81. Galileo And Einstein: Lecture Index Full lecture notes from an introductory course taught at U of Virginia.Category Science physics history People...... An elementary review of these basic concepts in physics, placed here for the convenienceof nonscience majors who may be a little rusty on these things, and http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/lectures/lecturelist.html

Galileo and Einstein Home Page G ALILEO AND E INSTEIN Overview and Lecture Index Counting in Babylon Babylon had in all probability the earliest written language. At the same time, an elegant system of weights and measures kept the peace in the marketplace. Their method of counting was in some ways better than our present one! We look at some ancient math tables, and ideas about Pythagoras' theorem 1,000 years before Pythagoras. Early Greek Science: Thales to Plato In the ancient port city of Miletus, there took place a "discovery of nature": philosophers tried to understand natural phenomena without invoking the supernatural. The Greeks imported basic geometric ideas from Egypt, and developed them further. Members of the Pythagorean cult announced the famous theorem, and the (to them) alarming discovery of irrational numbers! The Greeks had some ideas about elements and atoms. Hippocrates looked for non-supernatural causes of disease. Plato formulated a rationale for higher education, and thought about atoms. Motion in the Heavens: Stars, Sun, Moon, Planets

82. Atlatl History And Physics styles. The author's atlatl is about 1/3 the length of the darts. Historyof the atlatl. The atlatl. The physics of the atlatl. Both http://www.tasigh.org/ingenium/atlatl.html

"Cum catapultae proscriptae erunt tum soli proscripti catapultas habebunt." Trebuchets Physics Medium Trebuchet Small Trebuchet "Bagelchucker" ... Web Links Paintball Armory Kriegjournal #1 Kriegjournal #2 Kriegjournal #3 ... Kriegjournal #6 Atlatl Web Links The Klingon chetvI' What is an atlatl Basically, the atlatl is a stick with a hook on the end used to increase the leverage in throwing a spear. Actually, the spear (called a dart or yaomitl ) is much more like an arrow. It has fletching added to stabilize flight and is quite flexible. The dart can come in many different lengths. By way of example, the author's has darts which are 7 feet long. The atlatl is the hooked stick used to throw the dart. It too can come in many different lengths and styles. The author's atlatl is about 1/3 the length of the darts. History of the atlatl The atlatl may be one of the first compound weapons that is, a tool used to enhance human power. While the earliest archeological evidence is 23,000 years old, it is believed that atlatl has been in use for some 40,000 years.

83. Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons And Human Rights A biography of Andrei Sakharov and his contributions to Soviet nuclear weapons research, nuclear fusion, cosmology, human rights, and world peace. Includes a bibliography and links to related sites. http://www.aip.org/history/sakharov/

Text Version ndrei Sakharov (1921-1989) was a Soviet physicist who became, in the words of the Nobel Peace Committee, a spokesman for the conscience of mankind . He was fascinated by fundamental physics and cosmology, but first he spent two decades designing nuclear weapons. He came to be regarded as the father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, contributing perhaps more than anyone else to the military might of the USSR. But gradually Sakharov became one of the regime’s most courageous critics, a defender of human rights and democracy. He could not be silenced, and helped bring down one of history’s most powerful dictatorships. This exhibit tells about Sakharov’s extraordinary life. This exhibit is brought to you by the Center for History of Physics a division of the American Institute of Physics Next: Early Years, 1921-1944 Material on this site is American Institute of Physics and Gennady Gorelik

84. SSD History - Surface Physics history of the Solid State Division SSD Home Table of Contents NextPage Previous Page. Surface physics. Surface physics research http://www.ssd.ornl.gov/History/SurfacePhysics.html

History of the Solid State Division [SSD Home] [Table of Contents] [Next Page] [Previous Page] Surface Physics radiation damage and chemical properties of metal surfaces which focused on using both optical (real space) and diffraction (reciprocal space) techniques to investigate the termination of bulk defects with surfaces. Modern-day surface science was just beginning to take root during this period, and a new program, directed by Les Jenkins, was established to determine the physical and chemical properties of surfaces at the atomic scale. An initial focus of this program was on the determination of surface structure using the technique of low-energy electron diffraction. It was during this period that John Noonan and Harold Davis established a combined experimental and theoretical effort determining the surface structure of metals with unprecedented precision. Their research, starting with Cu(110), showed that surface relaxation was a natural consequence of bulk truncation and confirmed the emerging concept of multilayer relaxation at surfaces. During this same time, the first quantitative determination of excess surface density resulting from reconstruction [Au(100)] was determined using ion scattering, in conjunction with scientists from what was to become the Surface Modification and Characterization facility.

85. Aerodynamics In Sports Equipment, Recreation And Machines - Boomerang - Instruct An article describing why a boomerang returns, based on the aerodynamics, the shape and the throwing Category Sports Boomerang Science...... it. However, most of us don't know the history of the boomerang orthe complex physics and aerodynamics involved. To understand http://wings.avkids.com/Book/Sports/instructor/boomerang-01.html

The Boomerang page 1 Introduction Most of us are familiar with the boomerang, the wonderful stick that returns when you throw it. However, most of us don't know the history of the boomerang or the complex physics and aerodynamics involved. To understand why a boomerang returns, we must look at the shape of the boomerang, the aerodynamics and physics. Finally, the correct throwing technique will be discussed. History The boomerang is often times thought of as a weapon. However, the boomerang has always been primarily a recreational toy. The real weapon used by the Aborigines was the killer-stick. The killer-stick shares many properties with the boomerang except one. The killer-stick does not return! The killer-stick was simply a stick honed to have a cross-section similar to a modern day airfoil. This stick actually flew through the air at high speeds. It was given a rotation at launch for stability much like the discus and frisbee of today. The killer-stick could be thrown very far and with great accuracy.

86. RLE History - Plasma Physics Group RLE history. Plasma physics group. See also http://rleweb.mit.edu/groups/g-plahst.htm

RLE History Plasma Physics group See also: History of Optics Research at RLE The Rad Lab's Microwave Tradition at RLE Gas discharges are observed in a magnetic field between the circular magnets by graduate student Benjamin Lax and Professor Sanborn C. Brown. Dr. Lax later joined the faculty in MIT's Department of Physics and became the first director of MIT's Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory in 1960. Professor Brown, an experimentalist and an authority on gaseous discharges in plasmas, collaborated with Professor William P. Allis, a theorist in the field. Their combined research led to a better understanding of the behavior of microwave gas discharges and high-density plasmas. (Photo courtesy MIT Museum) Although highly regarded for his theoretical research, Professor William P. Allis ventures into the laboratory to inspect a magnetic cusp, one of the early magnetic bottles used in RLE to contain hydrogen plasmas. (Photo courtesy MIT Museum) Professors George N. Hatsopoulos and Joseph Kaye of the Mechanical Engineering Department examine a model of a new thermionic energy conversion device which they invented to convert heat directly into electricity. The thermo-electron engine operated without any mechanical parts and was built with assistance from RLE's technicians and staff members. Professor Hatsopoulos joined the RLE faculty in 1960 to investigate thermionic energy conversion. (Photo courtesy MIT Museum) At the blackboard, Professor David J. Rose details the operation of the Wingerson magnetic corkscrew bottle to graduate students Richard C. Wingerson and James S. Tulenko. The corkscrew wire generated a magnetic field in the magnetic pipe which accelerated an entering gas particle. In combination with a magnetic bottle, it was anticipated that high-energy particles could be trapped to form a thermonuclear plasma. (Photo courtesy MIT Museum)

87. History Of Physics Authors/titles Recent Submissions physics Floating to wherever the breeze may take you . .. history of Hot Air Ballooning French brothers, JosephMichel http://xxx.lanl.gov/list/physics.hist-ph/recent

History of Physics Authors and titles for recent submissions Tue, 4 Mar 2003 Fri, 21 Feb 2003 Wed, 19 Feb 2003 Wed, 12 Feb 2003 ... Fri, 7 Feb 2003 Tue, 4 Mar 2003 physics/0303001 abs ps pdf other Title: Greek and Indian Cosmology: Review of Early History Authors: Subhash Kak Comments: 38 pages Subj-class: History of Physics; Popular Physics Fri, 21 Feb 2003 physics/0302071 abs pdf Title: Philosophical Implications of Inflationary Cosmology Authors: Joshua Knobe Ken D. Olum Alexander Vilenkin Comments: 24 pages Subj-class: Physics and Society; History of Physics Wed, 19 Feb 2003 physics/0302062 abs pdf Title: Examination of Wave-Particle Duality Via Two-Slit Interference Authors: Mario Rabinowitz Comments: PACS Nos.: 03.65.Bz, 42.25.Hz, 3.65.-w, 01.65.+g, 01.70.+w. 38 pages 2 Figure. No Tables Subj-class: General Physics; History of Physics Wed, 12 Feb 2003 physics/0302035 abs html other Title: Women in Physics in Fermi's Time Authors: Nina Byers Comments: Invited talk presented at Celebration of the Centennial of the Birth of ENRICO FERMI The Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei ROME 2001 (to be published in the Proceedings); 16 pages with 10 photos Subj-class: History of Physics; General Physics

88. Physics: History: Engineering Physics fully accredited programs in the nation. And our Engineering Physicsdegree program is the only one in New England! Back to history http://inferno.asap.um.maine.edu/physics/timeline/EngPhysics.html

Engineering Physics Curriculum In 1938 a radically new academic curriculum was developed for engineering and physics students providing an equitable mix of traditional physics courses and select engineering courses. The University of Maine shares (with the University of Kansas) the national distinction of being one of the first such programs to be accredited by the Engineers Council of Professorial Development (ECPD) in 1949. The University of Maine Engineering Physics curriculum has maintained this accreditation for nearly a half century. We are currently one of only ten fully accredited programs in the nation. And our Engineering Physics degree program is the only one in New England! Back to History

89. Basics - History And Physics Review Stability Appendix . Primary Pages. Overview of This Chapter; Vectors,Forces and Moments; Bernoulli's Equation; history of Airfoil Design; http://142.26.194.131/aerodynamics1/Basics/default.htm

Text Contents Multi Engine Supersonic [ Basics ] Lift Drag Performance Controls ... Appendix Primary Pages Overview of This Chapter Vectors, Forces and Moments Bernoulli's Equation History of Airfoil Design ... Self Test - Basics Chapter Secondary Pages NACA 4-digit Airfoils Airspeed Indicators Aircraft Axis- Bernoulli's Equation ... Supersonic [ Basics ] Lift Drag Performance Controls ... Appendix

90. PhysicsWeb - Homepage News, information, online products and services from the UK Institute of physics. http://physicsweb.org/

Advanced site search latest issue Physics and DNA 50 years of physics and the double helix The Rosalind Franklin question Why are we still fascinated by the Dark Lady of DNA? Biological quantum dots go live Nanocrystals can now be used to image living cells The Cavendish Laboratory and structural biology Why was the biggest discovery in 20th century biology made in a physics lab? European research performance comes under scrutiny Mar 18 The European Commission has published a report on science and technology indicators Terahertz breakthrough at BESSY Mar 17 Physicists in Berlin have created the best ever beam of coherent terahertz radiation. Silver nanoclusters make logic gates Mar 14 Researchers have demonstrated a new type of nanoscale computing How the Earth’s core was formed Mar 12 Japanese researchers have shed light on how the Earth’s core separated from its shell New structure seen in the Crab pulsar Mar 12 Astrophysicists have found nanosecond radio bursts from a pulsar for the first time more news PANalytical launches the Epsilon 5, an EDXRF spectrometer optimized Mar 18 New bookmark site for Infrared Thermal Imaging Mar 17 Open University Selects New Wave Research Laser Ablation System for ICP-MS Mar 13 The Automated 0.75 Metre Spectrometer

91. Physics & Engineering Book Breakthrough! Electromagnetic Field Theory And More. book review Book that challenges fundamental principles of modern electromagnetic field theory and unveils a new model for electromagnetic masses as they move from the point of origin out into space. http://www.physics-books.com

Physics and engineering book breakthrough! Michael Faraday said: Electrotonic State L James Clerk Maxwell said: Albert Einstein said: John William Carr said: "Practically all modern formulations of electromagnetic field theory are incorrect." The Physics of Electromagnetic Masses, Including the Derivation of E=mc from a Point Source by John William Carr Carr demonstrates how all electromagnetic particles and fundamental building blocks of matter have mass, including what we call neutrinos, light and energy. He refers to these fundamental building blocks as electromagnetic masses Albert Einstein demonstrated theoretically from out in space that E=mc . Carr also derives E=mc , but from a point source or point of origin. This finding is unprecedented Carr correlates the four equal parts of energy with Einstein and supports the plausibility of a unified field theory Why do the mathematical formulations used in modern e.m. theory not always jibe with what is measured in the field or the laboratory? Carr asks an entire industry to "wipe the slate clean." He totally

92. Physics Central Explains how physics is part of the everyday world. Answer questions on how things work and describes the latest research. http://www.physicscentral.com/

"For me, physics is done in a community, and research involves social interactions," says Patricia Mooney. In the course of her career, Mooney has experienced a broad range of physics communities. more... more.. As a crack propagates through glass, nanometer-scale regions of damage start small, grow, and coalesce to advance the crack tip. more... happy new fireworks news media assistance Our top picks for the best physics web sites... Want to know how something works? Essays and Excerpts by physicist authors. Follow our Buckyball Guide more... link to us! Ask physicist Lou Bloomfield more... J. Richard Gott III more...

93. School Of Physics At Georgia Tech Welcome to the web site of the School of physics at Georgia Tech! The School of physics, located in the city of Atlanta, offers a dynamic environment for research and education in many areas of physics. http://www.physics.gatech.edu/

Site Map School Academics Graduate Studies ... Joseph Ford Lecture Nanostructures and Chemical Physics Laboratory One of the major projects in the Nanostructures and Chemical Physics Laboratory involves the development of Rapid Reversible, and Sensitive Porous Silicon (PS) Gas Sensors based on the first application of Photoluminescence. Induced Metallization of a Nano/Microporous Surface to form low resistance contacts. These contacts also facilitate the development of efficient photocatalysts using TiO and TiO 2-x N x nanostructures trapped in photoluminescing and electroluminescing PS pores. (PDF file) School Academics Graduate Studies Research ... International Journal of Theoretical Physics Phone: Fax: Address: 837 State Street, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430 USA If you have any questions or comments concerning this site, please contact Webadmin@physics.gatech.edu. The words Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia Tech, Yellow Jackets, Ramblin' Wreck, Buzz and the graphics that represent each are all federally registered marks owned by the University System of Georgia. The word Tech is registered within the state of Georgia. Notwithstanding any language to the contrary, nothing contained herein constitutes nor is intended to constitute an offer, inducement, promise, or contract of any kind. The data contained herein is for informational purposes only and is not represented to be error free. Any links to non-Georgia Tech information are provided as a courtesy. They are not intended to nor do they constitute an endorsement by the Georgia Institute of Technology of the linked materials.

94. Department Of Physics And Astronomy, Cardiff University Includes information about the department, admissions, teaching, research, and local resources. http://www.astro.cf.ac.uk/

The Department Contacts Staff List Directions ... OBSERVATORY NEWS We have recently acquired two new instruments: A 3-m radio telescope has been purchased with a 21-cm receiver system for observing atomic Hydrogen. With this telescope we can observe the Hydrogen that exists in the space between the stars known as the interstellar medium. It allows us to study the amount of Hydrogen and its velocity, permitting measurements to be made of the rotation of our Galaxy. In this way we can see the large-scale structure of the Galaxy. The picture shows some of the team, including undergraduate student Luke Woolfenden, during the telescope assembly. The telescope is used by the students of Cardiff University, as well as by members of the Cardiff Astronomical Society. It is also available for viewing by school parties and members of the public during University Open Days. An H-alpha filter is now being used in conjunction with the Meade telescope for solar astronomy. With this filter we can take images of the Sun to examine details such as sunspots, solar flares and prominences. In this way we can study the energetics of the Sun. This image was taken by Cardiff students Danielle Moakes and Alex Nichols through the H-alpha filter on the afternoon of 2002 October 10th. It shows a very clear solar prominence visible on the limb of the Sun. There is a vertical column at one end of the prominence and a huge arch connecting the top of the column to the sun's surface. The scale of this image is such that the Earth would fit underneath the arch!

95. Intertheory Relations In Physics Discussion of theory reduction in science; by Robert Batterman from the Stanford Encyclopedia. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-interrelate/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z content revised JAN Intertheory Relations in Physics Many issues in the philosophy of science concern the nature of theories and certain relations that may obtain between them. Typically, one is interested in the degree to which a successor to a given theory "goes beyond" (both descriptively and explanatorily) the theory it succeeds. Most often these issues are framed in the context of reductive relations between theories. When does a theory T reduce to a theory T ? How is one to understand the nature of this reduction relation? Interestingly, there are two distinct, yet, related ways of understanding the reductive relationship between T and T . Thomas Nickles noted this in a paper entitled "Two Concepts of Intertheoretic Reduction." On the one hand, there is the "philosopher's" sense of reduction on which the supplanted theory is said to reduce to the newer more encompassing theory. On the other hand, the "physicist's" sense of reduction puts things the other way. The newer, typically more refined theory is said to reduce to the older typically less encompassing theory in some sort of limit. These two senses of reduction will be discussed in turn. 1. The Philosopher's Sense of Reduction

96. MUSIC AND PHYSICS View an music which a priori is conceived only subjectively. http://uk.geocities.com/piklemas/indexeng.htm

MUSIC AND PHYSICS By the music passions enjoy themselves... Friedrich Nietzsche Visitors (Sep 2000) [VERSION EN FRANCAIS] [VERSION EN ESPANOL] The object of this document is to be able to clarify from a epistemologic point of view an art which a priori is conceived only subjectively. The music is an art to combine the sounds so as to produce an esthetic impression. In addition, physics is a science which has as an aim the study of the general properties of the bodies and the laws which tend to modify their state or their movement without modifying their nature. [Audio and acoustics related web sites] Periodic phenomena PERIODICAL VIBRATIONS: Propagation, Speed, Frequency,Wave Length, Standing waves. Periodic movement Unspecified periodic movement PROPAGATION OF A VIBRATORY MOVEMENT Shock and transverse vibration Propagation velocity Case of a wave train Maintained vibration; wavelength Shock and longitudinal vibration Propagation velocity Case of a fluid Wave train and maintained waves Wave Surfaces ANALYTICAL STUDY Vibratory State of an unspecified point Variation of pressure REFLEXION OF THE WAVES Transverse waves Longitudinal waves STANDING WAVES Interferences of the incidental and considered vibrations Boundary conditions THE RESONANCE - FORCED VIBRATIONS Familiar examples Damping Resonance in acoustics Vibrating cords and sound pipes VIBRATING CORDS

97. Educational Resources In Physics, Astronomy, And Related Fields Annotated list of links to internet resources. http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/people/faculty/tenn/Educational.html

Sonoma State University Department of Physics and Astronomy Some Educational Resources in Physics, Astronomy, and Related Fields On this page From research scientists For secondary schools and colleges For elementary and secondary schools Communication with other teachers ... Gateways to more sites Other pages: Favorite Physics Links PION (Physics In Our Neighborhood) Favorite Astronomy Links Jobs in Physics, Astronomy, and Other Fields From research scientists Amazing Space Lesson plans based on Hubble Space Telescope images, at all levels. Ask the Space Scientist Ask Sten Odenwald about anything astronomical. The Aurora Project An Internet-based space physics lesson with a set of step-by-step assignments. Basics of Radio Astronomy A book which you can download and print. Graphic demonstrations of quantum and statistical mechanics, x-ray diffraction, etc. Computational Science Highlights Multimedia shows from the five National Science Foundation supercomputing centers. Fermilab Education Office A tremendous resource for teachers and students at all levels from elementary school to graduate school. Fusion Energy Slide shows, classroom activities, a teacher notebook, and links to more sites provided by the Fusion Group staff of General Atomics in San Diego, the US Department of Energy's Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, and teachers from San Diego County.

98. Science Jokes Collection of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geology and university humor. It also includes humorous quotes, rhymes, mnemonics and anecdotes about scientists http://www.xs4all.nl/~jcdverha/scijokes/

science jokes Version 7.35.2 Time-stamp: "March 15, 2003". This page made on 15-03-03 Science humor collected by Joachim Verhagen (sciencejokes@xs4all.nl) "Blessed are they who can laugh at themselves, for they shall never cease to be amused." This is a collection of more than 2000 scientific jokes from Usenet, or mailed or told to me. You are free to read and use them on the net or in conversation. Please keep the original author and sender when you use them; mentioning this list is optional. The latest version is available from FTP and WWW: WWW: http://www.xs4all.nl/~jcdverha/scijokes/ WWW: http://www.xs4all.nl/~jcdverha/scijokes/sjhtml.zip (html-format, about 1.3M) WWW: http://www.xs4all.nl/~jcdverha/scijokes/scijokes.zip (ASCII format, about 900k) FTP: ftp://ftp.in.umist.ac.uk/pub/Text/scijokes.zip (about 900k) Send comments and contributions (especially contributions) to: sciencejokes@xs4all.nl (Joachim Verhagen). You will be acknowledged with your name and e-mail adress (and/or your webpage if you prefer that.) If you have a science humor webpage you can add it to the science humor webring at http://www.xs4all.nl/~jcdverha/scihum/webring.html

99. Nobel Prize The story of the discovery of superfluid Helium3 http://www.lassp.cornell.edu/~cew2/NobelPrize.html

Bob Richardson Dave Lee , and Doug Osheroff Win the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics! The Original Paper(s) The Science Behind the Prize Quicktime Movie by Bob Richardson, excerpted from A World Without Disorder: Absolute Zero Temperature Cornell News Service Release Low temperature science - what remains for the physicist?,'' Robert C. Richardson, Physics Today, August, 1981, p. 46. Cornell Low Temperature Group David Mermin's Diary of a Nobel Guest

100. Centre For Chemical Physics Interests can be broadly classified into five general areas energy deposition, surface science, biological applications, properties of condensed matter and properties of isolated atoms and molecules. http://www.uwo.ca/ccp

Centre for Chemical Physics The Centre for Chemical Physics (CCP) is located at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, Canada. The Centre’s mandate is to foster and encourage collaborative, interdisciplinary research. Some of the finest research in the physical and mathematical sciences in Canada has been accomplished through our Centre since its inception in 1973. This organization was formed to encourage research in those areas of science, which overlap more than one of the traditional disciplines. Over 48 Faculty Members (along with their research groups) are participants in the Centre for an approximate total of 200 people. They include members who are active in research in the following departments/centres Applied Mathematics / Earth Science / Materials Science / Engineering Science / Chemistry / Biology London Regional Cancer Centre / Robarts Research Institute Although the majority of funding is from The University of Western Ontario, faculty members also contribute a percentage of research grants each year, and corporate sponsorships are encouraged. Of greatest importance in realizing our mandate is the Visiting Fellowship Program, which brings a unique perspective to research at Western. Through this program, the members of the Centre have collaborated with over 120 senior scientists from over 30 countries. These collaborations truly broaden our horizons at a time when research is become increasingly global, increasingly expensive and yet increasingly competitive.

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