61. Nuclear Fundamentals 1.13.4 Rem (roentgen equivalent man) and Sievert (Sv evening of November 8, 1895 ,wilhelm conrad Röntgen, unexpectedly being awarded the first nobel Prize for http://www.usdpi.org/nuclear_fundamentals.htm

USDPI U.S. Disaster Preparedness Institute Practical preparedness for reasonable risks This is an extract draft that has been reformatted for the web from my upcoming book, US Nuclear Threats, Hazards, and Survival . Any suggestions or comments are welcome. Introduction The discovery of nuclear radiation Elements, atoms, and compounds Stuctures of atoms and elements ... Shielding against neutrons Nuclear fundamentals Introduction This general section on Nuclear Fundamentals provides a foundation to better understand many of the ideas presented later in this book. If you aren’t sure what the difference is between things like alpha and beta particles, X-rays and gamma rays, and terms like “rads” and “rems”, “nucleon” and “nuclide”, and “fission” versus “fusion”, then this section should help. The discovery of nuclear radiation On the evening of November 8, 1895 , Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, unexpectedly discovered a new kind of ray, later called the X-ray, where one could see through skin and observe internal structures of the body. This caused quite a stir in the scientific communities. Just a few months later, in February of 1896, Henri Becquerel reported what appeared to be X-rays emitted directly by uranium, a discovery, once again, that happened unexpectedly. Becquerel, due to cloudy weather, had delayed an experiment by putting it into a drawer for a few days to wait for a sunny day. To his great surprise, the “experiment-to-be”, while still in the drawer, showed that energy rays, apart from the energy of sunlight, caused an image to be made on a photographic plate that had black paper separating it and the uranium beside it (an energy ray had passed from the uranium through the paper onto the photographic plate). Becquerel continued to focus on studying uranium based “Becquerel” rays over the course of the next several years.

62. JPEG In Medical Imaging roentgen Filmbased Xray archives The German physicist wilhelm conrad Röntgen (1845- 1923), discovered X rays, for which he in 1901 received the first nobel http://www.augrin.com/prod/jpp/wb_med.html

AGI (autoGraph international) Your Professional Image Partner White Book JPEG Compression in Medical Imaging AGI - the manufacturer of JPEG PRO September 11, 1996 Filmbased X-ray archives The German physicist These X-rays, as he named them, were immediately put at the service of medicine, enabling doctors to "see" inside their patients. The penetrating rays exposed photographic films, and the shadows of bones, tissue, etc. in the body emerged when the films were developed. Since then, archives with endless miles of shelves containing films have been established in connection with X-ray departments in the worlds hospitals. Such archives suffer from three major drawbacks: They occupy many, very expensive square feet - and they still grow It takes a lot of time and man-power to fetch the films 30 percent of the films simply disappear from the archives! Digital modalities Within the last couple of decades, new X-ray equipment (modalities) - like Computer Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance (MR) scanners - have come to use in the X-ray departments. Unlike the traditional X-ray equipment, these new scanners cannot expose films directly. The output from the devices is the result of complex mathematical calculations on signals detected during the scanning - and it is thus digital rather than analogue images of the patients that result from such scannings.

63. Roentgen, Wilhelm Information Sites roentgen's life and work. Biography of wilhelm conrad Röntgen Biographical sketchfocuses on the work that led up to Rontgen's 1901 acceptance of the nobel http://www.spyorg.com/KidsandTeens/SchoolTime/Science/Scientists/Roentgen,Wilhel

SPYorg.com Search SPYorg.com (Not sure of spelling? Use first letters and * such as abc* or abcd* or abcde*) Match:.. All Any Format: Long Short Search Words: Top Kids and Teens School Time Science ... Scientists : Roentgen, Wilhelm Encarta: Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad - Encyclopedia article provides an overview of Roentgen's life and work. Biography of Wilhelm Conrad R¶ntgen - Biographical sketch focuses on the work that led up to Rontgen's 1901 acceptance of the Nobel Prize in Physics. Includes photograph and transcript of presentation speech. Click Here for a fast ON-LINE APPLICATION FREE HOME LOAN APPRAISAL (on approved loans) Help build the largest Kids and Teens human-edited directory on the web. Submit a Site Kids and Teens Open Directory Project Become an Editor Privacy Statement ... Add Your Site to SPYorg.com ADVERTISEMENT:

64. W.C.Roentgen La 10 februarie 1923 wilhelm conrad roentgen a murit la Munchen de carcinom intestinalsi a a dus la obtinerea unui insemnat numar de premii nobel in domeniile http://ssa5.tripod.com/silviu/id14.html

document.isTrellix = 1; Check out the NEW Hotbot Tell me when this page is updated Silviu Andrei SFRANGEU W.C.Roentgen Home Iluzii optice Informatii de ordin general Poza zilei ... Cluj-Napoca W.C.Roentgen Pionierii radiologiei Figuri importante ale radiologiei mondiale Femei in radiologie Premiile NOBEL in domeniul radiologiei ... Iluzii optice Viata si activitatea celui care a fost Wilhelm Conrad ROENTGEN descoperitorul radiatiilor care ii poarta numele.De la acest moment memorabil au tercut peste 100 ani. Inca din cele mai vechi timpuri s-a pus problema structurii materiei. Fara posibilitati de investigare adecvate, s-a presupus doar existenta unor entitati (elemente) primordiale, care prin asamblare, sa conduca la diversitatea materiei, dar, in acelasi timp, si la unitatea ei. Atomismul antic a fost doctrina ce a capatat constanta de-a lungul istoriei, avandu-i ca reprezentanti pe Anaxagora, Leucip si Democrit (sec. VI V i.e.n.). In conceptia anticilor, atomii reprezinta caramizile fundamentale ale materiei, fiind indivizibili, impenetrabili si eterni. Diversitatea lumii materiale rezulta din combinarea unui numar finit de atomi. Pentru ca teoria nu avea sustinere experimentala, multa vreme atomismul a fost considerat doar o speculatie. Treptat, odata cu dezvoltarea industriei, s-a revenit la conceptia atomista, de aceasta data pe baze solide, experimentale. Astfel, atomismul este acceptat de catre mari oameni de stiinta ca Galilei, Huygens, Newton, Gassendi, Bacon, Bernuolli, Lomonosov si folosit de catre chimisti pentru a explica o serie de aspecte cantitative ale fenomenelor chimice.

65. History Of Astronomy: Persons (R) and about his Urania custode del tempo. Röntgen roentgen, wilhelm conrad (18451923)Biography and other material (partly in German); The nobel Prize in http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_r.html

History of Astronomy Persons History of Astronomy: Persons (R) Deutsche Fassung Radcliffe, John (1650-1714) Very short biography The Radcliffe Observatory , Oxford Ragona, Domenico (1820-1892) Short biography and references (in Italian) Rajewsky, Boris (1893-1974) Biography , by Erwin Schopper (in German) From Physiker und Astronomen in Frankfurt Raman, Chandrasekhra Venkata (1888-1970) Biography (24 Aug 1999: disappeared) Ramsay, William (1852-1916) Short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Ramsden, Jesse (1735-1800) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Short biography Ramus, Peter (1515-1572) Biographical data and references Rankine, William John Macquorn (1820-1872) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Very short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Raphson, Joseph (1648-1715) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Rasch, Johann (ca.1540-1615) Very short biography (Or see German version Rayleigh, Lord: see Strutt, John William (1842-1919) Razi: see al-Razi, Mohammad Ibn Zakariya (864-930)

66. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (wilhelm conrad Röntgen). 8, 1895, at the University of Würzburg, wilhelm Röntgen'sattention For his discovery, Röntgen received the first nobel Prize in http://www.orcbs.msu.edu/radiation/radhistory/wilhelmrontgen.html

Figures in Radiation History Thanks to the following group for allowing us to reprint this information: The Health Physics Society 1313 Dolley Madison Blvd., Suite 402 Mclean, Virginia 22101 Tel: 703-790-1745 Fax: 703-790-2672 Back to the Figures in Radiation History Page Back to the ORCBS Radiation Safety Page(s) Back to the ORCBS Home Page

67. Radioactivity: Historical Figures Focuses on four primary figures in the development of the understanding of nuclear structure and radioact Category Science Chemistry History...... wilhelm conrad roentgen (18451923 8, 1895, at the University of Wurzburg, wilhelmroentgen's attention was his work. For his discovery, roentgen received the http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/historical_background.html

Radioactivity: Historical Figures Access Excellence Classic Collection This article will focus on the efforts of four scientists: Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, Antoine Henri Becquerel, Marie Sklodowska Curie, and Ernest Rutherford. It emphasizes their contributions to the elucidation of radioactivity and the "key" experiments they performed pertaining to their discoveries. The biographies and photographs are adapted from The Health Physics Society Centennial Calendar by permission of the Health Physics Society. Wilhelm Rontgen ca. 1895. Inset photo: Radiograph of Frau Rontgen's hand. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) On November 8, 1895, at the University of Wurzburg, Wilhelm Roentgen's attention was drawn to a glowing fluorescent screen on a nearby table. Roentgen immediately determined that the fluorescence was caused by invisible rays originating from the partially evacuated glass Hittorf-Crookes tube he was using to study cathode rays (i.e., electrons). Surprisingly, these mysterious rays penetrated the opaque black paper wrapped around the tube. Roentgen had discovered X rays, a momentous event that instantly revolutionized the field of physics and medicine. However, prior to his first formal correspondence to the University Physical-Medical Society, Roentgen spent two months thoroughly investigating the properties of X rays. Silvanus Thompson complained that Roentgen left "little for others to do beyond elaborating his work." For his discovery, Roentgen received the first Nobel Prize in physics in 1901. When later asked what his thoughts were at the moment of his discovery, he replied "I didn't think, I investigated. "It was the crowning achievement in a career beset by more than its share of difficulties.

68. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Translate this page wilhelm conrad Röntgen. Lennep 27.3.1845 - Monaco 10.2.1923. Fisico, il suo nomeè legato alla scoperta dei raggi X, per cui ricevette il premio nobel per la http://www2.enel.it/home/enelandia/storia_nj/person/rontgen.htm

69. Roentgen Translate this page roentgen, wilhelm conrad (1845-1923), físico alemán y primer PremioNobel de Física. roentgen nació en Lennep (hoy parte de http://www.geocities.com/fisicaquimica99/roentgen.htm

Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad (1845-1923), físico alemán y primer Premio Nobel de Física. Roentgen nació en Lennep (hoy parte de Remscheid, Alemania) y estudió en la Universidad de Zurich. En noviembre de 1895 leyó ante la Sociedad Físico-Médica de Würzburg un informe sobre su descubrimiento de radiaciones de onda corta a las que denominó rayos X. Más tarde estos rayos recibieron su nombre pero se siguen conociendo como rayos X. Entre los muchos galardones por su hallazgo, que revolucionó la física y la medicina, recibió la Medalla Rumford de la Sociedad Real de Londres en 1896 y el primer Premio Nobel de Física en 1901. También realizó descubrimientos en mecánica, calor y electricidad.

70. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=wilhelm conrad roentgen

71. Untitled wilhelm conrad roentgen (18451923), a German physicist, received the firstNobel Prize for physics (1901) for his discovery of X rays. Biography. http://www.phy.hr/~dpaar/fizicari/roentgen.html

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923), a German physicist, received the first Nobel Prize for physics (1901) for his discovery of X rays. Biography

72. Röntgen, Wilhelm (1845-1923) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biogr Prize Winners , nobel Prize , Physics Prize v. Röntgen, wilhelm (18451923), Hereceived the first nobel prize in physics in 1901. Additional biographies Bonn. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Roentgen.html

Branch of Science Physicists Nationality German ... Physics Prize German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895 after observing that a sheet of paper coated with barium platinocyanide glowed when a cathode ray tube was turned on. He received the first Nobel prize in physics in 1901. Additional biographies: Bonn Author: Eric W. Weisstein

73. EXplorations In Medicine wilhelm conrad roentgen (18451923) On November 8, 1895 at the University of Wurzburg,wilhelm roentgen's attention was For his discovery, roentgen received the http://interzone.com/~cheung/SUM.dir/med95.html

visit radioativity page visit radioativity page Radioactivity: Historical Figures Access Excellence Classic Collection - This article will focus on the efforts of four scientists: Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, Antoine Henri Becquerel, Marie Sklodowska Curie, and Ernest Rutherford. It emphasizes their contributions to the elucidation of radioactivity and the "key" experiments they performed pertaining to their discoveries. The biographies and photographs are adapted from The Health Physics Society Centennial Calendar by permission of the Health Physics Society. Wilhelm Rontgen ca. 1895. Inset photo: Radiograph of Frau Rontgen's hand. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) On November 8, 1895, at the University of Wurzburg, Wilhelm Roentgen's attention was drawn to a glowing fluorescent screen on a nearby table. Roentgen immediately determined that the fluorescence was caused by invisible rays originating from the partially evacuated glass Hittorf-Crookes tube he was using to study cathode rays (i.e., electrons). Surprisingly, these mysterious rays penetrated the opaque black paper wrapped around the tube. Roentgen had discovered X rays, a momentous event that instantly revolutionized the field of physics and medicine. However, prior to his first formal correspondence to the University Physical-Medical Society, Roentgen spent two months thoroughly investigating the properties of X rays. Silvanus Thompson complained that Roentgen left "little for others to do beyond elaborating his work." For his discovery, Roentgen received the first Nobel Prize in physics in 1901. When later asked what his thoughts were at the moment of his discovery, he replied "I didn't think, I investigated. "It was the crowning achievement in a career beset by more than its share of difficulties. As a student in Holland, Roentgen was expelled from the Utrecht Technical School for a prank committed by another student. Even after receiving a doctorate, his lack of a diploma initially prevented him from obtaining a position at the University of Wurzburg. He even was accused of having stolen the discovery of X rays by those who failed to observe them. Nevertheless, Roentgen was a brilliant experimentalist who never sought honors or financial profit for his research. He rejected a title (i.e., von Roentgen) that would have provided entry into the German nobility, and donated the money he received from the Nobel Prize to his University. Roentgen did accept the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine offered to him by the medical faculty of his own University of Wurzburg. However, he refused to take out any patents in order that the world could freely benefit from his work. At the time of his death, Roentgen was nearly bankrupt from the inflation that followed World War I. - Henri Becquerel Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) Henri Becquerel was born into a family of scientists. His grandfather had made important contributions in the field of electrochemistry while his father had investigated the phenomena of fluorescence and phosphorescence. Becquerel not only inherited their interest in science, he also inherited the minerals and compounds studied by his father.And so, upon learning how Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X rays from the fluorescence they produced, Becquerel had a ready source of fluorescent materials with which to pursue his own investigations of these mysterious rays. The material Becquerel chose to work with was potassium uranyl sulfate, K2UO2(S)4)2, which he exposed to sunlight and placed on photographic plates wrapped in black paper. When developed, the plates revealed an image of the uranium crystals. Becquerel concluded "that the phosphorescent substance in question emits radiation which penetrates paper opaque to light." Initially he believed that the sun's energy was being absorbed by the uranium which then emitted X rays. Further investigation, on the 26th and 27th of February, was delayed because the skies over Paris were overcast and the uranium-covered plates Becquerel intended to expose to the sun were returned to a drawer. On the first of March, he developed the photographic plates expecting only faint images to appear. To his surprise, the images were clear and strong. This meant that the uranium emitted radiation without an external source of energy such as the sun. Becquerel had discovered radioactivity, the spontaneous emission of radiation by a material. Later, Becquerel demonstrated that the radiation emitted by uranium shared certain characteristics with X rays but, unlike X rays, could be deflected by a magnetic field and therefore must consist of charged particles. For his discovery of radioactivity, Becquerel was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for physics. - Marie Curie ca. 1920. Inset: Pierre Curie (Marie's favorite picture of her husband). Pierre Curie (1859-1906) Marie Curie (1867-1934) By the time he met Marie Sklodowska, Pierre Curie had already established an impressive reputation. In 1880, he and his brother Jacques had discovered piezoelectricity whereby physical pressure applied to a crystal resulted in the creation of an electric potential. He also had made important investigations into the phenomenon of magnetism including the identification of a temperature, the curie point, above which a material's magnetic properties disappear. However, shortly after his marriage to Marie in 1895, Pierre subjugated his research to her interests. Together, they began investigating the phenomenon of radioactivity recently discovered in uranium ore. Although the phenomenon was discovered by Henri Becquerel, the term radioactivity was coined by Marie. After chemical extraction of uranium from the ore, Marie noted the residual material to be more "active" than the pure uranium. She concluded that the ore contained, in addition to uranium, new elements that were also radioactive. This led to their discoveries of the elements of polonium and radium, but it took four more years of processing tons of ore under oppressive conditions to isolate enough of each element to determine its chemical properties. For their work on radioactivity, the Curies were awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics. Tragically, Pierre was killed three years later in an accident while crossing a street in a rainstorm. Pierre's teaching position at the Sorbonne was given to Marie. Never before had a woman taught there in its 650 year history! Her first lecture began with the very sentence her husband had used to finish his last. In his honor, the 1910 Radiology Congress chose the curie as the basic unit of radioactivity: the quantity of radon in equilibrium with one gram of radium (current definition: 1 Ci = 3.7x1010 dps). A year later, Marie was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for her discoveries of radium and polonium, thus becoming the first person to receive two Nobel Prizes. For the remainder of her life she tirelessly investigated and promoted the use if radium as a treatment for cancer. Marie Curie died July 4, 1934, overtaken by pernicious anemia no doubt caused by years of overwork and radiation exposure. - Ernest Rutherford in his Laboratory at McGill University ca. 1903. Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) Ernest Rutherford is considered the father of nuclear physics. Indeed, it could be said that Rutherford invented the very language to describe the theoretical concepts of the atom and the phenomenon of radioactivity. Particles named and characterized by him include the alpha particle, beta particle and proton. Even the neutron, discovered by James Chadwick, owes its name to Rutherford. The exponential equation used to calculate the decay of radioactive substances was first employed for that purpose by Rutherford and he was the first to elucidate the related concepts of the half-life and decay constant. With Frederick Soddy at McGill University, Rutherford showed that elements such as uranium and thorium became different elements (i.e., transmuted) through the process of radioactive decay. At the time, such an incredible idea was not to be mentioned in polite company: it belonged to the realm of alchemy, not science. For this work, Rutherford won the 1908 Nobel Prize in chemistry. In 1909, now at the University of Manchester, Rutherford was bombarding a thin gold foil with alpha particles when he noticed that although almost all of them went through the gold, one in eight thousand would "bounce" (i.e., scatter) back. The amazed Rutherford commented that it was "as if you fired a 15-inch naval shell at a piece of tissue paper and the shell came right back and hit you." From this simple observation, Rutherford concluded that the atom's mass must be concentrated in a small positively-charged nucleus while the electrons inhabit the farthest reaches of the atom. Although this planetary model of the atom has been greatly refined over the years, it remains as valid today as when it was originally formulated by Rutherford. In 1919, Rutherford returned to Cambridge to become director of the Cavendish laboratory where he had previously done his graduate work under J.J. Thomson. It was here that he made his final major achievement, the artificial alteration of nuclear and atomic structure. By bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles, Rutherford demonstrated the production of a different element, oxygen. "Playing with marbles" is what he called; the newspapers reported that Rutherford had "split the atom." After his death in 1937, Rutherford's remains were buried in Westminster Abbey near those of Sir Isaac Newton. -

74. ACELERADOR DE ELECTRONES - ASPECTOS HISTÓRICOS and Polonium. 1901wilhelm conrad roentgen is awarded the first NobelPrize in physics for his discovery of X-rays. 1902-Hendrik http://atenea.udistrital.edu.co/profesores/jsarta/aceler_electerones/aspect_hist

Tomado de una breve descripción de ADAC Laboratories Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen December January February March April July October 1895-Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovers an unknown "invisible light" and names the phenomenon "X-Strahlung." 1896-Antoine Henri Becquerel discovers mysterious "rays" (radioactivity) while studying uranium-covered plates. 1896-Michael I. Pupin uses the first intensifying screen. 1897-Marie Curie names the mysterious uranium radiations "radioactivity." 1898-Marie and Pierre Curie discover Radium and Polonium. 1901-Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen is awarded the first Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery of X-rays. 1902-Hendrik Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman share the Nobel Prize in physics for their research into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena. 1903-Henri Becquerel and the Curies share the Nobel Prize in physics for their discovery of radioactive elements. 1905-Philipp Lenard is awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his work on cathode rays. 1907-Automated X-ray equipment with motor driven cross-arm rectifiers are introduced. 1908-Ernest Rutherford is awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for showing that radioactive elements became transmuted through the process of radioactive decay.

75. Conrad Röntgen Translate this page Am 10. Dezember erhielt wilhelm conrad Röntgen den Nobelpreis fürPhysik, den ersten Nobelpreis der je vergeben wurde. Den Preis http://www.ph.tum.de/~kressier/Bios/Roentgen.html

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen deutscher Maschinenbauer und Physiker August Kundt Am 10. Dezember erhielt Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen den Nobel preis für Physik, den ersten Nobelpreis der je vergeben wurde. Den Preis in Höhe von 50.000 Kronen stiftete er der Universität Würzburg. Am 10. Februar 1923 verstirbt Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in München an einem Darmkarzinom. Sein wissenschaftlicher Nachlass wurde aufgrund einer testamentarischen Verfügung verbrannt, sein verbliebenes Vermögen kam wohltätigen Zwecken zugute. © 2000 by Sepp Kressierer ( kressier@ph.tum.de mpaizoni@ph.tum.de

76. What About X-Rays? wilhelm conrad roentgen was a German physicist who in the year 1901 won a nobelprize for his dicovery of XRays. In Germany X-Rays are called roentgen Rays. http://www.sanjuan.edu/schools/arcade/XRaySO.html

BONES, BONES, BONES X-RAYS PICTURES WHO AND WHEN? HOW AND WHAT? TERMS ... CREATED BY? PICTURES X-RAYS WERE DISCOVERED WHEN WILHELM ROENTGEN PREFORMED AN EXPERIMENT WITH AN ANODE (ABOVE.) WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN (ABOVE.) WHO DICOVERED THE X-RAY AND HOW DID THEY DO IT? Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered the X-Ray completely by accident in November of 1895. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was a German physicist who in the year 1901 won a nobel prize for his dicovery of X-Rays. In Germany X-Rays are called Roentgen Rays. Wilhelm Roentgen was performing an experiment in which he covered a crooks tube with black paper. An X-Ray is created when an electrical current in passed through a crooks tube and leaves an image on a piece of photographic film . An X-Ray is one of the most useful uses of energy we know today. X-Rays are shorter than the usual light rays. Since they are shorter wave lengths they can penetrate through substances. HOW DOES THE X-RAY WORK AND WHAT GOOD DOES IT DO? An X-Ray is when invisible rays come out of a crooks tube and go through some materials such as flesh, and are stopped by others such as bones and metal. X-Ray machines can be used in medical, dental, and security purposes as well as other ways. X-Rays make it possible to take radiographs of bones and internal organs. You can take pictures of peoples teeth inside their gums, and other dental purposes. At airports there are machines that you put your luggage through, so that people can tell you have nothing that you arn't allowed to have. .

77. Show Tagged Records nobel Prizes. Discusses the efforts in radioactivity of four scientists German physicistWilhelm conrad roentgen (18451923), French physicist Antoine Henri http://www.lib.nthu.edu.tw/subject/physlink_3.htm

Record: 41 TITLE: Walter Gilbert (1932-). ( Type: World Wide Web Resource ) LINK: http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/BC/Walter_Gilbert.html SUMMARY: Profiles American physicist Walter Gilbert (1932-), provided by Genentech, Inc. Includes biographical information on Gilbert and discusses his research on proteins and DNA. Highlights his laboratory's discovery of the lac repressor in Escherichia coli. CONTACT: aeinfo@gene.com (Feedback) LC SUBJECT: Gilbert, Walter (American physicist). DNA Research. Physicists Biography 20th century. Record: 42 TITLE: Columbia Plasma Physics Lab. ( Type: World Wide Web Resource ) LINK: http://www.ap.columbia.edu/apam/plasma/plasmaintro.html SUMMARY: Features the Plasma Physics Laboratory of Columbia University in New York City. The lab is an experimental research facility for the study of basic and applied plasma physics in a broad range of applications and is part of the Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics. Discusses the Laboratory's role as a major university research center in controlled fusion research with laser and magnetic plasma diagnostics, and describes several projects that are in progress. Links to research group home pages, as well as to the home page of the department.

78. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen Rontgen, wilhelm conrad born March 27, 1845, Lennep, Prussia Ršntgen also spelledROENTGEN German physicist who was a recipient of the first nobel Prize for http://www.crystalinks.com/rontgen.html

Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen Rontgen, Wilhelm Conrad - born March 27, 1845, Lennep, Prussia [now Remscheid, Ger.] d. Feb. 10, 1923, Munich, Ger. Ršntgen also spelled ROENTGEN  German physicist who was a recipient of the first Nobel Prize for Physics, in 1901, for his discovery of X rays, which heralded the age of modern physics and revolutionized diagnostic medicine. Ršntgen studied at the Polytechnic in ZŸrich and then was professor of physics at the universities of Strasbourg (1876-79), Giessen (1879-88), WŸrzburg (1888-1900), and Munich (1900-20). His research also included work on elasticity, capillary action of fluids, specific heats of gases, conduction of heat in crystals, absorption of heat by gases, and piezoelectricity. In 1895, while experimenting with electric current flow in a partially evacuated glass tube (cathode-ray tube), Ršntgen observed that a nearby piece of barium platinocyanide gave off light when the tube was in operation. He theorized that when the cathode rays (electrons) struck the glass wall of the tube, some unknown radiation was formed that traveled across the room, struck the chemical, and caused the fluorescence. Further investigation revealed that paper, wood, and aluminum, among other materials, are transparent to this new form of radiation. He found that it affected photographic plates, and, since it did not noticeably exhibit any properties of light, such as reflection or refraction, he mistakenly thought the rays were unrelated to light.

79. Roetgen Translate this page 1895 el físico aleman wilhelm conrad Röntgen descubre los Recibe el primer premioNobel otorgado al área http//www.profisica.cl/personajedelmes/roentgen/. http://148.216.10.84/fisquimica/Roetgen.htm

Coordinación de Innovación Educativa El cero maya Wilhelm Röntgen 1895 el físico aleman Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen descubre los Rayos X y realiza la primera radiografía. Recibe el primer premio Nobel otorgado al área de física en 1901. El siguiente documento se encontró en la direción electrónica: http://www.profisica.cl/personajedelmes/roentgen/ Fecha de obtención de documento, de uso público: Hemos elegido como personaje del mes de noviembre de 2001 a Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, al cumplirse el siglo desde que le fuera concedido el primer Premio Nobel de Física. De lo anterior no debe colegirse que se ha otorgado 100 Premio Nobel en Física, pues el concurso fue declarado desierto en 6 ocasiones hasta la fecha (años 1916, 31, 34, 40, 41 y 42). Además fue precisamente en un mes de noviembre (año 1895) cuando este físico alemán realizó su experimento precursor que habría de llevarle a la fama. El principal motivo para conferirle el máximo galardón de la especialidad a Roentgen fue su descubrimiento de los Rayos X, bautizados así por su descubridor al resultar absolutamente desconocidos, rebautizados luego como Rayos Roentgen, aunque demasiado tarde como para que el cambio de nombre tuviera éxito. Así, en el manifiesto en el cual se le otorga el Premio Nobel se puede leer: "en reconocimiento por los extraordinarios servicios prestados por el descubrimiento de los notables rayos que llevan su nombre". Si bien Roentgen recibió el Nobel en Física, el uso masivo de la tecnología que surgió con su descubrimiento se produjo en medicina. Como curiosidad apuntemos que el Premio Nobel de Medicina ese mismo año 1901 le fue concedido al también alemán Emil von Behring por el descubrimiento de un suero para el tratamiento terapéutico de la difteria.

80. Swiss Society For Radiobiology And Medical Physics (links) Radioactivity Historical Figures incl. wilhelm conrad roentgen, AntoineHenri Becquerel, Pierre and Marie Curie, Ernest Rutherford. http://www.sgsmp.ch/links-m.htm

Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Strahlenbiologie und Medizinische Physik Société Suisse de Radiobiologie et de Physique Médicale Società Svizzera di Radiobiologia e di Fisica Medica Swiss Society of Radiobiology and Medical Physics Links Back to Main Page Zurück zur Hauptseite Retour à la page principale Ritorna alla pagina principale ... Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik Scientific and Professional Organisations : international national Switzerland national neighbouring countries History ... Radiographs of Nature Scientific and Professional Organisations : international European Federation of Organisations of Medical Physics (EFOMP) which includes (amongst other information) : News from EFOMP National Member Organisations EFOMP Officers Policy Statements ... EFOMP and ESI International Organisation of Medical Physics (IOMP) with the Medical Physics World Bulletin (Vol.12.2/1996)

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