41. Broder's Rare And Used Books Your Internet Bookstore Specializing In Rare And Us Book 12301 4009 24. JUDAISM AS A PHILOSOPHY THE PHILOSOPHY OF abraham bar hiyya(1065 1143). Stitskin, Leon D. . VG+/VG+, Bloch / Yeshiva Univ., 1960. http://members.aol.com/booksss3/august07_2002.html

Welcome to 205 Columbia Blvd. Waterbury, CT 06710 Voice 203-755-1114..FAX 203-575-9308..Email Broders@BrodersBooks.com We specialize in Jewish books of all areas. Browse our lists, but if you don't see the book you need just ask. We are members of Shamash the largest Jewish Organization on the Internet. We will search our dealers for your book for free. We also send out free email catalogues of Jewish Books monthly. Join our mailing list Below is our current catalogue issued August 07, 2002 featuring a wide selection of Jewish books. Ready to Order? Back to Main Category List We are offering the following books: AMBIGUITY, COPING, AND GOVERNANCE: ISRAELI EXPERIENCES IN POLITICS, RELIGION, AND POLICYMAKING. " Sharkansky, Ira". Fine, Praeger, 1999. First Edition, Hardcover, 6.25 X 9.25, NDJ. 203 Pages. Fully indexed. FIRST EDITION. fine as NEW condition. An analysis of the unique problems of governance in a religious state. We specialize in Judaica. Ask about our monthly Email catalogue. ISBN 0275967182. Politics Israel Jewish Judaism Judaica Jewish Religion Jewry Jew Jews Arab. $30.00. Book # 12301 4009 AMERICAN YIDDISH POETRY ANTHOLOGY (IN YIDDISH).

42. Enigma Galgano - Medioevo In Rete - Personaggi - Matematici Del XII Secolo Translate this page Torna a Personaggi. 1) Omar Khayyan (18 maggio 1048 - 4 dicembre 1131) 2)abraham bar hiyya Ha-Nasi (1070-1136). 3) Adelard of Bath (1075-1160). http://web.infinito.it/utenti/e/enigmagalgano/Medioevo_in_Rete/personaggi/matema

Matematici del XII secolo Omar Khayyan Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci Torna a Personaggi Omar Khayyan (18 maggio 1048 - 4 dicembre 1131) Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi Adelard of Bath Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra al-Ishbili Abu Muhammad Jabir ibn Aflah ... Johannes de Sacrobosco

43. Sara Klein-Braslavy in the. Thought of abraham bar hiyya”, Professor Israel Efros Poetand. Philosopher, Tel Aviv 1981, 203-229. (Hebrew). 7. “Maimonides http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/faculty/KLEIN-BRASLAVY-SARA-.html

Sara Klein-Braslavy, Department of Jewish Philosophy Born in Tel-Aviv, 1942. Education: Tel-Aviv University Philosophy, Hebrew Literature. B.A The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Philosophy,Hebrew Literature. B.A Philosophy M.A The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Philosophy, Hebrew Literature. B.A. degree Tel-Aviv University Philosophy M.A  Tel-Aviv University Philosophy M.A degree(Cum laude). M.A. Thesis: The Philosophy of R, Nissim Gerondi (Based on Shnem Asar Derushim). Written under the direction of Prof. J. Levinger. Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne, Paris Jewish Medieval Philosophy Ph.D. Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne, Paris Jewish Medieval Philosophy Ph.D. degree. Doctorat de 3e cycle (Cum laude) Dissertation: R. Nissim Ben Reuben de G e rone devant la philosophie de son Temps Written under the direction of Prof. G. Vajda Academic and professional experience 1965-67 - Department of Philosophy, Tel Aviv University. Since 1969 - Department of Jewish Philosophy, Tel Aviv University. 1973 - PUM, (IDF) 1979-80 - Visiting Research Professor at Harvard University, Center for Jewish Studies.

44. Mazal Tov - Gli Autori Translate this page Sulla questione conviene ascoltare abraham bar hiyya, astrologo e studioso di Torah(già ricordato a proposito dell’astrologia oraria), che in Meguilat http://www.montesion.it/_tavole1/tovautori.htm

Di Sergio M Download " Gli autori" [ Il Download è completo delle note] Gli autori La rassegna che segue prende succintamente in esame alcuni tra i più importanti autori e/o pensatori ebrei che si occuparono di astrologia. Inizia con Filone alessandrino e termina con Maimonide, più o meno in coincidenza col diffondersi della Qabbalah storica, alla quale dedicherò, per ciò che si riferisce all’astrologia, il successivo e ultimo paragrafo di questo scritto. Filone, vissuto tra il 13 a.C e il 54 d.C nell’ambiente ebraico ellenizzante di Alessandria, coglie il significato simbolico della ‘doppia’ migrazione di Abramo: una prima volta dalla Caldea, una seconda da Haràn che significa ‘caverna’. L’uscita dalla Caldea, con riferimento al Genesi La maggiore polemica di Filone è però diretta, nel De Providentia , contro la Genetliologia (anticipazione della cosiddetta astrologia giudiziaria ). Più che mai - osserva Filone - il

45. Histoire De L'astrologie Occidentale - Bibliographie Translate this page abraham bar hiyya Ha-Nasi, Llibre revelador Meguillat Hamegallè, éd. J. Guttman,trad. de l’hébreu J. Millas Vallicrosa, barcelona, 1929, 252 pp. http://www.sas.ac.uk/warburg/mnemosyne/orientation/astrobib/astro_biblio5.htm

Guide Action Orientation Word ... Home HISTOIRE DE L'ASTROLOGIE OCCIDENTALE BIBLIOGRAPHIE V. Editions de sources (sélection) V.1. Antiquité V.2. Moyen Age V. 1. Antiquité Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum Dorotheus de Sidon, Carmen astrologicum Firmicus Maternus, Matheseos libri VIII Mathesis Heliodoros, In Paulum Alexandrinum Commentarium Apotelesmatica libri III Hermes [voir V.2] Manilius, Astronomica Astronomiques Nisard. Collection des auteurs latins , 18, Paris, 1851, pp. 633-736 , trad. R. Alleau, Paris, 1970 Fragmenta magica Philologus , suppl. 6, 1892, pp. 325-394 Paul d’Alexandrie, Elementa apotelesmatica Porphyre, Introductio in Tetrabiblum Ptolomaei Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum Apotelesmaticorum libri VI Apotelesmatica Apotelesmatica Tetrabiblos Tetrabiblos Sextus Empiricus, Adversus mathematicos Against Mathematicians Contro gli astrologie Vettius Valens, Anthologiarum libri Anthologiarum libri novem Anthologies. Livre I

46. Encyclopedia Of The Middle Ages - List Of Entries (A) Abbreviator Abdisho of Nisibis (died 1318) Abduction Abelard, Peter (10791142) AberdeenAbjuration Ablution abraham abraham bar hiyya (1065-1145) abraham Ibn http://www.lutterworth.com/jamesclarke/jc/titles/ema_a.htm

Home Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages List of Entries ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE MIDDLE AGES Edited by André Vauchez A B C D E ... Z List of Entries A Aachen Abbasids Abbess Abbey Abbo of Fleury (940-1004) Abbo of Saint-Germain (9th C) Abbot Abbreviator Abdisho of Nisibis (died 1318) Abduction Abelard, Peter (1079-1142) Aberdeen Abjuration Ablution Abraham Abraham bar Hiyya (1065-1145) Abraham Ibn Da'ud (early 12th C - 1180) Abraham Ibn Ezra (1089-1164/1165) Abraham's Bosom Abravanel, Isaac (1437-1508) Abruzzi Absolution Abstraction Acclamations Acolyte Acre Acrosticact and Potency Active Life, Contemplative Life Acts of Bishops Adalard of Corbie (751-826) Adalbero of Laon (950/957-1031) Adalbert of Prague (956-997) Adam and Eve Adam de la Halle Adam Marsh (De Marisco) Adam of Bremen (died 1081/1085) Adam of Petit Pont Adam of Wodeham (1298-1358) Adelard of Bath (1080-1160?) Adelhausen Adelphaton Adeodatus II, Pope (died 676) Adhemar of Chabannes (989-1034) Adhemar of Le Puy (1050-1098) Admont Ado of Vienne (died 875) Adomnán (624-704) Adoptianism Adoration Adrian I, Pope (died 795)

47. KLUWER Academic Publishers | The Medieval Hebrew Encyclopedias Of Science And Ph JR Woolf. 6. The First Hebrew Encyclopedia of Science abraham bar hiyya'sYesodei haTevunah u-Migdal ha-Emunah; M. Rubio. 7. Encyclopedic http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-6242-X?a=1

48. ARIBIB List Of Synoyms For Authors Translate this page Albohazen abrahamus Avenares = abraham ben Ezra abraham ben hiyya = abraham JudaeusG V. de Beauvais JB Benedictus = GB Benedetti Berosus = bar-Osea Bienewitz http://www.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/aribib/synlist.htm

ARIBIB ARI Bibliographical Database for Astronomical References List of synonyms for the names of authors in the ARIBIB The following list of synonyms in a 'type-writer format' can be used for looking for synonyms, e.g. by using the 'find' procedure of your browser. Back to the ARIBIB page or to the Home Page of the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut Updated: 29 February 2000 aribibmaster@ari.uni-heidelberg.de

49. The Newberry Library: Smith Center: Mapline 84/85 Feature of Aragon. His work in turn was based on the observations and tablesof Levi ben Gerson and abraham bar hiyya. The Jewish Catalan http://www.newberry.org/nl/smith/mapline84feature.html

Issue 84/85, Fall 1998 ASTROLABES AND MAPS Some time during the Middle Ages people began to make measured maps designed for practical use in navigation. The oldest surviving example is the Pisan chart, now in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. It dates from the late 13th century, but there is no reason to believe that it was the first of its kind. Unlike the mappamundi, which co-existed with the portolan charts for a long time, the new maps emphasized purely geographical features with little of the historical, religious, and fabulous information so prominently displayed on the mappamundi. Among the many questions raised by the portolan charts, one of the most vexing is that of their construction. What kind of instruments were used to make their meticulously drawn coastlines? No written evidence survives from the earliest period of their existence. However, we do know that two tools, useful for making measured maps, were introduced into Europe in the Middle Ages. These were the astrolabes, which appeared in the tenth century, and the compass in the twelfth. The possible use of the compass in making the charts, which are marked by compass roses and rhumb lines, has been widely discussed, though no firm conclusions have been drawn. The use of the astrolabe has been treated very little. The next oldest dates from the 14th century, though it is possible that Western Europeans were using astrolabes of Islamic manufacture imported through Spain.

50. Vol. 6.2 / Adar 5763 / February 2003 Throughout The Ages, Reports back 5. Ms. Parma (2637), p. 336 f. 73. back 6. abraham bar hiyya (Spain, early12th century), and Eleazar of Worms (Germany, c. 1200), rationalized that http://www.jhom.com/lifecycle/birth/mazal_tov.htm

Vol. 6.3 / Adar 5763 / March 2003 Throughout the ages, reports of a birth have often included the hope that the baby had been born be-mazal tov , or be-siman tov , followed by the traditional blessing that the child grow up to a life of Torah, to marry, and perform good deeds. The announcement of a birth in a Jewish family today is greeted customarily by family and friends with the same Hebrew words, expressing hope that the infant was born with good luck under a good sign, siman , or star, mazal . The Talmud uses mazal to mean "star" or "constellation"; this word has come to mean "luck" through the historical popularity of astrology. Talmudic sages discussed the effects of the celestial configuration on the night of birth on a person later in life and expected similarities between two people born under the same star. For example, one sage proposed that a person born on Sunday would be distinguished; on Monday, wrathful; on Tuesday, wealthy and sensual; on Wednesday, intelligent and enlightened; on Thursday, benevolent; on Friday, pious. If born on the Sabbath, he was destined to die on a Sabbath. Astrologers estimated that the influence of the ruling planet at the hour of birth could be decisive in determining character, health, and longevity. For example, someone born under the influence of Venus could become rich and adulterous, whereas someone born under Jupiter was more likely to become a righteous observer of commandments. The manner in which the celestial configuration governed behavior remained controversial among Jews for many centuries, however. Nevertheless, someone born under a favorable constellation was considered lucky, whereas if the ruling planet was likely to have unpleasant influences, a person would have to use intelligence and judgment to overcome expected ill effects.

51. Brooklyn Public Library /All Locations 1065ca. 1136 See abraham bar hiyya Savasorda, ca. 1065-ca. 1065-ca.1136 See abraham bar hiyya Savasorda, ca. 1065-ca. 1136 1. http://catalog.brooklynpubliclibrary.org:90/kids/10,947,389/search/dAbrahams, Ha

KEYWORD AUTHOR TITLE SUBJECT Mark Nearby SUBJECTS are: Year Entries Abraham (Patriarch) See Abraham (Biblical patriarch) Abraham Sudæus, ca. 1065-ca. 1136 See Abraham bar Hiyya Savasorda, ca. 1065-ca. 1136 Abraham, the Patriarch See Abraham (Biblical patriarch) Abraham, the Poet, 1092-1167 See Ibn Ezra, Abraham ben Meïr, 1092-1167 Abraham, the Spaniard, 1092-1167 See Ibn Ezra, Abraham ben Meïr, 1092-1167 Abrahams, Harold J. Abrahams, Harold Maurice, 1899- Abrahams, Harold Maurice, 1899- Drama Video recordings. ... Abrahams, Peter, 1919- Criticism and interpretation. Abrahams, Peter Henry, 1919- See Abrahams, Peter, 1919- Abrahamus Hispanus, ca. 1065-ca. 1136 See Abraham bar Hiyya Savasorda, ca. 1065-ca. 1136

52. Den Samuel. Biografía Translate this page había soñado Y. como la del comienzo de la Edad mesiánica, probablemente influidopor el científico abraham bar hiyya que la había calculado para 1135. http://www.canalsocial.com/biografia/literatura/haleviyehudah.htm

Cine Vídeo Libros Música ... Radio Vivo Biografías Den Samuel Halevi Yehudah (Abu-I-Hasan ibn Leví, entre los árabes). N. en Tudela, ca. 1070 o 1075, y m. (¿Tierra Santa?) a mediados del s. XII. Es el poeta judío más excelso de la literatura hebraicoespañola, inventor del género sionida, Con el paso del tiempo empiezan a abundar en Y. las elegías por los amigos que mueren y se imponen los temas filosóficos y religiosos. El género zuhd Y. es el creador del género sionida, poesía generalmente de forma qasida, en la que se manifiesta un ardiente deseo de encontrarse en Jerusalén. Cultivó también un género ya existente, el de la ahabah o amor entre Dios, amante esposo, y del pueblo elegido, la amada al modo del Cantar de los Cantares. Entre otras poesías de carácter religioso, también, figuran las de lamentación por el destierro, geulah

53. Full Alphabetical Index Translate this page Banna, al-Marrakushi al (861) Banu Musa brothers (1208) Banu Musa, al-Hasan (133)Banu Musa, Ahmad (61) Banu Musa, Jafar (161) bar hiyya, abraham (641) barbier http://www.maththinking.com/boat/mathematicians.html

Full Alphabetical Index Click below to go to one of the separate alphabetical indexes A B C D ... XYZ The number of words in the biography is given in brackets. A * indicates that there is a portrait. A Abbe , Ernst (602*) Abel , Niels Henrik (2899*) Abraham bar Hiyya (641) Abraham, Max Abu Kamil Shuja (1012) Abu Jafar Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzjani (1115) Ackermann , Wilhelm (205) Adams, John Couch Adams, J Frank Adelard of Bath (1008) Adler , August (114) Adrain , Robert (79*) Adrianus , Romanus (419) Aepinus , Franz (124) Agnesi , Maria (2018*) Ahlfors , Lars (725*) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (660) Ahmes Aida Yasuaki (696) Aiken , Howard (665*) Airy , George (313*) Aitken , Alec (825*) Ajima , Naonobu (144) Akhiezer , Naum Il'ich (248*) al-Baghdadi , Abu (947) al-Banna , al-Marrakushi (861) al-Battani , Abu Allah (1333*) al-Biruni , Abu Arrayhan (3002*) al-Farisi , Kamal (1102) al-Haitam , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Hasib Abu Kamil (1012) al-Haytham , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Jawhari , al-Abbas (627) al-Jayyani , Abu (892) al-Karaji , Abu (1789) al-Karkhi al-Kashi , Ghiyath (1725*) al-Khazin , Abu (1148) al-Khalili , Shams (677) al-Khayyami , Omar (2140*) al-Khwarizmi , Abu (2847*) al-Khujandi , Abu (713) al-Kindi , Abu (1151) al-Kuhi , Abu (1146) al-Maghribi , Muhyi (602) al-Mahani , Abu (507) al-Marrakushi , ibn al-Banna (861) al-Nasawi , Abu (681) al-Nayrizi , Abu'l (621) al-Qalasadi , Abu'l (1247) al-Quhi , Abu (1146) al-Samarqandi , Shams (202) al-Samawal , Ibn (1569) al-Sijzi , Abu (708) al-Tusi , Nasir (1912) al-Tusi , Sharaf (1138) al-Umawi , Abu (1014) al-Uqlidisi , Abu'l (1028) Albanese , Giacomo (282) Albategnius (al-Battani) (1333*)

54. BNM: Proyectos Translate this page A. ABBE, ERNST. ABEL, NIELS. abraham bar hiyya. ABU KAMIL SHUJA. ABU’L-WAFAAL BUZJANI. ACKERMAN, WILHELM. ADAMS, JOHN COUCH. AGNESI, MARIA. AHMES. AIKEN,HOWARD. http://www.bnm.me.gov.ar/s/proyectos/hea/exposiciones/matematicas/aei.php

Catálogos Proyectos Espacio pedagógico Redes ... Biblioteca, Museo y Archivo Dr. R. Levene Mapa del sitio Preguntas frecuentes Novedades Consultas y sugerencias Carta Compromiso con el Ciudadano Tecnología del sitio bbbbbbbbbbb bb La lista de los hombres de ciencia vinculados a las matemáticas y presentada a continuación no es exhaustiva. Usted puede acceder, a través de esta página, a las biografías de algunos de estos hombres como así también a artículos relacionados con sus obras (en español). Estas páginas a las que remitimos no son de autoría de la biblioteca. A menudo los vínculos no remiten a la posición exacta de la biografía o de la referencia dentro de la página, para ello deberá emplear la opción buscar que posea su navegador e indicar allí el nombre buscado. Seleccionar del abecedario...

55. Manuscript Detail 2569. The author quotes the earlier calendar tables of abraham bar hiyya (Savasorda)(barcelona, dc 1136, the earliest Hebrew scholar to write on Ptolemaic http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/ljs/PageLevel/view.cfm?option=view&ManID=lj

56. Www.math.ku.dk/~ramskov/3mh-f98/rene/bioindex.txt suanjing (Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the circular Paths of Heaven)303 A Abel, Niels Henrik (18021829) Oslo 600 abraham bar hiyya ( -1136) 297 http://www.math.ku.dk/~ramskov/3mh-f98/rene/bioindex.txt

57. El Huerto Del Nogal - Kabalah - Reencarnación O Guilgul Translate this page b) abraham bar hiyya, (1150 aprox.) en Meditación del alma triste. c)Yehudáh Haleví (1100 aprox.) no menciona el Guilgul en su obra. http://ar.geocities.com/elhuertodelnogal/kabalahreencarnacion.htm

Reencarnación o Guilgul Kohelet (Eclesiastés) 1,4: “Una generación se va y otra viene, más la tierra permanece”. Resulta obvio, por lo menos para algunos, destacar que el judaísmo y el cristianismo son resurreccionistas. Por ello la visión de la reencarnación se dificulta en varios sentidos: a) No es oficial ni bien entendida la creencia en la reencarnación y por ello no aceptada. b) No resulta sencillo encontrar antecedentes para justificar su existencia, sobre todo si los mismos apuntan a ser oficiales. c) Sólo en la Kabalah, o en un desprendimiento del judaísmo (el movimiento karaíta, primera etapa de Anan ben David, su fundador en el siglo octavo e.c.), encontramos antecedentes serios. En la Kabalah la reencarnación ocupa un lugar trascendente en líneas de pensamiento importantes, como veremos más adelante. Habíamos mencionado como la Resurrección se relacionaba con un retorno de la muerte con el mismo cuerpo en concordancia al momento final de la vida del mismo.

58. Vorkom00 Translate this page Natürlich werden wir auch die Astrologie als ‘Wissenschaft’ in den Schriftendes Sa’adja Gaon, abraham bar hiyya und abraham Ibn Ezra erörtern. http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/juda/kvv00-01.htm

Tel.:+49-221-470/2989 (Sekretariat oder voice mail) Fax:+49-221-470/5065 Kommentiertes Vorlesungsverzeichnis WS 2000/01 Vorlesungen xxxx Ringvorlesung: Medizin in den antiken Hochkulturen: Alter - Zeit der Krankheit, Zeit der Weisheit? Dozenten: H. J. Thissen, E. von Weiher, T. Kwasman, K. Bergdolt, Ch. Leitz Termin: Beschreibung: Grundstudium Dozent: R. Schmitz Termin: 4 St. Mo 11-13, Do 16-18 Do u. Di 14-16 Übung / Sprachkurs: Hebräisch IIIa - Rabbinische Texte Dozent: T. Kwasman (24.10.) Termin: 2 St. Di 9.30-11 Beschreibung: In dieser Übung sollen die Studenten mit der Textgattung der Ma`aseh-Erzählungen in Mischnah und Tosefta vertraut gemacht werden. Neben der Übersetzung dieser Texte werden Besonderheiten der Grammatik, des Vokabulars/Terminologie und der Textstruktur erarbeitet. Darüber hinaus liegt ein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf Untersuchungen zu Traditionsgeschichte des Textmaterials in der Mischnah und der Tosefta. Zu Beginn des Semesters wird der Text ausgeteilt. Voraussetzung: Bestandenes Hebraicum; die Übung ist als Teil der Vorbereitung zur Zwischenprüfung obligatorisch.

59. Azogue Translate this page En las páginas siguientes se comienzan a citar una serie de filósofos árabes yjudíos Yehuda Ha-Levi, abraham ben Ezra, abraham bar hiyya, Mose Sefardí y http://personal5.iddeo.es/emclmffgm/recension_4_4.htm

- PEDRO ROJAS GARCÍA, " La Alquimia en Aragón de Jesús Osácar editado por Ibercaja", «Azogue», nº 4, 2001, URL: http://come.to/azogue LA ALQUIMIA EN ARAGÓN Autor: Jesús Osácar Flaquer. Precio: 1500 ptas. Editorial: Ibercaja Sede de la Editorial: Zaragoza. Año: Páginas: 166 pp. ISBN: Comentario: Los ensayos monográficos redactados por plumas nacionales sobre aspectos de la alquimia en España no son desde luego habituales en nuestro país, de ahí que dar con este trabajo de Jesús Osácar Flaquer (antiguo miembro del Instituto de Carboquímica de Zaragoza, CSIC) me hiciera abordar su texto con gran atención. No en vano, en los últimos años toda una serie de investigadores foráneos han contribuido de forma importante a ahondar firmemente en la historia de la alquimia aragonesa. Contamos con las cuantiosas aportaciones de Michela Pereira sobre el beato Ramón Llull, las indagaciones de Julia Ortega en lo tocante a los alchimiayres al servicio de los reyes aragoneses, las publicaciones de Antoine Calvet y Giuliana Camili concernientes a los escritos pseudo-arnaldianos, las pesquisas de Pascale Barthélemy sobre los manuscritos de Guillem Sedacer, las transcripciones de la "Obraitge dels Philosophes" y de la "Somma" de Bernat Peire editadas por Suzanne Thiolier-Méjean... En la Edad Moderna española, desviándonos hacia el campo de la Iatroquínica, se escenifica desde finales del siglo XVI una tensión entre la medicina clásica y ciertas ideas renovadoras. Estas últimas, ejemplarmente expuestas en 1680 por Juan de Cabriada dentro de su "Carta filosófica médico-chymica" tienen como fundamento dos axiomas ya predicados por Paracelso un siglo y medio antes: cuestionar con dureza la autoridad de los clásicos y defender la experiencia como único criterio válido en

60. Jewish Astronomy In Sefarad (Spain) 3. The Jewish astronomers in Spain and Provence. abraham bar hiyya of barcelona(d. 1136) 11 is the first important Jewish astronomer in Spain. http://wise-obs.tau.ac.il/judaism/sefarad.html

Astronomy in Sefarad Yuval Ne'eman Mortimer and Raymond Sackler Institute of Advanced Studies Tel Aviv University , Israel 1. Greeks and Hebrews: two intertwining intellectual progressions In very broad lines, Western culture is the outcome of two independent intellectual progressions: Greek philosophy and science, centered on a rational understanding of the world - and Hebrew ethics, worrying about the condition of man and his interaction with other men. On the Greek side, we note that at the beginning of the first Century AD, Eratosthenes (250 BC) had already computed the diameter of the earth with an error of less than 1/2 %, Hipparchus (150 BC) had evaluated the distance to the Moon with a 1/3 % precision, Hero (100 BC) had invented the steam engine [1]. On the Jewish side, Abraham (1800 BC) had put an end to human sacrifice, Moses (1300 BC) had codified the day of rest, to be applied even to slaves and house animals, Amos (800 BC) had preached social justice and Isaiah (700 BC) had already conceived the idea of universal peace - in a world where war remained the explicit ideal "manly" activity for another thousand years [2]. Note that in this ethical voyage of discovery, Jewish society had evolved "schools" as early as 1000 BC [3], the earliest foundations of what was later to become a learning-oriented culture. In parallel, we have, of course, the Athens Academy ( ~ 500 BC). With the destruction of the Second Temple (70 AD), the Jewish cult and rites centre on learning much more than before. Judaism, as remodeled for a countryless nation by Yokhanan Ben Zakkay (Ist Century AD) became a study-oriented religion. Note that 1000 years later, in medieval Europe, all male Jews were literate, at a time when in most of Europe, only churchmen could read.

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