41. PERSONAGGI DELLA STORIA ELETTRICA #6 Translate this page sir george paget thomson - Cambridge,1892, 1975. Fisico inglese figlio di sir JOSEPHJOHN, ebbe il premio nobel nel 1937 per la conferma sperimentale della http://www.museoelettrico.com/storia/persg1850_1900.html

PERSONAGGI della STORIA dall'anno 1850 all'anno 1900 Lucien GAULARD - Parigi, 1850, Parigi, 1888. Elithu THOMSON - Manchester,1853, Swampscott, (MA),1937. Inventore statunitense ottenne più di settecento brevetti, tra i quali quello di un generatore elettrico ad alta frequenza. Hendrik Antoon LORENTZ Arnhem 1853, Haarlem 1928 Fisico e matematico olandese gli si deve la formulazione delle trasformazioni spazio-temporali, dette poi di Lorentz, fondamentali nella teoria della relatività. Nel 1895 interpretò l'emissione della luce come un fenomeno prodotto dall'accelerazione del movimento di un elettrone e perfezionò tutte le teorie dell'elettrologia partendo dall'ipotesi della presenza di elettroni nella materia e della struttura corpuscolare dell'elettricità Premio Nobel 1902 per la fisica. Sir Joseph John THOMSON - Manchester, 1856, Cambridge, 1940. Fisico inglese, ebbe il premio nobel nel 1906 per fondamentali ricerche sulla ionizzazione e la conduzione elettrica nei gas. Ideò un modello che aprì la strada alla formulazione dei modelli atomici di BOHR e RUTHERFORD. Heinrich Rudolph HERTZ - Amburgo 1857, Bonn, 1894.

42. Nobel Prizes In Physics http//www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/. nobel PRIZE PHYSICS. YEAR. NAME OF SCIENTISTS.NATIONALITY. crystallography. 1937. sir george paget thomson. British. crystallography. http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/NOBEL/PHYS/

Nobel Prizes in Physics Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to jandraos@yorku.ca http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ NOBEL PRIZE PHYSICS YEAR NAME OF SCIENTISTS NATIONALITY TYPE OF PHYSICS Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen German radiation Henrik Antoon Lorentz Dutch magnetism, radiation Pieter Zeeman Dutch magnetism, radiation Pierre Curie French radiation Marie Curie French radiation Antoine Henri Becquerel French radiation Lord John William Strutt Rayleigh British gases Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard Hungarian-German cathode rays Sir Joseph John Thomson British gases Albert Abraham Michelson German-American spectroscopy Gabriel Lippmann French optics Guglielmo Marconi Italian telegraphy Carl Ferdinand Braun German telegraphy Johannes Diderik van der Waals Dutch gases Wilhelm Wien German radiation Nils Gustaf Dalen Swedish gases Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes Dutch cryogenics Max von Laue German crystallography Sir William Henry Bragg British crystallography Sir William Lawrence Bragg British crystallography no prize awarded Charles Glover Barkla British radiation Max Planck German quantum theory, radiation

43. VBS - MyEurope - Nobel Prizes sir James CHADWICK (1935). sir george paget thomson (son of sir Joseph John thomson,nobel Prize in Physics 1906) (1937). sir Edward Victor APPLETON (1947). http://www.univie.ac.at/Romanistik/Sprachwst/site/spratscher/vbs_myEurope_spring

Nobel Prizes Vienna Business School myEurope Deutsch Englisch ... Home From 1901 onwards Nobel Prizes have been awarded in Chemistry Physics Physiology or Medicine Literature (66) and Peace (46), and since 1969 also in Economics (17) to 391 scientists, economists, peace activists/organisations and writers from today's EU member states or candidate countries. During their journey across Europe, our two Spring Students, Caroline and Marlene , have also tried to find out, who they were, when they were awarded the prize, which countries they came from and where they lived when they received the prize. In the list below you will find reference to the latter in brackets. All links below go to the marvelleous site of the Swedish Academy . So let me invite you to follow our two Spring Students on another, this time not political but scientific, trip across our continent. CHEMISTRY Austria Fritz PREGL Richard KUHN (1939; Prize for 1938)

44. CNN.com 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson, george paget thomson. 1930 sir ChandrasekharaVenkata Raman. 1927 Arthur Holly Compton, Charles thomson Rees Wilson. http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/nobel.100/physics.html

HOME OVERVIEW PROFILE: ANNAN PURSUIT OF PEACE ... RESOURCES Physics 2001 Eric A. Cornell, Carl E. Wieman, Wolfgang Ketterle 2000 Zhores I Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby 1999 Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman 1997 Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips 1996 David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson 1995 Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines 1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull 1993 Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr. 1992 Georges Charpak 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes 1990 Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor 1989 Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul 1988 Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger 1986 Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer 1985 Klaus von Klitzing 1984 Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer 1983 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William Alfred Fowler 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn 1980 James Watson Cronin, Val Logsdon Fitch 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson

45. Wanadoo Translate this page PRIX nobel. Année. Discipline. Nom. Pays. 1901. CHIMIE. Van't Hoof (Jacobus Henricus). Etats-Unis.1937. PHYSIQUE. thomson (sir george paget). Royaume-Uni. 1938. CHIMIE. http://perso.wanadoo.fr/christian.fabien/prix nobel.htm

Attention La page est inconnue du serveur des Pages Perso Wanadoo. Retour Assistance Publicité

46. Nobel Prize In Physics - Wikipedia effect named after him Charles thomson Rees Wilson 1930 sir Chandrasekhara VenkataRaman for his 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson george paget thomson for their http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_physics

47. Sir Joseph John Thomson as well as his son, george, won nobel Prizes for Robert J., The Life of sir JJ thomson 1969);thomson, george paget, JJ thomson and the Cavendish Laboratory in http://chemistry.mtu.edu/~pcharles/SCIHISTORY/J_J_Thomson_.html

Sir Joseph John Thomson Sir Joseph John Thomson, b. Dec. 18, 1856, d. Aug. 30, 1940, is universally recognized as the British scientist who discovered and identified the electron. At the age of 27 he succeeded (1884) Lord Rayleigh as professor of physics at Trinity College, Cambridge, and was named director of its Cavendish Laboratory in the same year, continuing in that position until 1919. Thomson demonstrated (1897) that cathode rays were actually units of electrical current made up of negatively charged particles of subatomic size. He believed them to be an integral part of all matter and theorized a model of atomic structure in which a quantity of negatively charged electrons was embedded in a sphere of positive electricity, the two charges neutralizing each other. For these investigations he won (1906) the Nobel Prize for physics; in 1908 he was knighted. Subsequently, Thomson turned his attention to positively charged ions. His research showed that neon gas was made up of a combination of two different types of ions, each with a different charge, or mass, or both. He did this by using magnetic and electric fields to deflect the stream of positive ions of neon gas onto two different parts of a photographic plate. This demonstration clearly pointed to the possibility that ordinary elements might exist as isotopes (varieties of atoms of the same element, which have the same atomic number but differ in mass).

48. PREMIOS NOBEL DE FISICA Translate this page 1927, ARTHUR HOLLY COMPTON - CHARLES thomson REES WILSON. 1930, sir CHANDRASEKHARAVENKATA RAMAN. 1937, CLINTON JOSEPH DAVISSON - george paget thomson. http://es.geocities.com/historalia/premios_nobel_fisica.htm

PREMIOS NOBEL DE FISICA AÑO PREMIADO WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN HENDRIK ANTOON LORENTZ - PIETER ZEERMAN ANTOINE HENRI BECQUEREL - PIERRE CURIE - MARIE CURIE LORD (JOHN WILLIAM STRUTT) RAYLEIGH PHILIPP EDUARD ANTON VON LENARD SIR JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON ALBERT ABRAHAM MICHELSON GABRIEL LIPPMANN GUGLIELMO MARCONI - CARL FERDINAND BRAUN JOHANNES DIDERIK VAN DER WAALS WILHELM WIEN NILS GUSTAF DALEN HEIKE KAMERLINGH ONNES MAX VON LAUE SIR WILLIAM HENRY BRAGG - WILLIAM LAWRENCE BRAGG CHARLES GLOVER BARKLA MAX KARL ERNST LUDWIG PLANCK JOHANNES STARK CHARLES-EDOUARD GUILLAUME ALBERT EINSTEIN NIELS HENRIK DAVID BOHR ROBERT ANDREWS MILLIKAN KARL MANNE GEORG SIEGBAHN JAMES FRANCK - GUSTAV LUDWIG HERTZ JEAN BAPTISTE PERRIN ARTHUR HOLLY COMPTON - CHARLES THOMSON REES WILSON OWEN WILLIAMS RICHARDSON PRINCE LOUIS-VICTOR PIERRE RAYMOND DE BROGLIE SIR CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA RAMAN WERNER KARL HEISENBERG ERWIN SCHRODINGER - PAUL ADRIEN MAURICE DIRAC JAMES CHADWICK VICTOR FRANZ HESS - CARL DAVID ANDERSON CLINTON JOSEPH DAVISSON - GEORGE PAGET THOMSON ENRICO FERMI ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE OTTO STERN ISIDOR ISAAC RABI WOLFGANG PAULI PERCY WILLIAMS BRIDGMAN SIR EDWARD VICTOR APPLETON PATRICK MAYNARD STUART BLACKETT HIDEKI YUKAWA CECIL FRANK POWELL SIR JOHN DOUGLAS COCKCROFT - ERNEST THOMAS SINTON WALTON FELIX BLOCH - EDWARD MILLS PURCELL FREDERIK ZERNIKE MAX BORN - WALTHER BOTHE

49. Nobel Prize Winners In Physics 1927, Arthur Holly Compton. Charles thomson Rees Wilson. 1930, sir ChandrasekharaVenkata Raman, 18881970, for his work on light scattering. george paget thomson. http://empl.ksc.nasa.gov/nobelwin.htm

Year Winner Lifetime Contribution Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen for the discovery of x-rays Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Pieter Zeeman for their work on the influence of magnetism on radiation. Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Sklowdowska-Curie for his discovery of radioactivity. for their joint research on nuclear radiation phenomena. Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) for his research on the densities of the gases and for his discovery of argon Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard for his work on cathode rays. Joseph John Thomson for his research on the conduction of electricity by gases. Albert Abraham Michelson for his optical instruments and for measuring the speed of light. Gabriel Lippmann for his method of reproducing colors photographically based on the interference techiniques. Guglielmo Marconi Carl Ferdinand Braun for their development of wireless telegraphy. Johannes Diderik van der Waals for his research on the equation of state for gases and liquids.

50. Dictionnaire sir george paget thomson, physicien(Cambridge 1892 - id. (Prix nobel 1937.). © Larousse 1996. http://perso.club-internet.fr/gatt/BTSCIRA/cours/Dico.htm

Famille Bernouilli Jacques Ier Jean Ier Daniel Ier Larousse 1996 Photo : Le petit Robert Celsius (Anders) Coriolis (Gustave Gaspard) Doppler (Christian) Fahrenheit (Daniel Gabriel) Joule (James Prescott) Jurin (James) Larousse 1996 Kirchhoff (Gustav Robert) Peltier (Jean Charles Athanase) Pitot (Henri) Larousse 1996 Planck (Max) Reynolds (Osborn) Seebeck (Thomas Johann) Thomson (Elihu) Thomson (sir Joseph John) Thomson (Willian) Lord Kelvin Torricelli (Evengelista) Larousse 1996 Venturi (Giovanni Batista) Larousse 1996 Volta (Alessandro, comte) Wheaststone (Sir Charles)

51. ConVERTER - Nobelova Cena Anderson, 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson, sir george paget thomson, 1938 Enrico 1977Philip W. Anderson, sir Nevill F Gilles de Gennes, 1992 george Charpak, 1993 http://bures.webpark.cz/nobel.htm

52. La Tavola Periodica Ed I Nuovi Elementi Elementi Translate this page Joseph John thomson (1856-1940), fisico inglese, insegnò a Cambridge per circa35 anni e Fisica alla Il figlio, sir george paget, ebbe il nobel per la http://progetti.webscuola.tin.it/progetti1999/455/thomson.html

Joseph John Thomson Il figlio, Sir George Paget, ebbe il Nobel per la Fisica nel 1934. Home

53. Nobel Prize In Physics Winners 1999- nobel Prize in Physics Winners 19991901. 1937, The prize was awarded jointly toCLINTON JOSEPH DAVISSON and sir george paget thomson for their experimental http://www.fizik.itu.edu.tr/eng/phy_nobel.html

54. September 10 - Today In Science History sir george thomson. Died 10 Sep 1975 (born 3 May 1892) george paget thomson was anEnglish with Clinton J. Davisson of the United States, of the nobel Prize for http://www.todayinsci.com/9/9_10.htm

SEPTEMBER 10 - BIRTHS Stephen Jay Gould (source) Born 10 Sep 1941 Stephen Jay Gould is an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and science writer who grew up in New York City. He graduated from Antioch College and received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1967. Since then he has been Professor of Geology and Zoology at Harvard University. He considers himself primarily a palaeontologist and an evolutionary biologist, though he teaches geology and the history of science as well. A frequent and popular speaker on the sciences, his published work includes both scholarly study and many prize-winning popular collections of essays. Maxie Anderson Born 10 Sep 1934; died 27 Jun 1983. Maxie Leroy "Max" Anderson was an aviator and balloonist who (with fellow Albuquerque, NM, residents Ben Abruzzo and Larry Newman) made the first transatlantic balloon flight aboard their Double Eagle II balloon, 3108 miles from Presque Isle, Maine to Miserey, France. After a dozen failed attempts, their successful crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by gas balloon was achieved 11-16 August 1978, (landing 17 Aug), setting a new duration record with a flight time of 137 hours. Two years later, 12-18 May 1980, with his son Kristian, he made the first nonstop balloon flight across North America. This record helium balloon flight aboard the Kitty Hawk began at San Francisco, California, lasted four days and ended near Matane, Quebec, Canada, 3,100 miles from their launch site. His later round-the-world attempts failed. He was killed in 1983 when refused permission to fly across the East German border and a faulty release clamp used at landing caused them to crash.

55. May 3 - Today In Science History won the nobel Prize for Physics in 1966 for his discovery and development of methodsfor observing Hertzian resonances within atoms. sir george paget thomson. http://www.todayinsci.com/5/5_03.htm

MAY 3 - BIRTHS Steven Weinberg Born 3 May 1933 American nuclear physicist who in 1979 shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Sheldon Lee Glashow and Abdus Salam for work in formulating the electroweak theory, which explains the unity of electromagnetism with the weak nuclear force. Alfred Kastler Born 3 May 1902; died 7 Jan 1984. French physicist who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1966 for his discovery and development of methods for observing Hertzian resonances within atoms. Sir George Paget Thomson Born 3 May 1892; died 10 Sep 1975. English physicist who was the joint recipient, with Clinton J. Davisson of the United States, of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937 for demonstrating that electrons undergo diffraction, a behaviour peculiar to waves that is widely exploited in determining the atomic structure of solids and liquids. Karl Abraham Born 3 May 1877; died 25 Dec 1925. German psychoanalyst whose studies on the role of infant sexuality in character development and mental illness continue to be basic in the field of psychoanalysis. V. Walfrid Ekman

56. Univ. Of Kansas Crystallography Laboratory Nobel Laureates nobel Laureates in Crystallography. 1901, Physics, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. 1915,Physics, sir William Henry Bragg. William Lawrence Bragg. george paget thomson. http://www.msg.ku.edu/~xraylab/notes/nobel.html

57. FÝZÝK NOBEL ÖDÜLLERÝ FIZIK nobel ÖDÜLLERI. 1901. RÖNTGEN, WILHELM CONRAD. 1958; ve. thomson,sir george paget. Ingiltere, Londra Universty, d. 1892, ö. 1975 http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/nobel/fizik-nodul.html

FÝZÝK NOBEL ÖDÜLLERÝ RÖNTGEN, WILHELM CONRAD Almanya, Münih Üniversitesi, d.1845, ö.1923: “Sonradan adýyla anýlmaya baþlayacak olan önemli ýþýn tipini buluþuyla olanaklý kýldýðý üstün hizmetler için” LORENTZ, HENDRIK ANTOON Hollanda, Leyden Üniversitesi, d.1853, ö. 1928 ZEEMAN, PIETER Hollanda, Amsterdam Üniversitesi, d.1865, ö. 1943: “Manyetizmanýn radyasyon üzerine etkileri konusundaki çalýþmalarýyla verdikleri üstün hizmetler için” BECQUEREL, ANTOINE HENRI Fransa, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, d.1852, ö.1908: “Kendiliðinden radyoaktiflik olgusunu keþfiyle saðladýðý üstün hizmetler için” CURIE, PIERRE Fransa, Ecole municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles, Paris, d.1859, ö. 1906; ve eþi: CURIE i MARIE, nee SKLODOWSKA Fransa, d.1867 (Varþova, Polonya), ö.1934: “Profesör Henri Becquerel tarafýndan bulunan radyasyon olgusu üzerine yaptýklarý ortak çalýþmalarla saðladýklarý üstün hizmetler için” RAYLEIGH, Lord (J. W. STRUTT) Ýngiltere, Royal Institution, Londra, d.1842, ö.1919: “Önemli gazlarýn çoðunun yoðunluklarýný buluþu ve bu çalýþmalarý sýrasýnda argonu keþfediþi için” LENARD, PHILIPP EDUARD ANTON

58. The Nobel Prize In Physics 1937 nobel Prize in Physics. Clinton Joseph Davisson (United States Bell Telephone)and sir george paget thomson (England) for their experimental discovery of http://www.fi.uib.no/~ladi/Nobel95.html

SLAC from : August 31, 1995 Updated Oct. 11, 1995 by L.K. The Nobel Prize in Physics: 1995-1901 Origin of this material Patrick Clancey This page, hosted by the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, is my personal contribution: all errors and omissions are mine alone. The information has been gathered from a wide variety of sources, and the nationality indicated for each laureate is my best determination of where the relevant work was done. Included for each year are the names and "nationalities" of the recipients, the commendation for the award, and bibliographic citations from the SPIRES HEP databases (including the full text of acceptance speeches, where available). Additions, corrections, and pointers to other relevant URLs will be gratefully accepted. Copy for local purposes: L. Kocbach 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics Martin L. Perl, United States; Frederick Reines, United States, for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics. 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics Bertran N. Brockhouse (Canada) (see also: Great Canadian Scientists) and Clifford G. Schull

59. Nobel Charles thomson Rees Wilson). 1930, sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman( Davisson(), george paget thomson( http://teacher.cycu.edu.tw/physics/NEWS/nobel.htm

ª«²z¿Õ¨©º¸¼ú±o¥D ¼w°ê¹êÅ窫²z¾Ç®a X ®g½u¡A¤§«á¥H¨Úµ^°µ¬°´T®g¶q¾¯ªº³æ¦ì¡C Hendrik Antoon Lorentz ( ²üÄõ²z½×ª«²z¾Ç®a ), Pieter Zeeman( ²üÅçÄõ¹êÅ窫²z¾Ç®a ¬ã¨s´T®g«áºÏ³õªº¼vÅT¡C Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie ( ªk°êª«²z¾Ç®a (Antoine Henri Becquerel) ( Pierre Curie, Marie Curie) Lord (John William Strutt) Rayleigh ( ­^°êª«²z¾Ç®a Philipp Edurad Anton van Len( ¼w°êª«²z¾Ç®a ­P¤O¬ã¨s³±·¥®g½u Sir Joseph John Thomson ( ­^°êª«²z¾Ç®a ¹ï®ðÅ骺¾É¹q²z½×»P¹êÅ窺¬ã¨s¦³¬Û·í­«­nªº°^Äm Albert Abraham Michelson ( ¬ü°êª«²z¾Ç®a ¶i¦æ¥ú¤z¯A­p¹êÅç¡A¨ÅçÒ¥H¤Ó¬O¤£¦s¦bªº¡C Gabriel Lippmann ( ªk°êª«²z¾Ç®a Guglielmo Marconi( ), Carl Ferdinand Braun ( ¼w°êª«²z¾Ç®a µo©úµL½u¹q³ø¡C Johannes Diderik van der Waals( ²üÄõª«²z¾Ç®a Wilhelm Wien ( ¼w°êª«²z¾Ç®a µo©ú¿O¶ð»P¯B¼Ð·Ó©ú¥Îªº¦Û°Ê½Õ¸`¾¹»P®ðÅé»WÀ£¾¹¡C Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ( ²üÄõª«²z¾Ç®a ¬ã¨s§C·Å¤Uªºª«½è¯S©Ê¨»s³y¥X²GºA´á¡C Max von Laue ( ¼w°ê²z½×ª«²z¾Ç®a X ®g½u¶®g¡C Sir William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg( ­^°êª«²z¾Ç®a µo®i X ®g½u¥úоǡC Charles Glover Barkia( ­^°êª«²z¾Ç®a X ®g½u´T®g¡C Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck ( ¼w°êª«²z¾Ç®a µo®i¶q¤l½×¡C Johannes Stark ( ¼w°êª«²z¾Ç®a Charies-Edouard Guillaume( ªk°ê¹êÅ窫²z¾Ç®a Albert Einstein( ¬ü°ê²z½×ª«²z¾Ç®a Niels Henrik David Bohr( ¤¦³Á²z½×ª«²z¾Ç®a ¬ã¨s­ì¤lµ²ºc»P­ì¤l ´T®g¡C Robert Andrews Millikan( ¬ü°êª«²z¾Ç®a ¬ã¨s¹qªº°ò¥»¹q²ü ±K¥ß®Úªoºw¹êÅç ¡C Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn ( ·ç¨åª«²z¾Ç®a ¦b X James Franck( ¬ü°êª«²z¾Ç®a ), Gustav Ludwing Hertz(

60. ChemTeam: Cathode Ray Tube History vacuum tubes, these tubes, as modified by sir William Crookes electron is a particleand his son, george paget thomson, will be awarded the nobel Prize in http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/AtomicStructure/Disc-of-Electron-History.html

Cathode Ray Tube History 1855 German inventor Heinrich Geissler develops mercury pump - produces first good vacuum tubes, these tubes, as modified by Sir William Crookes, become the first to produce cathode rays, leading eventually to the discovery of the electron (and a bit farther down the road to television). 1869 J.W. Hittorf finds that a solid body put in front of the cathode cuts off the glow from the walls of the tube. Establishes that "rays" from the cathode travel in straight lines. 1871 C.F. Varley is first to publish suggestion that cathode rays are composed of particles. Crookes proposes that they are molecules that have picked up a negative charge from the cathode and are repelled by it. 1874 George Johnstone Stoney estimates the charge of the then unknown electron to be about 10 coulomb, close to the modern value of 1.6021892 x 10 coulomb. (He used the Faraday constant (total electric charge per mole of univalent atoms) divided by Avogadro's Number. James Clerk Maxwell had recognized this method soon after Faraday had published, but he did not accept the idea that electricity is composed of particles.) Stoney also proposes the name "electrine" for the unit of charge on a hydrogen ion. In 1891, he changes the name to "electron." 1876 Eugen Goldstein shows that the radiation in a vacuum tube produced when an electric current is forced through the tube starts at the cathode; Goldstein introduces the term cathode ray to describe the light emitted.

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