61. The Life Of Imam Ali (a.s) > From Hijrah Till The Demise Of The Holy Prophet (w. Abu 'Abd Allah informed me Ahmad b. Isa alkarkhi told me Abu al-'Ayna Muhammadb. al-Qasim told us Muhammad b. 'A'isha told us on the authority of Isma'il b http://www.imamalinet.net/en/ec/ecc/eccc/ecc5.htm

home The Life of Imam Ali (a.s) From Hijrah till The Demise of The Holy Prophet (w.a.w) Ali and his Shi'a Being the Successful Ones Ali and his Shi'a Being the Successful Ones Reports of him, Peace be on him, and his Shi'a Being the Successful Ones. [Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad b. 'Imran al-Marzubani informed me: 'Ali b. Muhammad b. 'Abd A11ah al-Hafiz told me: 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ubayd al-Kufi told us: Isma'il b. Aban told us on the authority of Sa'd b. Talib, on the authority of Jabir b. Yazid, on them authority of Muhammad b. 'Ali al-Baqir, peace be on them both, who said:] Umm Salama, the wife of the Prophet, may God bless him and his family, was asked about 'Ali- b. Abi Talib, peace be on him, she said: "I heard the Apostle of God say: "Ali and his Shi'a are the successful ones.' " [Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad b. 'Imran informed me: Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Jawhari told me: Muhammad b. Harun b. Isa al-Hashimi told me: Tamim b. Muhammad b. al-'Ala told us: 'Abd al-Razzaq told us: Yahya b. al-'Ala told us on the authority of Sa'd b. Tarif, on the authority of al-Asbagh b. Nubata, on the authority of 'Ali, peace be on him, who said:] The Apostle of God, may God bless him and his family said: "God, the Most High, has a cane of ruby which none will obtain except us and our Shi'a. The rest of the people are excluded from it."

62. Untitled kinds heavily patronized by Abbasid court. 813 Death of Ma'ruf alkarkhiwho brought Sufism to Baghdad. 816 Death of Abu Nuwas, dissolute http://hs1.hst.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/chronology/highmideast.html

Ibn al-Muqaffa' launches adab prose with translations from Pahlavi Death of al-Awza'i, founder of the Awza'i school of Islamic law Death of al-Saffah, the first of the 'Abbasid Caliphs Spain independent under an Umayyad dynasty of amirs; rivalry of various arab tribes and of locally converted Muslims maintains turmoil in Spain Death of Ibn al-Muqaffa', translator of Persian works, caliphal adviser, and prose writer Death of Isma'il, one of the seventh Fatimid Shi'i imams, and "founder" of the Isma'ili branch of Shi'i imams Foundation of round city of Baghdad, which becomes commercial and cultural capital of all Muslim territories Death of Ja'far al-Sadiq, imam of those Shi'is who held to a Fatimid line; from his death date their divisions Death of Ibn Ishaq, biographer of Muhammad nafi school of Islamic law Death of Abu-Hanifah, great imam of the Iraqi school of fiqh, and founder of the H refuses to serve under Abbasids Jabir ibn Hayyan, alchemist, establishes a corpus of alchemical knowledge Caliphate of al-Mahdi; establishment, gradually, of pattern of Abbasid relation to Sunni ulama - acknowledgement of their type of piety; henceforth, the former Piety-minded Opposition either comes to terms with the Abbasids, as Jama'i Sunnis, or (a minority) eventually go into oppositional Shi'i sects; persecution of Manicheans, especially as attracting courtiers. Death of al-Khalil, first systematic grammarian, prosodist, and lexicographer

63. Mathematics sexagesimal system. alkarkhi was primarily responsible for popularisingHindu numerals before the advent of Arabic ones. His book http://jews-for-allah.org/Why-Believe-in-Allah/math.htm

MATHEMATICS Muslims have made immense contributions to almost all branches of the sciences and arts, but mathematics was their favourite subject and its development owes a great deal to the genius of Arab and persian scholars. The advancement in different branches of mathematical science commenced during the Caliphate of Omayyads, and Hajjaj bin Yusuf, who was himself a translator of Euclid as well as a great patron of mathematicians. Translations Arithmetic Arabs were the founders of every day arithmetic and taught the use of ciphers to the world. Musa al-Khwarizmi (780850 A.D.) a native of Khwarizm, who lived in the reign of Mamun-ar-Rashid, was one of the greatest mathematicians of all times. He composed the oldest Islamic works on arithmetic and algebra which were the principal source of knowledge on the subject for a fairly long time. George Sarton pays glowing tribute to this outstanding Muslim mathematician and considers him "one of the greatest scientists of his race and the greatest of his time".' He systematised Greek and Hindu mathematical knowledge and profoundly influenced mathematical thought during mediaeval times. He championed the use of Hindu numerals and has the distinction of being the author of the oldest Arabic work on arithmetic known as Kitab-ul Jama wat Tafriq. The original version of this work has disappeared but its Latin translation Trattati a" Arithmetic edited by Bon Compagni in 1157 at Rome is still in existence. Al-Nasavi is the author of Abnugna Fil Hissab Al-Kindi short extracts of which were published by F. Woepeke in the journal Asiatique in 1863. His arithmetic explains the division of fractions and the extraction of square and cubic roots in an almost modern manner. He introduced the decimal system in place of sexagesimal system.

64. My Mother Died, Can I Do Anything For Her? is known in Baghdad has the 'Proven Medicine', that is, for prayers to be answeredand worries to be relieved, and so is the tomb of Ma'ruf alkarkhi, also in http://www.tazkiya.net/Library/Fiqh/Hanafi/Misc/mother_died_can_do_anything_4her

Tazkiya Library Fiqh Hanafi Miscellaneous My mother died, can I do anything for her? Answered by Sidi Faraz Rabbani Question: My mother died. I don't think I was good like I should've been to her. Can I do anything for her to benefit? This is a beautiful answer from a great wali: http://www.iqra.net/articles/living.html How the living may help the dead from The Lives of Man Of: Imam Abdallah Ibn Alawi al-Haddad Rady Allahu Anhu Translated by: Dr. Mostafa al-Badawi, Madina Praying for the dead, asking forgiveness for them, and giving charity on their behalf are some of the things God causes the dead in their graves to benefit from and be protected by. There are many hadiths about this, and many fine and virtuous people have witnessed it in their dreams. Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, may God be pleased with him, once said to the Messenger of God, may peace and blessings be upon him: 'My mother's soul departed suddenly, and had she been able to speak she would have given alms. Would it bring benefit to her if I did it on her behalf?' 'Yes!' he replied. So he dug a well (for people to take water from) and said: 'This is on behalf of Sa'd's mother.' And another man said: 'O Messenger of God! My parents have died; is there anything left with which I may be good to them?' And he replied: 'There are four things: praying and asking forgiveness for them, carrying out their promises, being good to their friends, and giving proper attention to those kinship bonds which could have only be attended to by them.'

65. The Country And People Of Iraq AlMulla Aboud al-karkhi Poems Al-Orfali Gallery of Baghdad By Widad Orfali andother painters Internet Movie Database Movie TV reports Iraqi Art Page http://www.hejleh.com/countries/iraq.html

Special Arab Files This page contains links to sites in Iraq and Iraq related sites. For Middle East, North Africa, Arab and regional information visit Arab Countries Iraq History Modern Iraq is approximately coextensive with ancient Mesopotamia, and prior to the Arab conquest in the 7th cent. A.D. was the site of a number of flourishing civilizations, including Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia. In the 8th cent., as capital of the Abbasid caliphate, Baghdad became an important center of learning and the arts. Mesopotamia fell to the Ottoman Turks in the 16th cent. The British invaded Iraq in World War I, and in 1920 the country became a League of Nations mandate under British administration. Iraq was made a kingdom under Faisal I in 1921, and the British mandate was terminated in 1932, although British military bases remained. Meanwhile, the first oil concession had been granted in 1925, and in 1934 the export of oil began. Domestic politics were marked by turbulence, and the country experienced seven military coups between 1936 and 1941. Following an army coup in 1958, Iraq became a republic under Gen. Abdul Karim Kassem. The chronic Kurdish problem flared up in 1962, when tribes demanding an autonomous Kurdistan gained control of much of N Iraq. The rebellion collapsed (1975), but intermittent warfare has continued.

66. 1000-1250 1000. Alhazen (optics, geometric algebra); Gerbert or Pope Sylvester II (arithmetic,globes). 1024. alkarkhi (algebra). 1042. Edward the Confessor became king. http://euphrates.wpunj.edu/courses/math21180/chrono08.htm

Home Up Before 3000 BC 3000-2000 BC ... Alhazen (optics, geometric algebra); Gerbert or Pope Sylvester II (arithmetic, globes). Al-Karkhi (algebra). Edward the Confessor became king. Death of al-Biruni Norman Conquest First Crusade Omar Khayyam (geometric solution of cubic equations, calendar). Important edition of the Arithmetic in Nine Sections printed. Plato of Tivoli (translator from the Arabic); Adelard of Bath (translator from the Arabic). Jabir ibn Aflah or Gerber (trigonometry). Johannes Hispalensis (translator from the Arabic); Robert of Chester (translator from the Arabic). Second Crusade Gherardo of Cremona (translator from the Arabic); Bhaskara (algebra, indeterminate equations). Murder of Thomas a Becket Fibonacci (arithmetic, algebra, geometry, Fibonacci sequence , Liber abaci). Magna Carta Jordanus Nemorarius (algebra). Announcements Assignments Bibliography Chronological Facts ... Home © Spring 2003 - M Llarull Department of Mathematics William Paterson University

67. Garib Sayyidi Da'ud atTa'i. Sayyidi Fathu's-Su'ud. Sayyidi Ma'ruf al-karkhi. SayyidiSa'd Sayyidi Sa'id. Sayyidi as-Sari as-Saqati. Sayyidi Ahmad al-Marwani. http://www.sufism.20m.com/garib.htm

Cheap Web Site Hosting 'YAZILMIÞTIR HERÞEY' GARÝBLERÝN KÝTABI’nda Gariblerin Kitabý'nýn Þule Yayýnlarý arasýnda yapýlan 4. baskýsýnýn kapaðý.(Mayýs 2000) Birkaç ay önceydi; canlardan bir can kitap tanýtým yazýlarý istemiþti. Ancak alýþýldýk, sýradan "tavsiye" yazýlarýna benzer çalakalem yazýlara ekim varmadý. Sonra birgün, Kitap Sarayý'nda yeni yayýnlar arasýnda -18 yýl önce ilk defa okuduðum- " Gariplerin Kitabý "nýn Mavi Yayýncýlýk tarafýndan çýkarýlmýþ olan yeni baskýsýný görünce 'gecikmiþ bir tanýtým yazýsý' yazma fikri gönlüme geldi, kaldý. Son günlerde bazý sansasyonel gazeteler yanýsýra muhafazakar ve "millici" yayýn organlarýnda da önemli bir yer iþgal etmeye baþlayan "hristiyanlýðý seçen" Türkiye müslümanlarýna dair haberler baðlamýnda Ýslamiyet-Hristiyanlýk iliþkisini -çarpýcý bir örnek olan Abdülkadir es-Sufi ve eserleri ýþýðýnda- ele almak adeta vacib olmuþtu. Abdulkadir es-Sufi ( daha sonra el-Murabýt) adý ile Ýslam dünyasýnda tanýnan Ian Dallas Gariplerin Kitabý’nda öyküsü anlatýldýðý üzere 1967 yýlý Ramazan'ýnda Fas’ýn Merakeþ kentindeki Karaviyyun Camiinde Ýslam'a girer. Kýsa süre sonra Fas'ýn Meknes kentinde Þazeli tarikatýnýn Darqawi kolunun mürþidi Þeyh Muhammed Habib ed-Darqawi'ye intisab eder. Þeyh tarafýndan kendisine ''es-Sufi'' lakabý verilir. Þeyh Muhammed bin Habib el-Alevi[K.S.]

68. Why We Call It Algebra One of the greatest Arab mathematicians of the century following alKhwarazmi wasal-karkhi, who wrote a treatise to which he gave the title al-Fakhri. He http://mathwise.net/pages/Why_we_call_it_Algebra.htm

Why we call it Algebra? Respect Responsibility Readiness It seems to have started at the court of Caliph al-Mamun, who was ruler of Baghdad from 809 to 833. Al-Mamun was a scholar, interested in all branches of knowledge. He included in his court many learned men. Among these, the greatest mathematician and astronomer was a man called Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarazmi, whose name meant "Mohammed, son of Moses, the Khwarazmite." This man is best known for having written a mathematical treatise with the title "hisab al-jar wa'lmuqabalah." Years later, the Moors took this work into Spain. There, during the twelfth century, it was translated into Latin, the common language of European scholars, and its ideas were carried to Italy and many other countries. Along the way, the word "al-jabr" was charged into the word "algebra," the form in which we use it today. The title of al-Khwarazmi's treatise, "hisab al-jabr wa'l muqabalah," means "the science of reduction and comparison." Because the word "al-jar" referred to the reduction of parts to a whole, it also took on a meaning that seems a far cry from its mathematical one. An "algebrista" was a restorer," a man who reset broken bones! One of the greatest Arab mathematicians of the century following al-Khwarazmi was al-Karkhi, who wrote a treatise to which he gave the title "al-Fakhri." He called it this in honor of his patron, the vizer Abu Galib, whose familiar name was "Fakhr al-Mulik." If this had been the work chosen for translation, who knows? You might today be studying "alfakhri"instead of "algebra."

69. Deneme - Tarihçe - Derleme - Hikaye / Prof. Dr. Erhan Güzel 1150) cebirsel yöntemlerle bir çok problemi çözmüslerdir.Islam matematikçileriarasinda Mohammed ibn Musa alKhoWarizmi (MS 825) ve al-karkhi (MS 1100 http://www.cebirciyim.netteyim.net/deneme.htm

DENEME " Bilim, doðayý algýlama çabasýdýr " Cahit Arf Görüþlerinizi Yazýnýz Anketimize Katýlýnýz Kitap Hediye Ediyoruz AnaSayfa ... Duyuru Matematik ve genel olarak bilim ile ilgili, pek çok yerde kolayca bulunabilen yada bulunamayan bilgileri , hikayeleri bir araya toplamak için, bulduklarýnýzla derlediklerinizle yada kendi yazdýklarýnýzla katkýda bulunursanýz sevinirim. E-Mail LÜTFEN DÝKKAT ! Gönderdiklerinizin yayýnlanmasý halinde,aksi belirtilmedikçe, adýnýz kullanýlacaktýr Sýfýr (0) ýn Tarihi Sýfýr sayýsýný bulmak çok zaman aldý (Derleyen : Erhan Güzel) Cebir Tarihi M.Ö. 1700-1600 yýllarýna uzanan bir geçmiþ (Derleyen: E.Güzel) Geometri Tarihi M.Ö. 1700 de alan hesabý mirasyediler için önemliydi (Derleyen : Erhan Güzel) Ýstanbul Üniversitesi Tarihi Dünyanýn en eski üniversitelerinden biri (http://www.istanbul.edu.tr) Matematik matematiktir Merak edip soranlara yanýt (Yazan: Erhan Güzel) Bir Üniversitenin Kuruluþu Harvard üniversitesinden bir öðrenci (Gönderen : Dursun Koçer) Karþýlýk Beklemeden Sir Alexander Fleming ve Penisilin (Gönderen : Elia Güzel ) Kendi Müziðini Yap Keman sanatcýsý Perlma'nýn konseri (Gönderen : Çetin Bolcal) Sýfýr (0) ýn Tarihi Sýfýr 'ýn çok eskiden beri bilindiði sanýlmaktadýr.Kuzey Hindistan da 7-inci asýrda

70. (((( THE HABASHI HERESY )))) to touch the wall and stones of prophet’s or saint’s grave Awliyaa to seekblessings, claiming that “the grave of Sheikh (Maaroof alkarkhi) is a well http://www.alsalafyoon.com/EnglishPosts/habashie.htm

THE HABASHI HERESY )))) Known as The Association of Islamic Charitable Projects (A.I.C.P) It’s permissible with the Habashi doctrine to seek refuge in other than Allah , saying “ A’UDHU BIRASOOLILLAH ” I seek refuge in the prophet!! This should be enough to prove the deviant “Fatwas of this person”. It’s also permissible to call upon the dead saints for ones need, “for they are able to listen to his call whether from far: east or west, and even exit their graves and respond to the distressed one when he calls them, they relieve his suffering, give him his need, and then they return to their graves” . This Fatwa contradicts the Qur’an ( Don’t call any with Allah) And the hadith “If you ever ask, ask Allah, and if you ever seek help, seek it from Allah” “The call ( Du’aa is worship”. which means that calling other than Allah is considered a worship to other than Allah. Sheikh

71. BELAJAR PUNCA KUASA DUA MELALUI KAJIAN POLA alkarkhi, se orang ahli matematik Islam, telah mengemukakan cara menganggar nilaipunca kuasa dua dengan menggunakan formula ( Al-Daffa’ , 1977 ; Shauqi dan http://members.tripod.com/~MUJAHID/puncadua.html

MEMAHAMI PUNCA KUASA DUA MELALUI KAJIAN POLA Oleh : Tengku Zawawi bin Tengku Zainal Unit Matematik MPKTBR Pengenalan Kuasa dua dan punca kuasa dua adalah antara tajuk yang sukar di peringkat menengah rendah. Strategi pengajaran dan pembelajaran tajuk berkenaan, banyak tertumpu kepada kaedah hafalan di samping pendedahan , dan kemahiran menggunakan buku sifir serta kalkulator eletronik. Para pelajar hanya mengetahui bahawa; punca kuasa dua adalah songsangan bagi kuasa dua, dan begitulah sebaliknya, kuasa dua adalah songsangan bagi punca kuasa dua. Penggunaan simbol yang ‘ archaic’ seperti dan istilah yang tidak tekal ( seperti ‘kuasa’ dan ‘punca’ ), telah menambahkan lagi kesukaran dan kekeliruan di kalangan pelajar ( Harkin and Rising, 1974 ; Ngean, 1984 ). Amat jarang guru menggunakan kaedah-kaedah pengajaran matematik yang lebih menarik dan bermakna seperti kaedah penemuan, untuk mengajar topik-topik yang sukar seperti kuasa dan punca kuasa dua. Pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang bermakna bukan sahaja dapat membantu pelajar membina skim pengetahuan yang betul, malah dapat menimbulkan rasa minat dan cinta terhadap matematik. Pengertian Punca Kuasa Dua Perkataan ‘root’ berasal daripada bahasa Arab, ‘

72. Pearl Publishing House: Endowment Of Divine Grace, Pref. Among these blessed servants of God Almighty were AlHassan Al-Basri, Al-Fadhil Bin'Iyãd, Ma'rouf al-karkhi and others, may God Almighty be pleased with them http://www.pearlpublishing.com/gilanipref.shtml

The Endowment of Divine Grace by Sidi Shaykh Muhyiddeen Abdul Qadir Gilani trans. by Shaykh Muhammad Al-Akili PREFACE In the Name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate Dear friend: "Your heart is a polished mirror. You must wipe it clean of the veils of dust which have gathered upon it, because it is destined to reflect the light of divine secrets... which will fall upon it if you wish for Him, from Him, and with Him... If only the lamp of divine secrets is kindled within your inner self, the rest will come, either all at once or little by little... Then you will see the sun of inner knowledge rising from the horizon of divine reason... " "Some you already know, some we will tell you here. Read, listen and try to understand." In an age of self-help books, this compilation of spoken talks addresses the questions of life and existence in clear, practical terms that are both timely and timeless. The concise explanations reverberate like the single, sweet note of a reed flute penetrating the noise and confusion of today's world. In his greatness, he stood humbly with children and servants and spoke kindly to them. He frequently sat in the company of poor people and befriended them, stroking their shoulders. He never knocked at the door of any minister or sultan. When the Caliph or his ministers visited him, he would leave the room before their arrival, then afterwards reenter to avoid standing up for them.

73. 90 / 37 Translate this page Manche Gelehrte wie al-Imam Zaid ibn Ali 4, Malik, Sufyan at-Thauri, al-Hasanal-Basri und al-karkhi 5 lehnen die Kafa´a ganz oder zumindest für die http://www.al-fadschr.de/nr081_090/af090/af090_37.htm

Islamisches Ehe- und Familienrecht Teil II Die Voraussetzungen der Eheschließung nach islamischem Recht Daneben sind aber eine Reihe weiterer Fragen im Zusammenhang mit der Gültigkeit der Eheschließung zu beachten. Die islamischen Juristen unterscheiden folgende Arten von Voraussetzungen (im einzelnen ist hier wie in allen Rechtsfragen eine Vielzahl von Meinungen unter den Gelehrten und Schulen vorhanden. Im weiteren Text wird auf einige Einzelheiten hingewiesen): Voraussetzungen des Vertragsschlusses (Shurut al-In´iqad): Hierbei handelt es sich um das Vorhandensein zweier Parteien verschiedenen Geschlechts, die durch die Abgabe zweier übereinstimmender Willenserklärungen (nämlich Angebot und Annahme) sich darüber einigen, die Ehe einzugehen. Gültigkeitsvoraussetzungen (Shurut as-Sihha): Damit der Vertragsschluß auch gültig ist, müssen folgende Bedingungen erfüllt sein: In bestimmten Fällen die Zustimmung des Vormundes. Die Zustimmung der Frau. Es dürfen keine Ehehindernisse vorliegen. Die Ehe muß in Gegenwart von Zeugen geschlossen werden. Wirksamkeitsvoraussetzungen (Shurut an-Nafadh): Wird eine Ehe geschlossen, ohne daß die Zustimmung einer Person eingeholt wird, die eingeholt werden müßte, so ist die Ehe schwebend unwirksam (mauquf). Erst wenn die Eheschließung durch die entsprechende Person nachträglich genehmigt wird, wird die Ehe wirksam (nafidh). Es handelt sich hierbei um eine Untergruppe der Gültigkeitsvoraussetzungen, denn wenn die Zustimmung endgültig verweigert wird, fehlt eine Gültigkeitsvoraussetzung.

74. SEJARAH FALSAFAH SAINS MODEN Khwarizmi, alFarghani, al-Razi, Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Battani, Hunain bin Ishaq,al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, al-Masudi, al-Sina, Ibn Yunus, al-karkhi, Ibn al http://el.usm.my/academic/sploo/PLG333/333t11.htm

SAINS, NILAI DAN AGAMA Apakah nilai dan etika? Pertindihan positif di antara sains dan agama Konflik pertama di antara sains dan agama Konflik moden di antara sains dan agama Apakah Etika dan Nilai? Etika ialah tatatertib tingkahlaku yang diterima oleh sesuatu kumpulan atau profesion sebagai amalan baik atau buruk. Etika dan nilai bertindih kerana etika ialah pengajian falsafah nilai. Etika tidak semesti melibatkan nilai-nilai moral atau agama; etika profesion mungkin melibatkan nilai-nilai rasional tentang apa yang paling memanfaat pihak majoriti atau pihak yang signifikan. Contohnya, pengguguran anak ialah amalan beretika di Barat kerana kepentingan ibu dianggap lebih penting daripada embrio tetapi dari segi pandangan agama tertentu dianggap dosa atau tidak bermoral. Etika salah satu bidang pengajian dalam falsafah tetapi pada amnya etika tidak dipertimbangkan dalam falsafah dan amalan sains. Sebabnya – SAINS (usaha menjanakan pengetahuan teoretikal) mesti dibezakan daripada TEKNOLOGI SAINS (usaha menggunakan pengetahuan sains).

75. Full Alphabetical Index Translate this page Abu Ali (2490*) al-Hasib Abu Kamil (1012) al-Haytham, Abu Ali (2490*) al-Jawhari,al-Abbas (627) al-Jayyani, Abu (892), al-Karaji, Abu (1789) al-karkhi (1789) al http://www.maththinking.com/boat/mathematicians.html

Full Alphabetical Index Click below to go to one of the separate alphabetical indexes A B C D ... XYZ The number of words in the biography is given in brackets. A * indicates that there is a portrait. A Abbe , Ernst (602*) Abel , Niels Henrik (2899*) Abraham bar Hiyya (641) Abraham, Max Abu Kamil Shuja (1012) Abu Jafar Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzjani (1115) Ackermann , Wilhelm (205) Adams, John Couch Adams, J Frank Adelard of Bath (1008) Adler , August (114) Adrain , Robert (79*) Adrianus , Romanus (419) Aepinus , Franz (124) Agnesi , Maria (2018*) Ahlfors , Lars (725*) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (660) Ahmes Aida Yasuaki (696) Aiken , Howard (665*) Airy , George (313*) Aitken , Alec (825*) Ajima , Naonobu (144) Akhiezer , Naum Il'ich (248*) al-Baghdadi , Abu (947) al-Banna , al-Marrakushi (861) al-Battani , Abu Allah (1333*) al-Biruni , Abu Arrayhan (3002*) al-Farisi , Kamal (1102) al-Haitam , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Hasib Abu Kamil (1012) al-Haytham , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Jawhari , al-Abbas (627) al-Jayyani , Abu (892) al-Karaji , Abu (1789) al-Karkhi al-Kashi , Ghiyath (1725*) al-Khazin , Abu (1148) al-Khalili , Shams (677) al-Khayyami , Omar (2140*) al-Khwarizmi , Abu (2847*) al-Khujandi , Abu (713) al-Kindi , Abu (1151) al-Kuhi , Abu (1146) al-Maghribi , Muhyi (602) al-Mahani , Abu (507) al-Marrakushi , ibn al-Banna (861) al-Nasawi , Abu (681) al-Nayrizi , Abu'l (621) al-Qalasadi , Abu'l (1247) al-Quhi , Abu (1146) al-Samarqandi , Shams (202) al-Samawal , Ibn (1569) al-Sijzi , Abu (708) al-Tusi , Nasir (1912) al-Tusi , Sharaf (1138) al-Umawi , Abu (1014) al-Uqlidisi , Abu'l (1028) Albanese , Giacomo (282) Albategnius (al-Battani) (1333*)

76. Usul3. alkarkhi, one of the Imams of deduction in the Hanafi school, relatesthat accepting the statement of the Companion is part of the Sunna. http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ABewley/usul3.html

The Third Source: Fatwas of the Companions In his early studies Malik concentrated on learning the cases of the Companions, their fatwas , and their judgements in respect of the questions which he concerned him. We have already seen how eager he was to learn the fatwas of 'Abdullah ibn 'Umar from his client Nafi'. He used to lie in wait for him when he went out so that he might ask him about the statements of 'Abdullah. He also was eager to learn the cases of 'Umar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him. He learned the fiqh of the seven fuqaha' of Madina. They transmitted the disagreements, perceptions, fatwas and decisions of the Companions as well as the hadiths of the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. The knowledge which he was taught and which he mastered and on which he based himself and on the basis of which he made deduction and according to which he proceeded with the implementation of the hadiths of the Messenger of Allah was the decisions and fatwas of the Companions. That is why the fatwas of the Companions occupied a major place in Malik's deduction. He took them and did not infringe them. He accepted the position of the People of Madina because the Companions had been there, as he mentioned in his letter to al-Layth.

77. Usulgloss2. He died in 150/167. Abu'lHasan al-karkhi A Hanafi faqih who wrote al-Usul.d. 390. Abu Hurayra He became Muslim in the year of Khaybar. http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ABewley/usulgloss2.html

People and Texts Mentioned Abu Bakr: the first khalif after the Messenger of Allah, born either two years or six years after the Year of the Elephant (51 years before the hijra). He was the best of the Companions. He died in 13/634 when he was 63 and was buried beside the Messenger of Allah. Abu Bakr al-Abhari: He lived in Baghdad and wrote many valuable books. It is said that Maliki fiqh was established in Iraq through him. He was unique in being the only successor to Isma'il ibn Ishaq in Iraq who was competent in all areas of Maliki fiqh . d. 375. Abu Hanifa: Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man ibn Thabit, founder of the Hanafi school, one of the four Imams, who developed ra'y (judicial opinion). He died in 150/167. Abu'l-Hasan al-Karkhi: A Hanafi faqih who wrote al-Usul . d. 390. Abu Hurayra: He became Muslim in the year of Khaybar. He is considered to be one of the Companions with the greatest memory. He died in Madina in 56/679 at the age of 77. Abu'l-Husayn al-Basri: a Mu'tazilite faqih who died in 478/1085. He wrote al-Mu'tamid fi usul l-fiqh , a major source of influence in the field of usul until ar-Razi's Mahsul Abu Sufyan: The leader of Quraysh against the Muslims, he became Muslim when Makka was conquered and was present with the Prophet at the Battle of Hunayn. He was the father of the Prophet's wife, Umm Habiba. He died in Madina in 31/652.

78. QUERIES ON ORIENTAL SOURCES IN RECREATIONAL MATHEMATICS By David Singmaster THE LAZY WORKER, who gains for each day he works and forfeits for dayshe doesn't work, appears in alkarkhi (c1010) and Fibonacci, etc. http://anduin.eldar.org/~problemi/singmast/mideastr.html

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79. Nahj Al Balagha Among his teachers a few other names may be mentioned Abu 'Ali alHasan ibn AhmadXal-Farsi (307-77/919-87), a Mutazili; Abu al-Hasan al-karkhi; 'Ali ibn 'Isa http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/books/nahjulbalaga/lifelineage.htm

Lineage of al Radi and his Life In the galaxy of the outstanding Shia Scholars two brothers from an eminent family of the descendants of the Prophet (saw) outshone all the others due to their extraordinary brilliance in their time. They were al Sharif al-Murtada, who occupied the chair of his teacher as his successor to the marji'iyyah of the Shi'ah world of scholarship, and his younger brother al-Sharif al-Radi,acclaimed to be a great genius of versatile talents, still unprecedented in the history of Islamic scholarship and Arabic literature. Al-Radi (359-406/970-1015) died young, much earlier than his elder brother,but left his mark on the history of Muslim thought and poetry, which in no way can be described as less significant than that of any other Imamiyyah scholar who lived much longer than him. He shone on the bright horizon of the fourth century Hijri, regarded as the most extraordinary period of all round intellectual and cultural renaissance in the history of Islam, lived for a short period of forty-seven years but generated enough light to lead human quest for excellence for centuries. Al-Rad'i's parents' lineage came directly from the Imams (as) of the Prophet's Family. From his father's side he descended from al-Imam Musa al-Kazim (as) ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq (as) ibn Muhammad al-Baqir (as) ibn 'Ali Zayn al-'Abidin (as) ibn al-Husayn (as) ibn 'Ali (as) in the following order: Abu Ahmad Husayn Tahir al-'Awhad Dhu al-Manaqib ibn Musa ibn Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Ibrahim al Mujab ibn Musa al-Kazim (as). All his forefathers were eminent in their own right. From his mothers side he descended from the famous al-Nasir al-Kabir also known as Nasir al-Haqq (225 or 230-304/840 or 844-916) who descended from the second son of al-'Imam 'Ali ibn al-Husayn (as) ibn Ali (as).

80. Introduction Basri (d. 436), Imam al Haramayn al Juwayni (d.487), Abu Hamid al Gazali (d.505),Fakhruddin al Razi (d. 606), Saifuddin Al Amidi, Abul Hasan Al Karkhi (d.349 http://www.wponline.org/vil/Books/SH_Usul/introduction.htm

Click to subscribe to witness-pioneer mailing list Introduction Usul al Fiqh discusses both the sources (Adillah) of Islamic law and the law (Fiqh). This view is held by a group of jurists, according to Nurul Anwar written by Sheikh Ahmad Ibn Abu Sayiid, known as Mullah Jaiun, who was the house tutor of Aurangzeb, the Mughal emperor. However, primarily Usul al Fiqh deals with the sources or roots of Islamic law. Usul al Fiqh (Usul is plural of Asl) the bases or roots of Islamic Law, expound the methods by which Fiqh (detail Islamic law) is derived from their sources. In this view, Usul is the methodology and the Fiqh is the product. Usul al Fiqh also discusses the secondary sources of Islamic law, the Ijma (consensus), Qiyas (analogical deduction), Istihsan (Juristic preference) and other methods of Ijtihad (reasoning and investigation). All the secondary sources are either directly or indirectly based on the primary sources of Islamic law, the Quran and the Sunnah. For instance, three main elements of Qiyas, that is Asl (original case), Hukm (ruling on asl) and the Illah (effective cause ) are based on primary sources. Usul al Fiqh also discusses other main issues involving Islamic law such as the effect of custom on law or custom as a source of law, and grades of the Islamic legal provision (i.e. what is Haram, what is Maqruh; what is Farz, what is wazib and what is Mandub (recommended) and also the methods of removal of conflict (i.e. Taa'rud).

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