1. Banu_Musa banu musa brothers. Born Hunayn ibn Ishaq and later Thabit ibn Qurra alsoworked in the House of Wisdom with the banu musa brothers. Muhammad http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Banu_Musa.html

Banu Musa brothers Born: about 800 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index There were three brothers Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir and al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir . They are almost indistinguishable but we do know that although they often worked together, they did have their own areas of expertise. The three links above give details specific to each of the brothers but most of the information about them is on this page. Jafar Muhammad worked mainly on geometry and astronomy while Ahmad worked mainly on mechanics and al-Hasan worked mainly on geometry. It is quite impossible to write separate biographies of the three brother, who are usually known as the Banu Musa, and we shall not attempt to do so. The Banu Musa brothers were among the first group of mathematicians to begin to carry forward the mathematical developments begun by the ancient Greeks. It is therefore worth looking at the background to how Arabic mathematics came to fill this role. Harun al-Rashid became the fifth Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty on 14 September 786, not long after Musa ibn Shakir, the father of the Banu Musa brothers, was born. Harun ruled from his court in the capital city of Baghdad over the Islam empire which stretched from the Mediterranean to India. He brought culture to his court and tried to establish the intellectual disciplines which at that time were not flourishing in the Arabic world. An example of this change is seen in the life of Musa ibn Shakir, the father of the Banu Musa brothers, who was a robber in his youth but turned to science, becoming highly proficient in astronomy. It was during al-Rashid's reign that the first Arabic translation of

2. Banu_Musa Biography of banu musa brothers (800860) banu musa brothers. Born about 800 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Banu_Musa.html

Banu Musa brothers Born: about 800 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index There were three brothers Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir and al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir . They are almost indistinguishable but we do know that although they often worked together, they did have their own areas of expertise. The three links above give details specific to each of the brothers but most of the information about them is on this page. Jafar Muhammad worked mainly on geometry and astronomy while Ahmad worked mainly on mechanics and al-Hasan worked mainly on geometry. It is quite impossible to write separate biographies of the three brother, who are usually known as the Banu Musa, and we shall not attempt to do so. The Banu Musa brothers were among the first group of mathematicians to begin to carry forward the mathematical developments begun by the ancient Greeks. It is therefore worth looking at the background to how Arabic mathematics came to fill this role. Harun al-Rashid became the fifth Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty on 14 September 786, not long after Musa ibn Shakir, the father of the Banu Musa brothers, was born. Harun ruled from his court in the capital city of Baghdad over the Islam empire which stretched from the Mediterranean to India. He brought culture to his court and tried to establish the intellectual disciplines which at that time were not flourishing in the Arabic world. An example of this change is seen in the life of Musa ibn Shakir, the father of the Banu Musa brothers, who was a robber in his youth but turned to science, becoming highly proficient in astronomy. It was during al-Rashid's reign that the first Arabic translation of

3. Banu_Musa_Muhammad The three banu musa brothers are almost indistinguishable and most ofthe information is at this link. However, there is some information http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Banu_Musa_Muhammad.html

Jafar Muhammad Banu Musa Born: about 800 in Baghdad, Iraq Died: after 873 in Iraq Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index The three Banu Musa brothers are almost indistinguishable and most of the information is at this link . However, there is some information specific to the eldest: Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir. It certainly appears that of the three brothers, he was the best mathematician. In addition to making perhaps the major contribution to the geometry text described above, Jafar Muhammad also wrote Premises of the book of conics which was a critical revision of Apollonius 's Conics. However, Jafar Muhammad was also the most politically active of the brothers, particularly in the last part of his life when the Turks were gaining control of the empire. It appears that his dispute with al-Kindi coloured Jafar Muhammad actions and he opposed anyone who had been a friend of al-Kindi 's. For this reason he campaigned successfully to have al-Musta'in become Caliph. However, there were internal struggles and al-Musta'in's brother besieged Baghdad with his army. In fact Jafar Muhammad was sent by al-Musta'in to negotiate the terms of his surrender with the besieging forces. Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson Click on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page List of References (6 books/articles) Mathematicians born in the same country Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index History Topics Societies, honours, etc.

4. References For Banu_Musa References for the biography of banu musa brothers References for banu musa brothers. Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 19701990). http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Banu_Musa.html

References for Banu Musa brothers Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Articles: D El-Dabbah, The geometrical treatise of the ninth-century Baghdad mathematicians Banu Musa (Russian), in History Methodology Natur. Sci., No. V, Math. Izdat. (Moscow, 1966), 131-139. Banu Musa, The Encyclopaedia of Islam VII (Leiden, 1993), 640-641. Banu Musa, Encyclopaedia Iranica III (London, 1989), 716-717. R Rashed, Archimedean learning in the Middle Ages : the Banu Musa, Historia Sci. T Sato, Quadrature of the surface area of a sphere in the early Middle Ages - Johannes de Tinemue and Banu Musa, Historia Sci. No. Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR November 1999 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/Banu_Musa.html

5. Banu_Musa_al-Hasan Biography of alHasan Banu Musa (810-873) The three banu musa brothers are almost indistinguishable and most of the information is at this link. http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Banu_Musa_al-Hasan.ht

al-Hasan Banu Musa Born: about 810 in Baghdad, Iraq Died: after 873 in Baghdad, Iraq Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index The three Banu Musa brothers are almost indistinguishable and most of the information is at this link . However, there is some information specific to the youngest brother: al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir. He wrote The elongated circular figure which is a work on the ellipse . This book is lost except for a fragment in Hebrew of a compilation by Ibn al-Samh. From this fragment Rashed in [3] deduces that al-Hasan had two objectives. One objective was to measure a curved area while the other was to study the geometric properties of curves. Rashed claims, as we have suggested above, that while Archimedes ' texts were being translated into Arabic for the first time, the Banu Musa (perhaps al-Hasan in particular) was trying to give new proofs of the Greek results as well as trying to prove results going beyond what the Greeks had achieved. Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson Click on this link to see a list of the Glossary entries for this page List of References (6 books/articles) Mathematicians born in the same country Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index History Topics Societies, honours, etc.

6. Subject Index Page 9. 2001. The Encyclopedia Of World History Banu Khalid Arabs 803. Banu Kilab 317, 317. banu musa brothers 295. Banu Qaynuqa’,Jewish tribe 286, 286. Banu Qurayza, Jewish tribe 286, 286. http://www.bartleby.com/67/s9.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference The Encyclopedia of World History Subject Index PREVIOUS ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Encyclopedia of World History. Subject Index Page 9 Banqueting Hall, Whitehall

7. MSN Learning & Research - Search Results - Banu Search eLibrary for periodicals about "Banu". Results from. banu musa brothers. http// www groups. http://encarta.msn.com/teleport/fromTools/find.asp?brand=elibrary&q1=Banu+AND+Mu

8. New Page 1 translated. AlKindi was appointed by al-Ma'mun to the House of Wisdomtogether with al-Khwarizmi and the banu musa brothers. The http://www.tebyan.net/english/IslamicWorld/html/ishagh.htm

Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah Al-Kindi (about 801 in Kufah, Iraq- 873 in Baghdad, Iraq) Al-Kindi was born and brought up in Kufah, which was a centre for Arab culture and learning in the 9th century. This was certainly the right place for al-Kindi to get the best education possible at this time. Although quite a few details (and legends) of al-Kindi's life are given in various sources, these are not all consistent. Here is some details which are fairly well substantiated. According to al'Daffa( The Muslim contribution to mathematics ,London, 1978) , al-Kindi's father was the governor of Kufah, as his grandfather had been before him. Certainly all agree that al-Kindi was descended from the Royal Kindah tribe which had originated in southern Arabia. This tribe had united a number of tribes and reached a position of prominence in the 5th and 6th centuries but then lost power from the middle of the 6th century. However, descendants of the Royal Kindah continued to hold prominent court positions in Muslim times. After beginning his education in Kufah, al-Kindi moved to

9. THABIT IBN QURRA being patronised by the Abbasid Caliphs. There, he studied under thefamous banu musa brothers. It was in this setting that Thabit http://www.ummah.org.uk/history/scholars/QURRA.html

10. Arabic Numerals banu musa brothers (Ja'far Muhammad, Ahmad and alHasan (sons of) Musa ibn Shakir)(9th century AD) Ja'far Muhammad worked on geometry and astronomy while al http://www.arabicnumerals.cwc.net/

By M Erhayiem The IBM World Book Encyclopaedia raises the question as how the Arabic Numerals originated (!?) as appeared in an article contributed by Nadine L. Verderber, Ph.D., Prof. of Mathematics, Southern Illinois Univ., Edwardsville. The article states, as such, "Scholars do not know how Arabic numerals originated." "The Hindus developed the zero sometime after A.D. 600." The World Book Multimedia Encyclopaedia has largely ignored the work of the Scientists during the Islamic and the Arabic medieval era. The contributions of the Muslims and Arabs in the field of Mathematics were very significant. The great Harvard historian of science, Professor George Sarton wrote in his monumental Introduction to the History of Science[4]: "From the second half of the 8th to the end of the 11th century, Arabic was the scientific, the progressive language of mankind... When the West was sufficiently mature to feel the need of deeper knowledge, it turned its attention, first of all, not to the Greek sources, but to the Arabic ones." O'Connor and Robertson[2] published various articles about the contribution of those forgotten brilliance. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi (801-873 A.D.), a Philosopher and Mathematician, who wrote many works on arithmetic, including: the numbers, relative quantities, measuring proportion and time, and numerical procedures. He also wrote on space and time.

11. THABIT IBN QURRA There, he studied under the famous banu musa brothers. It was in this setting that Thabit contributed to several http://aphy.ku.edu.pk/resources/res2001/nadianmajeed/qurra.htm

THABIT IBN QURRA (836-901 C.E.) Thabit Ibn Qurra Ibn Marwan al-Sabi al-Harrani was born in the year 836 C.E. at Harran (present Turkey). As the name indicates he was basically a member of the Sabian sect, but the great Muslim mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa Ibn Shakir, impressed by his knowledge of languages, and realising his potential for a scientific career, selected him to join the scientific group at Baghdad that was being patronised by the Abbasid Caliphs. There, he studied under the famous Banu Musa brothers. It was in this setting that Thabit contributed to several branches of science, notably mathematics, astronomy and mechanics, in addition to translating a large number of works from Greek to Arabic. Later, he was patronised by the Abbasid Caliph al-M'utadid. After a long career of scholarship, Thabit died at Baghdad in 901 C.E. Thabit's major contribution lies in mathematics and astronomy. He was instrumental in extending the concept of traditional geometry to geometrical algebra and proposed several theories that led to the development of non-Euclidean geometry, spherical trigonometry, integral calculus and real numbers. He

12. Full Alphabetical Index Translate this page Ball, Walter W Rouse (85) Balmer, Johann (95*) Banach, Stefan (2533*) Banneker,Benjamin (892*) Banna, al-Marrakushi al (861) banu musa brothers (1208) Banu http://www.maththinking.com/boat/mathematicians.html

Full Alphabetical Index Click below to go to one of the separate alphabetical indexes A B C D ... XYZ The number of words in the biography is given in brackets. A * indicates that there is a portrait. A Abbe , Ernst (602*) Abel , Niels Henrik (2899*) Abraham bar Hiyya (641) Abraham, Max Abu Kamil Shuja (1012) Abu Jafar Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzjani (1115) Ackermann , Wilhelm (205) Adams, John Couch Adams, J Frank Adelard of Bath (1008) Adler , August (114) Adrain , Robert (79*) Adrianus , Romanus (419) Aepinus , Franz (124) Agnesi , Maria (2018*) Ahlfors , Lars (725*) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (660) Ahmes Aida Yasuaki (696) Aiken , Howard (665*) Airy , George (313*) Aitken , Alec (825*) Ajima , Naonobu (144) Akhiezer , Naum Il'ich (248*) al-Baghdadi , Abu (947) al-Banna , al-Marrakushi (861) al-Battani , Abu Allah (1333*) al-Biruni , Abu Arrayhan (3002*) al-Farisi , Kamal (1102) al-Haitam , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Hasib Abu Kamil (1012) al-Haytham , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Jawhari , al-Abbas (627) al-Jayyani , Abu (892) al-Karaji , Abu (1789) al-Karkhi al-Kashi , Ghiyath (1725*) al-Khazin , Abu (1148) al-Khalili , Shams (677) al-Khayyami , Omar (2140*) al-Khwarizmi , Abu (2847*) al-Khujandi , Abu (713) al-Kindi , Abu (1151) al-Kuhi , Abu (1146) al-Maghribi , Muhyi (602) al-Mahani , Abu (507) al-Marrakushi , ibn al-Banna (861) al-Nasawi , Abu (681) al-Nayrizi , Abu'l (621) al-Qalasadi , Abu'l (1247) al-Quhi , Abu (1146) al-Samarqandi , Shams (202) al-Samawal , Ibn (1569) al-Sijzi , Abu (708) al-Tusi , Nasir (1912) al-Tusi , Sharaf (1138) al-Umawi , Abu (1014) al-Uqlidisi , Abu'l (1028) Albanese , Giacomo (282) Albategnius (al-Battani) (1333*)

13. Black Behind Blue In fact, he was a great pretender compared to the three banu musa brothersof Baghdad (9th Century) and their Book of Ingenious Inventions. http://www.cyberpoems.com/9-2/blackbehindblue.htm

Black Behind Blue I am presently in love with Leonardo DaVinci. fact, he was a great pretender compared to the three Banu Musa brothers of Baghdad (9th Century) and their Book of Ingenious Inventions. But everything was burned in the Crusades. The Brethren of Purity, often referred to in medieval theology as the 11 heads of cabbage, lived as one, choosing muteness, communicating only by lengthy letters, one of which argued that the animals of the world mirror the stars in the sky. Whose notebooks will survive? snickers Leonardo, beholding himself in the mirror as he writes. Would you choose to swim in a pool made of mercury, drifting among the golden boats with the barbaric Banu Musa Brothers, or would you put your money on me? (I have invented a parachute, but no plane.) He who journeys without companions can send his thoughts to dwell in the eternal blue sky or to fall like a stone into turbulent waters. He lived on a star called Earth with Water. A star that twinkled like every other.

14. Full Alphabetical Index 647*) Baker, Henry (195*) Ball, Walter W Rouse (85) Balmer, Johann (95*) Banach,Stefan (2533*) Banna, alMarrakushi al (861) banu musa brothers (1208) Banu http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mm97106/math/alphalist.htm

Full Alphabetical Index The number of words in the biography is given in brackets. A * indicates that there is a portrait. A Abbe , Ernst (602*) Abel , Niels Henrik (2899*) Abraham bar Hiyya (641) Abraham, Max Abu Kamil Shuja (1012) Abu Jafar Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzjani (1115) Ackermann , Wilhelm (205) Adams, John Couch Adams, J Frank Adelard of Bath (1008) Adler , August (114) Adrain , Robert (79*) Adrianus , Romanus (419) Aepinus , Franz (124) Agnesi , Maria (2018*) Ahlfors , Lars (725*) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (660) Ahmes Aida Yasuaki (696) Aiken , Howard (665*) Airy , George (313*) Aitken , Alec (825*) Ajima , Naonobu (144) Akhiezer , Naum Il'ich (248*) al-Baghdadi , Abu (947) al-Banna , al-Marrakushi (861) al-Battani , Abu Allah (1333*) al-Biruni , Abu Arrayhan (3002*) al-Farisi , Kamal (1102) al-Haitam , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Hasib Abu Kamil (1012) al-Haytham , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Jawhari , al-Abbas (627) al-Jayyani , Abu (892) al-Karaji , Abu (1789) al-Karkhi al-Kashi , Ghiyath (1725*) al-Khazin , Abu (1148) al-Khalili , Shams (677) al-Khayyami , Omar (2140*) al-Khwarizmi , Abu (2847*) al-Khujandi , Abu (713) al-Kindi , Abu (1151) al-Kuhi , Abu (1146) al-Maghribi , Muhyi (602) al-Mahani , Abu (507) al-Marrakushi , ibn al-Banna (12)

15. Encyclopædia Britannica banu musa brothers University of St.Andrews, Scotland Brief introduction tothe life and works of these three brothers from Baghdad known for their http://search.britannica.com/search?query=brethren&fuzzy=N&ct=igv&start=6&show=1

16. MuslimHeritage.com - Topics Most famed Muslim engineers remain, certainly, the banu musa brothers,Taqi alDin, al-Zarqali, and al-Jazari. The three brothers http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=219

17. Muslims Internet Directory: Religion Of Islam/Science And Health/Muslim Scientis banu musa brothers Profiles the lives of the three brothers of the 9th centuryresponsible for many mathematical developments during Islam's Golden Age. http://www.idleb.com/directory/Religion_Of_Islam/Science_And_Health/Muslim_Scien

Directory Gallery Forum Free Services Webmasters Tools Welcome Guest User Register Users My Links ... PLACE Islamic Items for a cheap prices from 2muslims.com to fund and support 2discoverislam.com project. The Islamic CD, Quran CD, Recitation, Journey to Islam CD , Empire of faith VHS and more. The Entire Directory Banu Musa More search options Home Religion Of Islam Science And Health ... Muslim Scientists : Banu Musa: Top Categories Menu: Beliefs And Practices Business And Economy Comparative Religions Computers And Internet Countries Discover Islam Education Islamic Gallery Media Resources Miscellaneous Mosques And Centers Organizations Quran And Hadith Religion Of Islam Society And Culture Women In Islam Log On To The system: Username: Password: Forgot Password? Register Why Registering? Inside The Directory Directory Home Add A Site Modify A Site New Sites ... Editors Corner HOT! Directory Statistics Newsletter Random Site Search 2Muslims.com Forum Newest 5 Posts: Re: [David Duke] How Israeli terrorism and American treason by BonnCompany Re: [ihawash] Please post your waiting time and country by mowsow Re: [mowsow] Security breach in the FPGEE®, no exams till early 03

18. Mathem_abbrev Babbage, Charles Bachet de Méziriac, C Baghdadi, Abu al Banna, alMarrakushi albanu musa brothers bar Hiyya, Abraham Barrow, Isaac Battani, Abu al- Bayes http://www.pbcc.cc.fl.us/faculty/domnitcj/mgf1107/mathrep1.htm

Mathematician Report Index Below is a list of mathematicians. You may choose from this list or report on a mathematician not listed here. In either case, you must discuss with me the mathematician you have chosen prior to starting your report. No two students may write a report on the same mathematician. I would advise you to go to the library before choosing your topic as there might not be much information on the mathematician you have chosen. Also, you should determine the topic early in the term so that you can "lock-in" your report topic!! The report must include: 1. The name of the mathematician. 2. The years the mathematician was alive. 3. A biography. 4. The mathematician's major contribution(s) to mathematics and an explanation of the importance. 5. A historical perspective during the time the mathematician was alive. Some suggestions on the historical perspective might be: (a) Any wars etc. (b) Scientific breakthroughs of the time (c) Major discoveries of the time (d) How did this mathematician change history etc.

19. TLW's Ninth (9th) Century (800-899 C.E.) Timeline Japan. The banu musa brothers, three Islamic scholars and mathematiciansare born in Baghdad. 801 Charlemagne captures Barcelona. http://www.tlwinslow.com/timeline/time8xx.html

T.L. Winslow's Ninth (9th) Century Timeline 800-899 C.E. TLW's Great Track of Time Homepage Return to Beginning The Viking and Muslim Pirate century in the West, the Golden Age of Learning in Islam, and the Second Reich in backward Europe Map of Europe. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the 9th century. Pope Leo III separates from the Eastern Empire and becomes supreme bishop of the West; emperor Charlemagne (Carolus Magnus) (Karl der Grosse) (Charles the Great) (742-813) founds the Roman Empire (the word Holy is added in the 12th cent.) after being crowned on Christmas Day in Rome; Leo III becomes the only Pope in history to bow before an earthly king; Charlemagne establishes a fleet to guard against Viking attacks in the Channel. The Northmen invade Germany and discover the Faroe (Sheep) Islands . The Franks invade Bohemia. Iceland is reached by Irish explorers. Azymes (unleavened bread) are introduced into the Eucharist during this century in the West. The title of Pope (Papa) is reserved for the bishop of Rome about this time. A number of Latin Christian writings are translated into Irish. The Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid begins fostering learning in Islam, while the ignorant Christians grovel in illiteracy. The Rajputs establish a kingdom in Kana Uj (northern India). The Bantu begin to arrive in South Africa. The

20. Banu_Musa banu musa brothers. Born Hunayn ibn Ishaq and later Thabit ibn Qurraalso worked in the House of Wisdom with the banu musa brothers. http://www.math.hcmuns.edu.vn/~algebra/history/history/Mathematicians/Banu_Musa.

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