21. ROGER BACON'S PLACE IN THE HISTORY OF ALCHEMY Edmund Brehm article explores the relationship of 13th century natural philosopher bacon to alchemy and the Hermetic sciences. 23, Part I, March 1976. roger bacon'S PLACE IN THE HISTORY OF ALCHEMY http://www.levity.com/alchemy/rbacon.html

AMBIX Vol. 23, Part I, March 1976 ROGER BACON'S PLACE IN THE HISTORY OF ALCHEMY by Edmund Brehm A LCHEMY , throughout its history, has shown a dual nature. On the one hand, it has involved the use of chemical substances and so is claimed by the history of science as the precursor of modern chemistry. Yet at the same time, alchemy has, throughout its history, also been associated with the esoteric, spiritual beliefs of Hermeticism and thus is a proper subject for the historian of religious thought. The chemical approach is easily understood. As the distinguished historian of alchemy, the late F. Sherwood Taylor, concluded: "The hopeless pursuit of the practical transmutation of metals was responsible for almost the whole of the development of chemical technique before the seventeenth century, and further led to the discovery of many important materials. This is the commonly recognized contribution of alchemy." Mircea Eliade and others, on the other hand, have emphasized the soteriological function of alchemy as working toward the perfection and liberation of the human soul or spirit, a process symbolized in the perfection of metals into gold and of the human body to a state of optimum health and even immortality. Such an approach is complemented by the psychological studies of C. G. Jung, which correlate alchemical symbolism with the development of the psycho-religious life of the individual. Eliade has conclusively demonstrated the religious nature of alchemy in Eastern cultures, and Jung has discussed the psychological basis of Western alchemy during its later period (the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries). But European alchemy during the Middle Ages, especially from a religious point of view, has received little attention.

22. Roger Bacon roger bacon. From WordNet (r) 1.7. Roger Bacon n English Franciscanmonk and scientist who stressed the importance of experimentation http://roger.bacon.word.sytes.net/

roger bacon From WordNet (r) 1.7 Roger Bacon n : English Franciscan monk and scientist who stressed the importance of experimentation; first showed that air is required for combustion and first used lenses to correct vision (1220-1292) [syn: Bacon Roger Bacon 1 definition found Dictionary sytes.org word@sytes.org

23. ROGER BACON ROGER BACON c.1214 c.1292 English Philosopher. Roger Bacon, a Franciscanof Oxford, is regarded as the forerunner of modern experimental science. http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/persons5_n2/rbacon.html

ROGER BACON c.1214 - c.1292 English Philosopher Roger Bacon, a Franciscan of Oxford, is regarded as the forerunner of modern experimental science. He made lists of possible inventions 300 years before Leonardo da Vinci. There he described spectacles, flying machines, motorized ships and the process for making gun powder. His writings are a passionate tirade against ignorance. He combined his attack upon the ignorance of his time with suggestions for the increase of knowledge. But the novelty of his ideas led to his imprisonment in 1277. More about Bacon www link : The Medieval Sourcebook: Short Biography and picture 'Despair over 13th century learning' 'Roger Bacon: The First Scientist' a book by Brian Clegg

24. Bacon Born in 1214, this mathematician applied geometry to the field of optics. Learn about his relationship with the Church. roger bacon. Born 1214 in Ilchester, Somerset, England http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bacon.html

Roger Bacon Born: 1214 in Ilchester, Somerset, England Died: 1294 in Oxford, England Click the picture above to see six larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Roger Bacon studied geometry, arithmetic, music and astronomy as a young man. He received a degree from the University of Paris around 1241. After taking his degree he lectured at Paris on Aristotle 's ideas but at this stage he showed little interest in science. His interest in mathematics and science was acquired at Oxford to which he returned in 1247. He was much influenced by Grosseteste and worked most of his life on languages, mathematics, optics and sciences. In particular he concentrated on studying these topics at Oxford between has arrival in 1247 and 1257. His most important mathematical contribution is the application of geometry to optics. He said:- Mathematics is the door and the key to the sciences. Bacon followed Grosseteste in emphasising the use of lens for magnification to aid natural vision. He carried out some systematic observations with lenses and mirrors. He seems to have planned and interpreted these experiments with a remarkably modern scientific approach. However many experiments are described in his writings which he never carried out in practice. In 1257, perhaps largely due to ill health, Bacon left the University of Oxford and entered the Order of Friars Minor. However he continued his interest in the sciences and this was not appreciated by his superiors. Bacon wrote to Pope Clement IV in 1266, writing what looks remarkably similar to a grant proposal that a mathematician or scientist might make today. His proposal was for an encyclopaedia of all the sciences worked on by a team of collaborators, coordinated by a body in the Church.

25. Internet Medieval Sourcebook - Despair Over 13th Century Learning Written in 1271, this excerpt from roger bacon's "Compendium Studii Philosophiae" bemoans the state of clerical education during his time. With a modern introduction. Coulton Introduction (1910) For a brilliant popular account of roger bacon see J. R. Green's Short History, chap. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/bacon1.html

Back to Medieval Source Book ORB Main Page Links to Other Medieval Sites Medieval Sourcebook: Roger Bacon: Despair over Thirteenth Century Learning Roger Bacon: from Compendium Studii Philosophiae [Coulton Introduction (1910)] For a brilliant popular account of Roger Bacon see J. R. Green's Short History , chap. III, sect. iv; for a far more authoritative estimate of his work, Rashdall's Universities of Europe in the Miracle Ages , vol. II pp. 522 ff.. Bacon, in Dr Rashdall's words, was "the most astonishing phenomenon of the medieval schools...unlike other medieval thinkers, orthodox or unorthodox, he saw that the study of Greek was the true key to the meaning of Aristotle, and a knowledge of the Bible in the original the true foundation for a fruitful study of theology. All the characteristic ideas of the sixteenth century are held in solution, as it were, in the writings of Roger Bacon, mixed up no doubt with much that is redolent of the age in which he lived; but, of all the anticipations of modern ways of thinking with which his worlds abound, the most remarkable is his plan of educational reform." After twenty years of study and experiments, during which he expended on books and instruments the equivalent of nearly £40,000 modern money [=$200,000 in 1910!], Bacon joined the Franciscan Order, a step which he evidently lived to repent. His superiors forbade him to publish anything, and he would have died unknown but for the intervention of Pope Clement IV, who had heard of him before his elevation to the papacy, and who in 1266 sent a letter bidding him write down his ideas "without delay, and with all possible secrecy, without regard to any contrary precept of your Superiors or any constitution of your Order." In less than two years Bacon wrote three works extending to some 600 folio pages of print-the

26. BACON, ROGER bacon, roger (c http://84.1911encyclopedia.org/B/BA/BACON_ROGER.htm

document.write(""); BACON, ROGER BACON, ROGER (c. I2i4-c. 1294), English philosopher and man of science, was born near Ilchester in Somerset. His family appears to have been in good circumstances, but in the stormy reign of Henry III. their property was despoiled and several members of the family were driven into exile. Roger completed his studies at Oxford, though not, as current traditions assert, at Merton or at Brasenose, neither of which had then been founded. His abilities were speedily recognized by his contemporaries, and he enjoyed the friendship of such eminent men as Adam de Marisco and Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln. Very little is known of Bacon's life at Oxford; it is said he took orders in 1233, and this is not improbable. In the following year, or perhaps later, he crossed over to France and studied at the university of Paris, then the centre of intellectual life in Europe. The two great orders, Franciscans and Dominicans, were in the vigour of youth, and had already begun to take the lead in theological discussion. Alexander of Hales was the oracle of the Franciscans, while the rival order rejoiced in Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. the fame enjoyed by the fluent young doctors roused Bacon’s indignation. In the Opus Minus and Opus Tertium he pours forth a violent tirade against Alexander of Hales, and another professor, not mentioned by name, but spoken of as alive, and blamed even more severely than Alexander. This anonymous writer,f he says, acquired his learning by teaching others, and adopted a dogmatic tone, which has caused him to be received at Paris with applause as the equal of Aristotle, Avicenna, or Averroes.

27. Welcome To Roger Bacon High School Catholic school for grades 9 through 12 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Site includes history, administration, athletics, and other activities. http://www.rogerbacon.org/

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28. Roger Bacon Dates, extant works, recent bibliography. http://www.acusd.edu/~macy/Roger Bacon.html

Author : Roger Bacon, O.F.M. Dating : Roger studied liberal arts at Paris, receiving his degree in arts from either Paris or Oxford before 1239. As regent master in Paris, he was one of the first to lecture on the forbidden books of Aristotle at Paris where he lectured until 1247. Roger became a Franciscan sometime between 1257 and 1266. He taught the arts at the Franciscan studium at Paris. In 1266-8, he wrote the Opus maius Opus minus and Opus tertium by order of Pope Clement IV. Some of Bacon's opinions were condemned by the master general, Jerome of Ascoli between 1277 and 1279. Bacon wrote the Compendium studii theologiae in 1292, the last available date for his life. Works : Roger Bacon was not a theologian, but is included in this list for criticism of contemporary methods of teaching theology in his Compendium studii theologiae edited by Hasting Rashdall, Aberdeen, 1911; reprinted 1966. For a guide to Bacon's considerable corpus, see M. G. Hackett, "Bacon, Roger," DMA Bibliography Klaus Kienzler, "Roger Bacon," BBK J. O. North, "Roger Bacon,"

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30. Roger Bacon - Tract On The Tincture And Oil Of Antimony roger bacon Tract on the Tincture and Oil of Antimony. On the trueand right Preparation of Stibium / to heal human weaknesses http://www.levity.com/alchemy/rbacon2.html

Roger Bacon - Tract on the Tincture and Oil of Antimony On the true and right Preparation of Stibium / to heal human weaknesses and illnesses therewith, and to improve the imperfect metals. Translated by Kjell Hellesoe 1985. From Friedrich Roth-Scholtz, Deutsches theatrum chemicum , Nürnberg: Adam Jonathan Felsecker, 1731. Preface Dear reader, at the end of his Tract on Vitriol, Roger Bacon mentions that because of the multiplication of the Tincture that is made from Vitriol, the lover of Art should acquaint himself with the Tract De Oleo Stibii. Therefore I considered that it would be good and useful that the Tract De Oleo Stibii follows next. And if one thoroughly ponders and compares these tinctures with one another, then I have no doubt that one will not finish without exceptional profit. Yet, every lover of Art, should mind always to keep one eye on Nature and the other on Art and manual labour. For, when these two do not stand together, then it is a lame work, as when someone thinks he can walk a long path on one leg only, which is easily seen to be impossible, Vale.

31. Medieval Sourcebook: Roger Bacon: On Experimental Science 1268 Medieval Sourcebook roger bacon On Experimental Science, 1268.Having laid down the main points of the wisdom of the Latins as http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/bacon2.html

Back to Medieval Source Book ORB Main Page Links to Other Medieval Sites Medieval Sourcebook: Roger Bacon: On Experimental Science, 1268 Having laid down the main points of the wisdom of the Latins as regards language, mathematics and optics, I wish now to review the principles of wisdom from the point of view of experimental science, because without experiment it is impossible to know anything thoroughly. There are two ways of acquiring knowledge, one through reason, the other by experiment. Argument reaches a conclusion and compels us to admit it, but it neither makes us certain nor so annihilates doubt that the mind rests calm in the intuition of truth, unless it finds this certitude by way of experience. Thus many have arguments toward attainable facts, but because they have not experienced them, they overlook them and neither avoid a harmful nor follow a beneficial course. Even if a man that has never seen fire, proves by good reasoning that fire burns, and devours and destroys things, nevertheless the mind of one hearing his arguments would never be convinced, nor would he avoid fire until he puts his hand or some combustible thing into it in order to prove by experiment what the argument taught. But after the fact of combustion is experienced, the mind is satisfied and lies calm in the certainty of truth. Hence argument is not enough, but experience is. Source: From: Oliver J. Thatcher, ed.

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33. Philosophenlexikon.de bacon, Francis; bacon, roger; Bad, Hersch; Bain,Alexander; Bakunin, Michail Alexandrowitsch; Baley, Stefan; Barbapiccola http://www.philosophenlexikon.de/index-bb.htm

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Dedicated to bringing the joy of Big Band Music to people of all ages Formed in 1992 as a collaboration of Cincinnati, Ohio's, Roger Bacon High School Band Alumni, Sound Body has received tremendous response to its eclectic combination of classic big band swing with contemporary jazz and fusion. The band's name, adapted from the high school's Latin motto, "Mens Sana en Corpore Sano" (A Sound Mind in a Sound Body), is quite appropriate, given the powerhouse ensemble work that is the trademark of the 18-piece group. The jazz orchestra is an original American art form that combines the sheer joy and freedom of jazz rhythms with a rich and powerful orchestral sound. Following in the tradition of the famous jazz orchestras of the 1930s and 40s (commonly known as "big bands"), Sound Body plays an eclectic mix of styles - from classic swing to hard-driving Latin, to lush ballads. But what makes this ensemble unique is the addition of contemporary jazz and fusion tunes from the 1970s to today. The common thread of this broad repertoire: it's all great dance music! 4125 Wenbrook Drive Cincinnati, Ohio 45241

35. Roger Bacon Despair Over Thirteenth Century Learning An excerpt from bacon's 1271 work, Compendium Studii Philosophiae. Modernized version of the Brewer translation, provided by the Internet Medieval Sourcebook Project. http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/bacon1.html

Back to Medieval Source Book ORB Main Page Links to Other Medieval Sites Medieval Sourcebook: Roger Bacon: Despair over Thirteenth Century Learning Roger Bacon: from Compendium Studii Philosophiae [Coulton Introduction (1910)] For a brilliant popular account of Roger Bacon see J. R. Green's Short History , chap. III, sect. iv; for a far more authoritative estimate of his work, Rashdall's Universities of Europe in the Miracle Ages , vol. II pp. 522 ff.. Bacon, in Dr Rashdall's words, was "the most astonishing phenomenon of the medieval schools...unlike other medieval thinkers, orthodox or unorthodox, he saw that the study of Greek was the true key to the meaning of Aristotle, and a knowledge of the Bible in the original the true foundation for a fruitful study of theology. All the characteristic ideas of the sixteenth century are held in solution, as it were, in the writings of Roger Bacon, mixed up no doubt with much that is redolent of the age in which he lived; but, of all the anticipations of modern ways of thinking with which his worlds abound, the most remarkable is his plan of educational reform." After twenty years of study and experiments, during which he expended on books and instruments the equivalent of nearly £40,000 modern money [=$200,000 in 1910!], Bacon joined the Franciscan Order, a step which he evidently lived to repent. His superiors forbade him to publish anything, and he would have died unknown but for the intervention of Pope Clement IV, who had heard of him before his elevation to the papacy, and who in 1266 sent a letter bidding him write down his ideas "without delay, and with all possible secrecy, without regard to any contrary precept of your Superiors or any constitution of your Order." In less than two years Bacon wrote three works extending to some 600 folio pages of print-the

36. Medieval Sourcebook: Roger Bacon: On Experimental Science 1268 An excerpt from bacon's 1268 work, Opus Tertium. Provided by the Internet Medieval Sourcebook Project. http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/bacon2.html

Back to Medieval Source Book ORB Main Page Links to Other Medieval Sites Medieval Sourcebook: Roger Bacon: On Experimental Science, 1268 Having laid down the main points of the wisdom of the Latins as regards language, mathematics and optics, I wish now to review the principles of wisdom from the point of view of experimental science, because without experiment it is impossible to know anything thoroughly. There are two ways of acquiring knowledge, one through reason, the other by experiment. Argument reaches a conclusion and compels us to admit it, but it neither makes us certain nor so annihilates doubt that the mind rests calm in the intuition of truth, unless it finds this certitude by way of experience. Thus many have arguments toward attainable facts, but because they have not experienced them, they overlook them and neither avoid a harmful nor follow a beneficial course. Even if a man that has never seen fire, proves by good reasoning that fire burns, and devours and destroys things, nevertheless the mind of one hearing his arguments would never be convinced, nor would he avoid fire until he puts his hand or some combustible thing into it in order to prove by experiment what the argument taught. But after the fact of combustion is experienced, the mind is satisfied and lies calm in the certainty of truth. Hence argument is not enough, but experience is. Source: From: Oliver J. Thatcher, ed.

37. Bacon, Roger. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 2001. bacon, roger. c.1214–1294?, English scholastic philosopher and scientist,a Franciscan. 1. See AG Little, ed., roger bacon Essays (1914, repr. http://www.bartleby.com/65/ba/BaconRog.html

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38. Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary Of Phrase & Fable. Bacon, Roger E. Cobham Brewer 1810–1897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.bacon, roger. (b. Ilchester, 1214; d. Oxford, June 11th, 1292). http://www.bartleby.com/81/17802.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Bibliographical Appendix Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam Bage, Robert ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD E. Cobham Brewer . Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. Bacon, Roger

39. Bacon, Roger (1220-1292) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biography bacon, roger (12201292), English scholar who, at one point, studied under Grossetesteat Oxford. He attempted to write a universal encyclopedia of knowledge. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/BaconRoger.html

Branch of Science Scholars Nationality English Bacon, Roger (1220-1292) English scholar who, at one point, studied under Grosseteste at Oxford. He attempted to write a universal encyclopedia of knowledge. He is one of the first people (in the West) known to have mentioned gunpowder. Bacon appealed to Pope Clement to allow more experimentation in the educational system. He tried to construct a rainbow using glass beads in order to study it. This marked one of the earliest attempts to reproduce a natural phenomenon in the lab for closer scrutiny. Grosseteste References Clegg, B. The First Scientist: The Visionary Genius of Roger Bacon. Author: Eric W. Weisstein

40. Bacon, Roger: The Opus Majus Of Roger Bacon bacon, roger The Opus Majus of roger bacon, university press books, shoppingcart, new release notification. bacon, roger The Opus Majus of roger bacon. http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/14856.ctl

Go to ... Full text search Excerpts Subject catalogs Subject index ... Shopping cart contents or Print an order form Bacon, Roger The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon . Translated by Robert Belle Burke. Distributed for the Thoemmes Press. 1928 Edition. 868 p., 2 Volumes. 5-7/16 x 8-1/2 1928, 2000 Series: (T-MRP) Thoemmes Press - Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy Cloth CUSA $280.00tx 1-85506-856-7 Subjects: History: General History History of Science The University of Chicago Press You may purchase this title at these fine bookstores . Outside the USA, consult our international information page File last modified on 3/10/2003. See also: Read about this title on the Thoemmes Press website. Questions about this title? email sales@press.uchicago.edu Email questions about books or availability to sales@press.uchicago.edu or questions about order status to custserv@press.uchicago.edu . Click here here

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