al-Samarqandi , Shams (202) al-Samawal , Ibn (1569) al-Sijzi , Abu (708) al-Tusi , Nasir (1912*) al-Tusi , Sharaf (1138) al-Umawi , Abu (1014) al-Uqlidisi , Abu'l (1028) Albanese , Giacomo (282) Albategnius (al-Battani) (1333*)

9. TITUS Texts: Yajur-Veda: Baudhayana-Grhya-Sutra Index of baudh Copyright TITUS Project, Frankfurt a/M, 29.8.2002. Noparts of this document may be republished in any form without http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/yvs/baudhgs/baudh.htm

Index of baudh TITUS Project Index of baudh TITUS Project

10. INDIA'S CONTRIBUTION TO MATHEMATICS (ALGEBRA, ALGORITHM, GEOMETRY, TRIGNOMETRY & Some of important works in this field are by Apastamba, baudhayana, Hiranyakesin, Manava, Varaha and Vadhula. http://india.coolatlanta.com/GreatPages/sudheer/maths.html

You are watching India.CoolAtlanta.com -> Culture -> Sudheer Ancient India's Contribution to Mathematics "India was the motherland of our race and Sanskrit the mother of Europe's languages. India was the mother of our philosophy, of much of our mathematics, of the ideals embodied in Christianity... of self-government and democracy. In many ways, Mother India is the mother of us all." - Will Durant - American Historian 1885-1981 Mathematics represents a high level of abstraction attained by the human mind. In India, mathematics has its roots in Vedic literature which is nearly 4000 years old. Between 1000 B.C. and 1000 A.D. various treatises on mathematics were authored by Indian mathematicians in which were set forth for the first time, the concept of zero, the techniques of algebra and algorithm, square root and cube root. This method of graduated calculation was documented in the Pancha-Siddhantika (Five Principles) in the 5th Century But the technique is said to be dating from Vedic times circa 2000 B.C. Table of Contents Home Introduction Chapter 1: Production Technology and Mechanical Engineering Chapter 2 Shipbuilding and Navigation Chapter 3 Architecture and Civil Engineering You are currently viewing Chapter 4 on Mathematics Chapter 5 Astronomy Chapter 6 Physics and Chemistry Chapter 7 Medical Science Chapter 8 Fine Arts Chapter 9 Sports and Games Chapter 10 Philosophy Chapter 11 Summing Up Glossary Sanskrit-English Glossary Next Book A Search for Our Present in History As in the applied sciences like production technology, architecture and shipbilding, Indians in ancient times also made advances in abstract sciences like Mathematics and Astronomy. It has now been generally accepted that the technique of algebra and the concept of zero originated in India.

11. Kamat's Potpourri: Glossary: Baudhayana baudhayana. baudhayana numbers. See Also Search Kamat's Potpourri forbaudhayana; Try Kamat's PictureSearch for pictures of baudhayana; http://www.kamat.org/glossary.asp?WhoID=167

12. Who's Who, What's What Database At Kamat's Potpourri Chelmford; Basadi; Basaveshwara; baudhayana; Bedi Bishan Singh; BediKiran; Beedi; Begum; Besant Annie; Bhaba Homi Jahangir; Bhagawati Charan; http://www.kamat.org/a2z.asp

Abhilashitarthachintamani Abhimanyu Abhishek Abul Fazl Abhilashitarthachintamani Abhimanyu Abhishek Abul Fazl ... Kamat.Com

13. The Kaushikas GOTRA, PRAVARA RSHIs, SUTRA. vishvAmitra, vaishvAmitra, daivarAta,audala. baudhayana, Apastamba, Katyayana, Asvalayana, Manava. shraumata http://www.bharatavarsha.com/iyer/gotra/kaushika.html

THE KAUSHIKAs The kaushika (descendents of the influential kushika) include such intellectual giants as vishvAmitra and madhucchandasa. What is arguably the single most important verse in all the vedas - the gAyatri mantra- was composed by vishvAmitra. This set of lineages has kshatriya origins. vishvAmitra himself was a king of some importance during the vedic age. The accounts of his rivalry with vasishTha make up one of the great dramas in the vedas and the post-vedic literature. All the kaushika lineages have come down through vishvAmitra. The vaishvAmitras may be divided into 20 gotra-gaNas as shown below: NOTE: In the table below, the subdivisions of the kaushikas are listed. The name of the gotra is listed in the first column, and the corresponding pravara rshi set is in the second column. Since some of the pravara lineages are specific to the followers of certain sutras, the appropriate sutra is given in the third column. Wherever there are two or more sets of pravara rshis, it should be taken to mean that there are different lineages that correspond to a certain gotra. In general, the set of pravara rshis is a more accurate indicator of a person's descent, than simply the gotra itself. GOTRA PRAVARA RSHIs SUTRA vishvAmitra vaishvAmitra, daivarAta, audala

14. The Bhargavas baudhayana, Apastamba, Asvalayana, Katyayana, Manava. bida, bhArgava,cyAvana, ApnavAna, aurva, Baida. baudhayana, Asvalayana, Vaikhanasa. http://www.bharatavarsha.com/iyer/gotra/bhargava.html

THE BHARGAVAs The Bhargavas (descendents of Bhrgu) include such illustrious names like Chyavana, Jamadagni and Parasu-rama (usually referred to as ramo bhargava, or simply as bhargava). The Bhargavas may be divided into the 5 subsets. The first subset may be called simply Bhargava, constituted by 11 gotras. The remaining 4 subsets of the Bhargavas are individual gotras by themselves. Collectively these 4 subsets are called the Kevala Bhargavas. NOTE: In the table below, the subdivisions of the Bhargavas are listed. The name of the gotra is listed in the first column, and the corresponding pravara rshi set is in the second column. Since some of the pravara lineages are specific to the followers of certain sutras, the appropriate sutra is given in the third column. Wherever there are two or more sets of pravara rshis, it should be taken to mean that there are different lineages that correspond to a certain gotra. In general, the set of pravara rshis is a more accurate indicator of a person's descent, than simply the gotra itself. GOTRA PRAVARA RSHIs SUTRA I. Bhargava

15. Kamat's Potpourri: No Match For 'baudhayana' Click to Goto Kamat's Potpourri, Search Results. No matches werefound for 'baudhayana' Match All Format Long http://www.kamat.com/cgi-bin/htsearch?words=Baudhayana

16. - Women In The Sacred Laws - The Dharma Sutras ( Page 10) From a consideration of the above it appears as though the DharmaSutra of baudhayanaconsisted originally of two Prasnas and the rest were additions by later http://www.hindubooks.org/women_in_the_sacredlaws/the_dharma_sutras/page10.htm

17. - Women In The Sacred Laws - The Dharma Sutras ( Page 20) 76 baudhayana has no scruple in prescribing the custom of Niyoga for childless widows,in order that they may get sons for offering the funeral oblations for http://www.hindubooks.org/women_in_the_sacredlaws/the_dharma_sutras/page20.htm

18. Science In India: History Of Mathematics: Indian Mathematicians And Astronomers, Describes Indian mathematicians such as Aryabhatta - who modelled the solar system, Bhaskar, Varahamira, Category Science Math History...... Examples of geometric knowledge (rekhaganit) are to be found in the Sulva-Sutrasof baudhayana (800 BC) and Apasthmaba (600 BC) which describe techniques for http://members.tripod.com/~INDIA_RESOURCE/mathematics.htm

Get Five DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated SOUTH ASIAN HISTORY Pages from the history of the Indian sub-continent: Science and Mathematics in India History of Mathematics in India In all early civilizations, the first expression of mathematical understanding appears in the form of counting systems. Numbers in very early societies were typically represented by groups of lines, though later different numbers came to be assigned specific numeral names and symbols (as in India) or were designated by alphabetic letters (such as in Rome). Although today, we take our decimal system for granted, not all ancient civilizations based their numbers on a ten-base system. In ancient Babylon, a sexagesimal (base 60) system was in use. The Decimal System in Harappa In India a decimal system was already in place during the Harappan period, as indicated by an analysis of Harappan weights and measures. Weights corresponding to ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 have been identified, as have scales with decimal divisions. A particularly notable characteristic of Harappan weights and measures is their remarkable accuracy. A bronze rod marked in units of 0.367 inches points to the degree of precision demanded in those times. Such scales were particularly important in ensuring proper implementation of town planning rules that required roads of fixed widths to run at right angles to each other, for drains to be constructed of precise measurements, and for homes to be constructed according to specified guidelines. The existence of a gradated system of accurately marked weights points to the development of trade and commerce in Harappan society.

19. India Pythagoras' Theorem OR baudhayana's Theorem? The so called Pythagoras'Theorem* the square of the hypotenuse of a right-angled http://members.tripod.com/munjuluri/india.htm

India, the land of magic Taj Mahal History: Itihaas Chronology of the pre-historic period of India 7000-4000 BC Vedic Age 3750 BC End of Rig Vedic Age 3000 BC End of Ramayana-Mahabharat Period 3000-2000 BC Development of Saraswati-Indus Civilization 2200-1900 BC Decline of Indus and Saraswati Civilization 2000-1500 BC Period of Complete chaos and migration 1400-250 BC Period of evolution of syncretic Hindu culture Geography: Neighbours: Population: The second most heavily populous country in the world ( after China), India has a population of more than 950 Million. As varied as the geography is, so is the culture in India. There is a religious harmony in India with the Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, Christians, Jains etc all living peacfully together. Languages: Hindi, English, Bengali, Gujarati, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Kannada, Assamese, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Dialects 1,652. Government: India is a soverign, socalist, democratic , republic. Hinduism, an insite into this world's oldest living religion

20. Indiaoz Hinduism - Amazing Science Part 3 The old Sanskrit text baudhayana Shulba Sutra of the 6th century BCE mentions thisratio as approximately equal to 3. Aryabhatta in 499, CE worked the value of http://www.indiaoz.com.au/hinduism/articles/amazing_science_3.shtml

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