41. Ayasofya 537 AD. Built in only six years, the structure was designed by thearchitects anthemius of tralles and Isidore of Miletus. On May http://www.princeton.edu/~asce/const_95/ayasofya.html

The Hagia Sophia Probably Istanbul's most famous landmark, the Hagia Sophia (also spelled Ayasofya) was built by the emperor Justinian I in the year 537 AD. Built in only six years, the structure was designed by the architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus. On May 7, 558, the dome of the church collapsed due to a December 557 earthquake, and though a new dome was quickly rebuilt, historical records tell us that it was not identical to the original. During the spring and summer of 1996, Marcus Hurley (Princeton class of 1997) created a detailed computer model of the Hagia Sophia using the Pro/ENGINEER modeling program. The model is intended to serve in a number of functions. It will be used in structural, finite element analysis of the church, can be used in visualization and walk throughs, and provides a mobile, multi-media tool for scholars interested in Byzantine architecture. Finally, it provides a useful illustration in determining the form of original structure. Creating the Model The computer model is an assembly of five parts: the ground floor, the gallery level, the arches, the domes and the west arches. The gallery was placed on top of the ground floor, while the arches were assembled above the gallery and the dome was placed on top of the entire structure. The west arches form an entrance to the west side of the Hagia Sophia. Three different domes were created: the current dome that was built after the 558 collapse, and two proposed domes to represent how the structure originally looked. At each level, datam planes were placed like cornerstones to place and orient separate features, which themselves are extrusions, rotations, blends, or sections swept along a predetermined trajectory.

42. Untitled 476 ARYABHATA. 485 DEATH OF PROCLUS. 520 anthemius of tralles AND ISIDOREOF MILETUS. 524 DEATH OF BOETHIUS. 560 EUTOCIUS COMMENTARIES ON ARCHIMEDES. http://www.erols.com/bram/timeline.html

CHRONOLOGY OF MATHEMATICIANS -1100 CHOU-PEI -585 THALES OF MILETUS: DEDUCTIVE GEOMETRY PYTHAGORAS : ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRY -450 PARMENIDES: SPHERICAL EARTH -430 DEMOCRITUS -430 PHILOLAUS: ASTRONOMY -430 HIPPOCRATES OF CHIOS: ELEMENTS -428 ARCHYTAS -420 HIPPIAS: TRISECTRIX -360 EUDOXUS: PROPORTION AND EXHAUSTION -350 MENAECHMUS: CONIC SECTIONS -350 DINOSTRATUS: QUADRATRIX -335 EUDEMUS: HISTORY OF GEOMETRY -330 AUTOLYCUS: ON THE MOVING SPHERE -320 ARISTAEUS: CONICS EUCLID : THE ELEMENTS -260 ARISTARCHUS: HELIOCENTRIC ASTRONOMY -230 ERATOSTHENES: SIEVE -225 APOLLONIUS: CONICS -212 DEATH OF ARCHIMEDES -180 DIOCLES: CISSOID -180 NICOMEDES: CONCHOID -180 HYPSICLES: 360 DEGREE CIRCLE -150 PERSEUS: SPIRES -140 HIPPARCHUS: TRIGONOMETRY -60 GEMINUS: ON THE PARALLEL POSTULATE +75 HERON OF ALEXANDRIA 100 NICOMACHUS: ARITHMETICA 100 MENELAUS: SPHERICS 125 THEON OF SMYRNA: PLATONIC MATHEMATICS PTOLEMY : THE ALMAGEST 250 DIOPHANTUS: ARITHMETICA 320 PAPPUS: MATHEMATICAL COLLECTIONS 390 THEON OF ALEXANDRIA 415 DEATH OF HYPATIA 470 TSU CH'UNG-CHI: VALUE OF PI 476 ARYABHATA 485 DEATH OF PROCLUS 520 ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES AND ISIDORE OF MILETUS 524 DEATH OF BOETHIUS 560 EUTOCIUS: COMMENTARIES ON ARCHIMEDES 628 BRAHMA-SPHUTA-SIDDHANTA 662 BISHOP SEBOKHT: HINDU NUMERALS 735 DEATH OF BEDE 775 HINDU WORKS TRANSLATED INTO ARABIC 830 AL-KHWARIZMI: ALGEBRA 901 DEATH OF THABIT IBN - QURRA 998 DEATH OF ABU'L - WEFA 1037 DEATH OF AVICENNA 1039 DEATH OF ALHAZEN

43. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT Hagia Sophia (c.532537), Istanbul, Turkey. Architects anthemius of tralles Isidorus of Miletus. 1. Plan and longitudinal section of Hagia Sophia. http://www.nyu.edu/classes/finearts/landau/arch/

History of Architecture from Antiquity to the Present (V43.0019) COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course will provide an in-depth introduction to the history of Western architecture emphasizing the formal, structural, programmatic, and contextual aspects of selected major monuments from ancient times to the present. For details and course bibliography students should consult their printed copies of the syllabus. Reading assignments in the text and in books on reserve for the course in the department library will be made in class. SLIDES: Students are responsible for knowing and recognizing monuments discussed in the lectures. The textbook has illustrations for most of them; however, lectures will also include other and better views and related images. Those additional images for which students are also responsible are illustrated below in the order of presentation. Parthenon (447-432 B.C.), Athens, Greece. Architects: Ictinus and Callicrates

44. Hagia Sophia - Acapedia - Free Knowledge, For All you!). Its architects were Isidore of Miletus and anthemius of tralles,professors of geometry at the University of Constantinople. http://acapedia.org/aca/Hagia_Sophia

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45. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Miletus (Catholic Encyclopedia)Category Society Religion and Spirituality M...... Among those who brought fame to the city during Byzantine times must be mentionedthe architect Isidore, who, with anthemius of tralles, built St. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10303c.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... M > Miletus A B C D ... Z Miletus A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Aphrodisias, in Caria. Situated on the western coast of Caria near the Latmic Gulf at the mouth of the Mæander and the terminus of several of the great roads of Asia Minor, Miletus was for a long period one of the most prosperous cities of the ancient world. At first inhabited by the Leleges and called Lelegeis or Pityussa, it was rebuilt under the name of Miletus by the Cretans (Strabo, XIV, i, 3). It is mentioned by Homer (Iliad, II, 868). About the tenth century B. C. the Ionians occupied it, and made it a maritime and commercial power of the first rank. From it numerous colonies were founded along the Hellespont, the Propontis, and the Black Sea, among others Cyzicus and Sinope. Miletus also had its period of literary glory with the philosophers Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, the historians Hecatæus and Cadmus, the rhetorician Æschines, and the writer of tales, Aristides. After the sixth century B. C.

46. Procopius: The Description Of The Hagia Sophia, 537 Description written in 537 of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. Taken from the Lethabv/Swainson Category Society History Historians Procopius of Caesarea...... anthemius of tralles, the most skilled in the builder's art, not only of hisown but of' all former times, carried forward the king's zealous intentions http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/bible/procopius.stm

The description of the Hagia Sophia, 537 by Procopius (c.490/507-c.560s) Procopius of Caesarea (in Palestine) [c.490/50-c.560s] is the most important source for information about the reign of the emperor Justinian [born 482/3, ruled. 527-565] and his wife Theodora [d. 547/8]. From 527 to 531 Procopius was a counsel to the great general of the time, Belisarius [505-565]. He was on Belisarius's first Persian campaign [527-531], and later took part in an expedition against the Vandals [533-534]. He was in Italy on the Gothic campaign until 540, after which he lived in Constantinople, since he describes the great plague of 542 in the capital. His life after that is largely unknown, although he was given the title illustris in 560 and in may have been prefect of Constantinople in 562-3. He wrote a number of official histories, including On the Wars in eight books [Polemon or De bellis], published 552, with an addition in 554, and On the Buildings in six books [Peri Ktismaton or De aedificiis] , published 561. He also left a "Secret History"

47. Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica, Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, designedby anthemius of tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, 532–537. http://search.britannica.com/search?query=HAGIA SOPHIA

48. Hagiasophia Sophia (Greek Holy Wisdom) was built under the direction of Justinian I in Constantinopleand designed by the architects anthemius of tralles and Isidore of http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/maptext_n2/mapsmall_n2/hagiasophia.html

The church of Hagia Sophia (Greek: Holy Wisdom) was built under the direction of Justinian I in Constantinople and designed by the architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus. The vast structure was erected within six years (AD 531 - 537). The domed basilica was the largest enclosed space of its time and became later a model for many Islamic mosques throughout the Arab world.

49. Eclipse 1999 Home The supreme masterpiece of Byzantine architecture, the present structure was built(AD 53237) by anthemius of tralles and Isidorus of Miletus for the emperor http://www.fss.umn.edu/dept/staffpgs/Doug/Day14.html

50. Hagia Sophia In Istanbul, Turkey now serves the world as a famous museum in Istanbul was rebuilt under Emperor Justinian(532537) by his imperial architects anthemius of tralles and Isidorus http://www.monolithicdome.com/thedome/hagiasophia/

Free Information Home Gallery Church Gallery Schools Gallery Commercial Buildings Industrial Buildings Email Us! How To's Roundup Dome Process domebuilders.com Online Bulletin Board Marketplace Conference Workshops Site Map HOME Go Search The Monolithic Dome Homes Schools Sports ... Site Map Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey by Freda Parker Enlarge Socrates (380-440), the official chronicler of church history, credited the construction of the original Hagia Sophia in 360 to Emperor Constantine I (324-337). Apparently, Constantine I, known as "the Great," first made Christianity his state religion, then began building huge Christian churches throughout Byzantium. One of those was Hagia Sophia whose name means "holy wisdom." Nearly 200 years later, fires and riots destroyed that original edifice. The Hagia Sophia that now serves the world as a famous museum in Istanbul was rebuilt under Emperor Justinian (532-537) by his imperial architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Unfortunately, severe earthquakes destroyed their dome, so it had to be rebuilt again in 563, but on a somewhat higher curve. Enlarge Many consider Hagia Sophia the supreme masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. A lofty central dome, 102 feet in diameter and 184 feet in height, spans its spacious nave. That dome sits on pendentives or supporting arches at the corners of a square that make the transition to a circular plan possible. The arches at the east and west are extended and buttressed by great half-domes. Those half-domes rest on smaller, semi domed exedras or porticos. Consequently, the huge main dome is really a succession of smaller domes.

51. Istanbul; City Of Splendor(Page 2) completed in 6 years. Its chief architect was anthemius of tralles,assisted by Isidorus of Miletus. In December 537, Justinian http://www.geocities.com/Baja/4464/Istanpage2.html

nomad travel photo g raphy Interior view of the Beyazit Cami'i, which was built in the years 1501-1506. Built over the ruins of the Forum of Theodosius, it has one of the most attractive courtyards, and its plan is a simplified version of Haghia Sophia. The pavement is of marble, with a magnificent central ablution fountain. The mosque was built during the reign of Beyazit II. Haghia Sophia. Juxtaposition of Islamic calligraphy on the "lehvas" and the mosaic representation of the "Virgin And Child". The church of Haghia Sophia was essentially built at the behest of the Byzantine emperor Justinian. Its re-building on the ruins of the Theodosian church in 532 was completed in 6 years. Its chief architect was Anthemius of Tralles, assisted by Isidorus of Miletus. In December 537, Justinian and his wife, Empress Theodora, dedicated the church to the Divine Wisdom. next page previous page

52. FOCUS On Hagia Sophia (History) The two most famous architects of the age; anthemius of tralles (Aydin) and Isidorusof Miletus, were entrusted with the construction of the building. http://www.focusmm.com/civilization/hagia/history.htm

History of Hagia Sophia A lthough there are no artifacts confirming it, it is said that Hagia Sophia was built on the site of an ancient pagan temple. Hagia Sophia underwent two phases of construction before attaining its present state. D ocuments indicate that the first Hagia Sophia was built by Emperor Constantius, son of Emperor Constantinos I, and was opened for services in 360 AD. Although very little is known about this church, it is assumed that it was a basilica-type structure with a rectangular floor plan, circular apse and timbered roof. It was similar to St.Studios, a basilica in Istanbul , the ruins of which still exist. Ancient sources emphasize that the eastern wall was circular. C onstantius donated gold and silver as well as religious objects to his church, but these were vandalized by Arians during the Council of 381 AD. H agia Sophia was first named "Megale Ekklesia" (The Great Church) as it was the largest church in Constantinople. The historian Socrates indicated that the church was named Sophia during the reign of Emperor Constantius. The name given to the church symbolized the second divine attribute of the Holy Trinity. Originally, Sophia, which means "Holy Wisdom", was a name given to Christ by 4th century theologians. Both names, Megale Ekklesia and Hagia Sophia are used today. T he original church was destroyed in 404 AD by mobs, during the riots, when Emperor Arcadius sent the Patriarch of Constantinople, John Chrysostom, into exile for his open criticism of the Empress.

53. WA's Web Warren Constantinople's Church of the Holy Wisdom, commissioned by Justinian I and constructedfrom 532537(!) to the designs of anthemius of tralles and Isodorus of http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/WarrenAllen/

Global agencies for global decisions Something new, as of 27 March 2003 Free music! Every Saturday night, 7:30-10:00pm: Keith Warren (and possibly Jim live at Tully's Coffee New Tunes List for Tin Whistle pennywhistle A list of about 120 songs and traditional tunes that I've found to be playable on the tin whistle, including 50 Christmas songs and carols... with notes on playing, fingering charts, tables of keys and modes, pics of whistles, pics of whistle players... C o n c e r n i n g t h e p l a y i n g o f t h e g u i t a r Pop tunes A stack of song transcriptions - with all the chords New : Gram Parsons' / Chris Hillman's Sin City Portable major scale pattern - and the major triad comfortably nestled within - in D, but not limited thereto - a .jpg, prints on one page. How to tune a guitar - while dodging The Trap of the Tempered Third (...er, what...?!) alternate tunings - with notes about who uses them, for what, and why scale lengths - of about 100 different acoustic and electric guitars, and other stringed instruments fortifying guitar and mandolin licks (employable as Windows Startup wave files) early 20th Century paintings Tumbling toward abstraction pics from India trip - Jan-Feb 2001 pics of friends and family - India, Amy's Visit, Lake Mead, North Bennington...

54. Hagia Sophia 532-537 builders. anthemius of tralles and Isidorus of Miletus were, however,well versed in mathematics, statics, and kinetics. This was http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/Mediterranean/HagiaSophia.html

55. A325 - Lecuture Notes 4 Constantinopolitan church. Justinian’s church begun 532 by the architectsanthemius of tralles and Isidoros of Miletus. Dedicated 537. An http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/dido/classes/a325/lec4.html

Lecture Notes 4 Architecture of Justinian I (527-565): Early Byzantine Period Read Calkins chapter 3. Grandiose building program of this emperor is recorded by his court historian Procopius in his volume known as the “Buildings.” Justinian built or restored 33 churches in Constantinople alone, but built primarily military architecture throughout his vast empire. Hagia Sophia, Constantinople . Cathedral and patriarchal church dedicated to Christ as the Holy Wisdom of God. Nike riot in Constantinople in 532 burned the old city cathedral which probably resembled the aisled basilican church of St. Demetrius in Salonica (see Calkins figs. 3.16 and 3.17): except no transept in the Constantinopolitan church. Justinian’s church begun 532 by the architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidoros of Miletus . Dedicated 537. An “expanded dome basilica” with a central dome 108 feet in diameter and extending to 184 feet above the pavement. Dome on pendentives ; it is flanked by two lower half domes. Entire building-270 feet longwas covered by masonry vaults and domes of different configurations-the first such church building in Europe. Built of brick and mortar (except cut stone in 4 large piers under the central dome. Atrium (now lost), 2 narthexes, nave (naos) flanked by aisles on 3 sides, the aisles covered by galleries on 3 sides. Unclassical disposition of the columns. (Calkins figs. 3.8 to 3.15). Church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus

56. | HISTORY OF ART | Chapter 7 | Page 1 Italy. 42526, anthemius of tralles and Isodorus of Miletus. Churchof Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey. 532-37, (page 1 of 2), Church http://www.ou.edu/class/ahi1113/html/ch-07-1.htm

Chapter 7 (page 1 of 2) next Map of the Empire of Justinian in the mid-6th century Menorahs and Ark of the Covenant , wall painting in a Jewish catacomb, Villa Torlonia, Rome, 3rd century Menorahs and Ark of the Covenant detail Synagogue Dura-Europos, Syria, second half of 3rd century Synagogue floor, Maon, West Bank. Mosaic, 530 Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus , Rome, 4th century Good Shepherd, Orants, and Story of Jonah , painted ceiling of the Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus, Rome, 4th century Good Shepherd, Orants, and Story of Jonah , detail Reconstruction drawing of Old Saint Peter's, Rome, 320-27; atrium added in later 4th century Church of Santa Maria ,Maggiore, Rome. 432-40 Nave, Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome. 432-40 Parting of Lot and Abraham , mosaic in the nave arcade, Church of Santa Maria Maggiore Mausoleum of Gala Placidia , Ravenna, Italy. 425-26

57. Chapter4 sixth century, wished to rebuild the cathedral of Constantinople, and from the schoolof Antioch he drew both his architects, anthemius of tralles and Isidore http://www.giveshare.org/churchhistory/truthtriumphant/chapter4.html

CHAPTER 4 THE SILENT CITIES OF SYRIA The ancestry of the Reformers is to be found in the godly men and women who, even in the darkest days, by their simple evangelical piety, kept the fire on the altar from going out altogether. N THE early ages of the Christian Era the flourishing cities of Syria were the first to occupy a commanding position in the development of the doctrines and missions of the true church. It is an impressive fact that many of these silent and deserted cities still remain in a remarkable state of preservation. For many centuries after the Jewish Christians migrated north when they were driven out of Jerusalem, they continued to augment the membership of this already virile Christian region whose chief city was Antioch. Syria is a district, little known, but full of significance respecting the history of the true church. Here church organizations and mission enterprises took permanent shape under the hands of the apostles and their immediate successors. From this new base, streams of light went out to the ends of the earth. Historical and Archaeological Background Jerusalem's fall produced its greatest moral effect upon the millions of Jews who did not reside in Palestine. Stunned by this event, they listened to the gospel, and untold numbers turned to Christ. These did a great work in establishing the church in all parts of the world.

58. Travel Intelligence | Hagia Sophia: Wisdom Of The Ages By Tom Brosnahan So ambitious were the architects, anthemius of tralles and Isidorus of Miletus,that the dome had to be made from special hollowed bricks shaped from a http://www.travelintelligence.net/wsd/articles/art_284.html

Other Features on: Turkey Istanbul Architecture History ... Religion Hagia Sophia: Wisdom of the Ages By Tom Brosnahan On a hot Istanbul afternoon, Hagia Sophia is an oasis of cool silence broken only by the spiel and patter of the multilingual guides. Their flocks of curious Europeans, Americans, Japanese and Greeks feel what the guides by this time ignore: awe. Print story E-mail story Feedback Drafty, sombre, aged, dank, lofty, glorious. In summer cool as marble, in winter cold as snow. On a hot Istanbul afternoon, Hagia Sophia is an oasis of cool silence broken only by the spiel and patter of the multilingual guides. Their flocks of curious Europeans, Americans, Japanese and Greeks feel what the guides by this time ignore: awe. It is the awe not of religion, for Hagia Sophia is neither church nor mosque any longer. The awe is of age, of history, and of miraculous architecture. Hagia Sophia is an experience in space and time, and the architects' magic still works after more than fourteen centuries. Here, for the first time, the basilica's classic rectangle was widened to a square and topped with an immense flattened dome. So ambitious were the architects, Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, that the dome had to be made from special hollowed bricks shaped from a particularly light clay found only on the island of Rhodes. The huge pillars which support the dome are effectively hidden in the north and south walls of the nave. After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, this design influenced the basic plan of the greatest, most splendid Ottoman Turkish mosques.

59. The Desecrated Churches Of Constantinople In 550 the church was rebuilt by the Roman Emperor Justinian, designed with the Greekcross plan by the celebrated architects anthemius of tralles and Isidorus http://www.e-grammes.gr/2000/06/church_en.htm

The desecrated churches of Constantinople Which churches use the Turks as mosques. The Greek state shows no interest. 1 June 2000 One of the basic characteristics of any nation who wishes to be called civilized is the religious freedom. As you will realise from the present article, this concept is unknown to the turkish nation. In the occupied by the Turks Constantinople, tens of Christian churches and monasteries, real jewels of the European civilization have either been converted to mosques or demolished. It is a wonder why all the Christian European governments and especially the Greek, suppress the issue. Possibly, instead of provoking sorrow and rage, the continuous desecration of the churches provokes joy to them. The famous church of the Holy Apostles, where a mosque is built over. On the fourth hill of the city, to the northwest of the Aqueduct of Valens, was the church of the Holy Apostles Most of the relics, the gold and silver vessels decorated with precious stones, the icons, the imperial crowns, the magnificent hieratic vestments and other important objects of the church of the Holy Apostles were carried off to Western Europe, when our capital was looted by the Latins in 1204. The Latins plundered the imperial tombs and robbed them of gold and gems. The glorious tombs were completely destroyed in the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (29th May 1453) by fanatical dervishes of sultan Mehmet II. According to the historian Kritoboulos, the dervishes smashed for 14 hours with clubs and steel rods the lyrics. After smashing them, they threw what was left in a lime furnace. In 1461 sultan Mehmet II demolished the church and built a mosque over its foundations

60. Architecture Of Aya Sofya Cami'i - Istanbul, Turkey Also known as The Justinian Church. Designed by anthemius of tralles and Isidorusof Miletus. Restored 1849. Restored by Gaspare and Guiseppe Fossati. http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/TR/IstanbulAyaSofyaCamii.html

A d The World Middle East Turkey : Istanbul Aqueducts Aya Sofya Cami'i Blue Mosque Sirkeci Station Home Latest News ... Discussion Forum Exhibits Browse by City Browse by State Browse by Country Browse by Continent ... Architecture posters Site Utilities Mobile Edition Recommend Us FAQ Search ... Logout Sign up for our newsletter What's this? Advertisement Aya Sofya Cami'i Formerly: Haghia Sophia (Divine Wisdom) Also known as: Megale Ekklesia (The Great Church) Original building completed: Destroyed: By fire during the riots of 404 Second building completed: 415. Also known as The Theodosian Church Destroyed: By fire during the Nika Revolt in 532 Third building completed: 537. Also known as The Justinian Church

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