61. Poland - Famous Poles - ATPC nobel LAUREATES Yosef Shmuel AGON (18881970) 1966 Literature (2). Roald HOFFMAN(1937 - ) 1981 Chemistry (2). klaus von klitzing (1943 -) 1985 Physics (2). http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~atpc/heritage/history/famous.html

HOME FEATURES HERITAGE HISTORY Heritage: History Library FAMOUS POLES..... Poland's culture is rich in it's history and contributions to society. To learn more about famous Poles and their contributions visit the Famous Poles Page of NewPoland . You can learn what Poles have received the Nobel prize at Nobel Laureates of Polish Origin We have highlighted a few prominent Poles here with links to additional resources. Links on this page will open in a new window, close when done to return here. NOBEL LAUREATES Yosef Shmuel AGON 1966 Literature Menachem BEGIN 1978 Peace Georges CHARPAK 1992 Physics Marie CURIE (see Featured Poles) 1903 Physics Roald HOFFMAN 1981 Chemistry Klaus von KLITZING 1985 Physics Maria Goeppert MAYER 1963 Physics Albert MICHELSON 1907 Physics Czeslaw MILOSZ 1980 Literature Walther H. NERNST 1920 Chemistry Wladyslaw REYMONT 1924 Literature Andrew SCHALLY 1977 Medicine Henryk SIENKIEWICZ 1905 Literature Isaac Bashevis SINGER 1978 Literature Wislawa SZYMBORSKA 1966 Literature Lech WALESA 1983 Peace Visit NOBEL e-MUSEUM to see all the Nobel Laureates.

62. Nobel Prizes In Physics [UWA Physics] The following is a complete listing of nobel Prize awards in Physics Z Simon van derMeer Stochastic cooling for colliders 1985 klaus von klitzing Discovery of http://www.physics.uwa.edu.au/Misc/nobel.html

Nobel Prizes in Physics The following is a complete listing of Nobel Prize awards in Physics, from the first award in 1901. Prizes were not awarded in every year. The description following the names is an abbreviation of the official citation:

63. Efeito Hall Quântico Translate this page Em 1980 o físico alemão klaus von klitzing descobriu em uma chamada de efeitoHall quântico inteiro, von klitzing recebeu o prêmio nobel em 1985. http://www.if.ufrj.br/teaching/hall/hall.html

(* Preparado por C.A. Bertulani para o projeto de efeito Hall H H temperaturas extremamente baixas Por esta descoberta, chamada de supercondutores superfluidez excitado indireta de um novo fluido diretamente. prova conclusiva das suas descobertas. Robert B. Laughlin Professor Robert B. Laughlin Department of Physics, Varian Bldg Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-4060 USA Physics Department Columbia University New York, NY 10027 USA Daniel C. Tsui Professor Daniel C. Tsui Department of Electrical Engineering Princeton University PO Box 5263 Princeton, NJ 08544 USA Projeto: Desenvolvido por: Carlos Bertulani

64. Metanews: The Fractional Quantum Reportorial Effect In a 1980 refinement, German physicist klaus von klitzing found that smoothly increasingthe strength of the field klitzing won the 1985 nobel in Physics http://www.columbia.edu/cu/21stC/issue-3.4/hart.html

After the Nobel, the fractional quantum reportorial effect A Nobel prize might seem to mark the end of the struggle to explain even the most arcane experiment in quantum physics. After all, physicists worldwide have understood and applauded the work. But then you have to explain the research to reporters. "Just the physical phenomenon itself is very hard to describe to reporters, and then it's very hard to describe by reporters to the layman," says Columbia professor of physics and applied physics Horst L. Stormer , one of three researchers sharing the 1998 physics Nobel. Stormer also holds an appointment as Adjunct Physics Director at Lucent Technologies' Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey. The strange world of quantum mechanics proves difficult to explain, even for Stormer. "Everybody's struggling with it, including the scientists," he says. Stormer and fellow experimentalist Daniel C. Tsui , a Princeton physicist, performed the prize winning work at Bell Labs in 1982. Their work followed up on experiments begun in 1879, when American physicist Edwin H. Hall showed that a magnetic field applied across a thin metal plate produced a measurable electrical potential. In a 1980 refinement, German physicist Klaus von Klitzing found that smoothly increasing the strength of the field produced stepwise increases in the potential. Electrons seemed to be moving as units, or quanta, consistent with their single negative charge. Klitzing won the 1985 Nobel in Physics for demonstrating this integer quantum Hall effect.

65. Premio Nobel De Fiziko - Vikipedio Fiziko Premio nobel de Fiziko Premio nobel. La Premio nobel de Fiziko estasdisdonata ekde 1901. Tiuj personoj gajnis gin 1985 klaus von klitzing. http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_de_Fiziko

Vikipedio Ĉefpaĝo Enkonduko Helpo ... Ensalutu La Libera Enciklopedio Aliaj lingvoj: Dansk English Nederlands Presebla versio Premio Nobel de Fiziko El Vikipedio, la libera enciklopedio. Fiziko Premio Nobel La Premio Nobel de Fiziko estas disdonata ekde 1901. Tiuj personoj gajnis ĝin: Wilhelm Conrad R–NTGEN Hendrik Antoon LORENTZ kaj Pieter ZEEMAN Antoine Henri BECQUEREL Marie CURIE kaj Pierre CURIE John William Strutt RAYLEIGH Philipp LENARD Joseph John THOMSON ... Guglielmo MARCONI kaj Ferdinand BRAUN Johannes Diderik VAN DER WAALS Wilhelm WIEN Gustaf DALɎ ... William Henry BRAGG kaj William Lawrence BRAGG Charles Glover BARKLA Max PLANCK Johannes STARK ... James FRANCK kaj Gustav HERTZ Jean Baptiste PERRIN Arthur Holly COMPTON kaj Charles Thomson Rees WILSON Owen Willans RICHARDSON Louis DE BROGLIE Chandrasekhara Venkata RAMAN ... Paul Adrien Maurice DIRAC kaj Erwin SCHRքINGER James CHADWICK Carl David ANDERSON kaj Victor Franz HESS Clinton Joseph DAVISSON kaj George Paget THOMSON Enrico FERMI Ernest Orlando LAWRENCE Otto STERN ... John Douglas COCKCROFT kaj Ernest WALTON Felix BLOCH kaj Edward Mills PURCELL Frits ZERNIKE Max BORN kaj Walther BOTHE Willis Eugene LAMB kaj Polykarp KUSCH John BARDEEN Walter Houser BRATTAIN kaj William SHOCKLEY LEE Tsung Dao kaj YANG Chen Ning Pavel Alekseeviĉ ĈERENKOV Ilja MiÄ¥ailoviĉ FRANK kaj Igor Evgeneviĉ TAMM 1959 [[Emilio Gino SEGRɝ] kaj Owen CHAMBERLAIN Donald Arthur GLASER Robert HOFSTADTER kaj Rudolf Ludwig M֓SBAUER Lev Davidoviĉ LANDAU Maria GOEPPERT-MAYER Eugene Paul WIGNER kaj Hans Daniel JENSEN Nikolaj Gennadieviĉ BASOV Charles Hard TOWNES kaj

66. Zeal.com - United States - New - Library - Sciences - Physics - Physicists - Phy 21. klitzing, klaus von 1985 nobel Prize http//www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1985/von klitzing became a nobel physics laureate for his discovery of the http://www.zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=331341

67. History Five years later, in 1985, klaus von klitzing was awarded nobel Prize in Physicsfor the discovery of quantum Hall effect. This was not the end of the story. http://www.pha.jhu.edu/~qiuym/qhe/node1.html

Next: Basics of Hall Effect Up: Introduction to the Quantum Previous: Introduction to the Quantum History The Hall effect was discovered by Edwin Hall in 1879 when he was a graduate student in the Johns Hopkins University under the advisory of Professor Henry A. Rowland, after whose name this department is named now. But at that time, even the electron was not experimentally discovered. Clear understanding had to wait until quantum mechanics came into apperance. In 1930, Landau showed that for quantum electrons, unlike classical electrons, the electron's orbital motion gave a contribution to the magnetic susceptibility. He also remarked that the kinetic energy quantization gave rise to a contribution to the magnetic susceptibility which was periodic in inverse magnetic field. We can see later that Landau levels along with localization can explain the integer quantum Hall effect satisfactorily. The first inversion layer Hall conductivity measurements in strong magnetic fields were done by S.Kawaji and his colleagues in 1975. Using a somewhat different experimental arrangement which measured the Hall voltage rather than the Hall current, Klaus von Klitzing and Th. Englert had found flat Hall plateaus in 1978. However, the precise quantization of the Hall conductance in units of

68. The Nobel Prize In Physics 1998 The three researchers are being awarded the nobel Prize for discovering that In 1980the German physicist klaus von klitzing discovered in a similar experiment http://www1.physik.tu-muenchen.de/~gammel/matpack/html/Chronics/nobel98-physics.

Electrons in New Guises rewarded 1998 The three researchers are being awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering that electrons acting together in strong magnetic fields can form new types of "particles", with charges that are fractions of electron charges. Electrons in New Guises Quantum effects become visible As a young student in 1879 Edwin H. Hall discovered an unexpected phenomenon. He found that if a thin gold plate is placed in a magnetic field at right angles to its surface an electric current flowing along the plate can cause a potential drop at right angles both to the current and the magnetic field (see figure 1). Termed the Hall effect, this takes place because electrically charged particles (in this case electrons) moving in a magnetic field are influenced by a force and deflect laterally. The Hall effect can be used to determine the density of charge carriers (negative electrons or positive holes) in conductors and semi-conductors, and has become a standard tool in physics laboratories the world over. Fig. 1.

69. Nobel For Physics: All Laureates Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer 1985 klaus von klitzing 1984 Carlo Thomson 1905Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard 1904 The nobel Prize A History of Genius http://www.popular-science.net/nobel/phy-list.html

NOBEL Read More on the Nobel Prize: Nobel Minds 2001 Awards John Nash Women Nobel Prize ... Prize Amounts MINI ALMANAC Calendar Moon phase Popular Science Highlights: IG Nobel 2002 The invention of :-) West Nile Virus Asteroid Impact? ... Book: Russell Read also: Nobel Prize Women in Science : Their Lives, Struggles, and Momentous Discoveries by Sharon Bertsch McGrayne THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR PHYSICS: ALL WINNERS 2001 Eric A. Cornell, Carl E. Wieman, Wolfgang Ketterle 2000 Zhores I Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby 1999 Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman 1998 Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui 1997 Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips 1996 David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson 1995 Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines 1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull 1993 Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.

70. Untitled nobel.se webpage with info about each. Alferov, Zhores Chu, Steven Esaki, Leo Fischer,Ernst Giaever, Ivar Huber, Robert Josephson, Brian von klitzing, klaus http://www.phys.vt.edu/~ucn/Lindau2001/laureate.html

List of Laureates to attend the meeting linked to the www.nobel.se webpage with info about each. Alferov, Zhores Chu, Steven Esaki, Leo Fischer, Ernst ... Arber, Werner

71. Campus-germany.de - Estudiar En Wurzburgo: Un Premio Nobel Sin Título De Bachil Translate this page No solamente Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen obtuvo el premio nobel, también sus de la sucesiónde premios Nóbeles que alcanza con klaus von klitzing hasta nuestros http://www.campusgermany.de/spanish/4.30.3.1974.html

Foro Léxico Mapa del sitio Quiénes somos ... Vivir Ciudades Alemania Busar una ciudad Lista de ciudades Wurzburgo La aventura de lo cotidiano Arte Comida Conciencia ecológica ... Vivir Estudiar Investigar Datos y hechos Escuelas Superiores (3) Instituciones de investigación (1) La biblioteca de la Universidad Estudiar en Wurzburgo Un Premio Nobel sin título de bachiller A Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen le inculparon de haber dibujado en la pizarra una caricatura de su profesor, motivo por el que fue expulsado de la escuela poco antes de obtener su bachiller. El pobre estudiante intentó pasar las pruebas por libre. Pero para su desgracia, el profesor caricaturizado se presentó al examen y le suspendió otra vez en el acto. Quién podía pensar entonces que alguien que había comenzado su vida académica con tan mala suerte, alcanzaría el máximo honor académico. Por suerte Wilhelm Conrad pudo estudiar en Zurich sin necesidad de tener el título de bachillerato. Su gran descubrimiento vio la luz siendo profesor de la Universidad de Wurzburgo: en 1895 descubrió los rayos X, también llamados Roentgen en honor a su nombre. Por ello se le concedió el primer Premio Nobel de física. Para servir a la humanidad - la Facultad de Medicina Hace 400 años la Iglesia fundó la Universidad de Wurzburgo como un "bastión del catolicismo". Las ideas de la Ilustración, sin embargo, no se detuvieron ante sus puertas y, a partir de 1734, éstas fueron abriéndose también poco a poco a estudiantes no católicos. Los estudios se fueron ampliando, se crearon una facultad de derecho y una de medicina y algunos médicos célebres como Döllinger, Schoenlein, von Koelliker, von Virchow y la familia Siebold se encargaron de dar renombre a la Universidad.

72. The Scientist - Small Particles, Big Role In Nobel Prize For Physics A century later, German physicist klaus von klitzing of the Max klitzing's discovery,dubbed the integer quantum Hall effect earned him the 1985 nobel Prize for http://www.the-scientist.com/yr1998/nov/russo_p5_981123.html

The Scientist 12[23]:5, Nov. 23, 1998 News Small Particles, Big Role in Nobel Prize for Physics By Eugene Russo This year's winners of the Nobel Prize for physics collectively discovered and described a phenomenon that appears to defy common sense. Fewer notions could be so intuitively valid as the following: smaller things are generated by breaking bigger things apart. The world of physics usually bears this out: An atom, for example, divides into electrons, protons, and neutrons; a proton splits into quarks. But in 1982, Daniel Tsui , a professor of physics at Princeton University, and Horst Stormer , a professor of physics and applied physics at Columbia University and the adjunct director of physical sciences at Bell Laboratories' Physical Science Division in Murray Hill, N.J., observed the impossible. They were looking for something called the electron crystal, an as-yet-unproved theory that electrons will crystallize when placed in strong magnetic fields and low temperatures. In the process, they accidentally discovered that under these same conditions electrons will actually form fractional charges (so-called quasiparticles) by grouping together rather than by breaking apart. A year later

73. Institute Of Physics - Media Relations Professor klaus von klitzing, of the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Researchin Stuttgart, was awarded the 1985 nobel Prize for physics for the discovery http://physics.iop.org/IOP/Press/PR7902.html

www.iop.org Contact us Activities: Media Relations ... Public Relations Contacts PR-79(02) New Honorary Fellows at the Institute of Physics Dr Clive Foxell, Professor Klaus von Klitzing, Lord Robert May and Professor Joe Vinen have been awarded Honorary Fellowships at the Institute of Physics in recognition of their outstanding contributions to physics. Dr Clive Foxell has given exceptional service to the Institute of Physics and the physics community. He was President of the Institute of Physics between 1992 and 1994, and has kept up to date with telecommunications and semiconductors throughout his career in industry. He has been active within the Institution of Electrical Engineers, where he has been a member of Council, chairman of the electronics division and Vice President. Clive Foxell's major contributions to physics based industries were recognised by his election as a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1985 and the award of CBE in 1987. Professor Klaus von Klitzing , of the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research in Stuttgart, was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize for physics for the discovery of the quantised Hall effect. This effect does not depend on the properties of particular materials, and is now used as a standard for electrical resistance. It is also used to make precise measurements of the fine structure constant.

74. Brockhaus - Nobelpreis Translate this page klaus von klitzing am Stutt-garter Max-Planck-Institut wusste, dass seine Entdeckungdes Quanten-Hall-Effekts in der Fachwelt als Meilenstein in der Geschichte http://www.brockhaus.de/presse/nobel/physik.html

Homepage Presseservice Nobelpreis Am 9. Oktober um 11.45 Uhr wird der Physik-Nobelpreis vergeben Mit dem neuen Werk "Nobelpreise" lernen Sie alle Physik-NobelpreistrŠger der letzten 100 Jahre kennen Der Anruf kam um 11.20 Uhr, am 16. Oktober 1985: "In zehn Minuten wird Ihr Nobelpreis der Presse bekannt gegeben, und danach sind Sie kein freier Mensch mehr. Deswegen, wenn Sie noch irgendwelche Anrufe machen wollen, vielleicht Ihre Frau anrufen oder so, dann tun Sie's jetzt." So ganz überraschend kam dieser Anruf nicht. Klaus von Klitzing am Stutt-garter Max-Planck-Institut wusste, dass seine Entdeckung des Quanten-Hall-Effekts in der Fachwelt als Meilenstein in der Geschichte der Physik galt. Fünf Jahre zuvor wurde von Klitzing, damals noch Stipendiat am Hochfeld-Magnetlabor in Grenoble, bei Messungen mit einem Feldeffekt-Transistor auf Veränderungen in der Anzahl der Elektronen aufmerksam. Ei-ne Sensation für die Grundlagen der Physik als auch der Wei-terentwicklung schneller Schaltelemente! Ein Indiz für die Renommiertheit des Nobelpreises: Fortan wird von Klitzing umworben, kann sich vor Einladungen kaum mehr retten. Sein Rat für zukünftige Nobelpreisträger: Nicht zu viele Einladungen zu Tagungen annehmen. Aber nach Stockholm wird er dieses Jahr noch einmal reisen: Zum 100-jährigen Jubiläum des Nobelpreises ist auch Klaus von Klitzing eingeladen. "Alle Nobelpreisträger, die ich getroffen habe," sagt von Klitzing, "sagen, das steht mit höchster Priorität in ihrem Kalender!"

75. ¿À´ÃÀÇ ´º½º In 1980, the German physicist klaus von klitzing pushed the Hall effect further,discovering a quantum Hall effect in a gas von klitzing won a nobel Prize in http://bric.postech.ac.kr/science/97now/98_10now/981013b.html

13 Oct 1998 A Glimpse of Forbidden Charges Leads to Physics Nobel No one has figured out how to chop up an electronor the apparently indivisible charge it carries. But in the early 1980s, three researchers did manage to make the crowds of electrons in a semiconducting solid dance together as if they carried those forbidden fractional charges. For that discovery, called the fractional quantum Hall effect, the three researchersDaniel Tsui of Princeton University, Horst Stšrmer of Columbia University and Bell Labs in New Jersey, and Robert Laughlin of Stanford Universitywere today awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics. Scientists have known about the ordinary Hall effect since the 1800s: It occurs when a magnetic field is applied at right angles to a current-carrying wire. Because the electrons try to orbit around the field lines, current is forced across the width of the wire, causing charges to build up on one side and producing a voltage drop across the width of the wire. In most cases the voltage drop is linearly proportional to the magnetic field for a given current. In 1980, the German physicist Klaus von Klitzing pushed the Hall effect further, discovering a quantum Hall effect in a "gas" of highly mobile electrons trapped between two layers of semiconductor in a strong magnetic field. Von Klitzing found that as he increased the strength of the magnetic field, the voltage drop across the layer increased in steps rather than steadily. The steps reflect the electrons' quantum mechanical nature: The electron orbits around the field lines are limited to specific sizes, just as the electrons in an atom are limited to particular energies. As the field strength increased, the orbit sizesand thus the inclination of the electrons to driftstayed constant for a time, then changed suddenly as a new permissible orbit size opened up. Von Klitzing won a Nobel Prize in 1985 for the discovery.

76. Nobel Physics Prize nobel Peace Prize for Physics. The Prize for Physics is the remaining ofthe original Prizes dating from 1901. 1985, klaus von klitzing, Germany. http://www.geocities.com/Axiom43/nobelphysics.html

Nobel Peace Prize for Physics The Prize for Physics is the remaining of the original Prizes dating from 1901. Year Winner(s) Country W. C. Rontgen Germany H. A. Lorentz P. Zeeman Nertherlands Netherlands H. Becquerel P Curie Marie Curie France France France (Polish born) Lord Rayleigh (John W. Strutt) Great Britain P. Lenard Germany Joseph John Thomson Great Britain A. A. Michelson USA G. Lippmann France F. Braun G. Marconi Germany Italy J. D. van der Waals Netherlands W. Wien Germany G. Dalen Sweden H. Kamerlingh Onnes Netherlands M. von Laue Germany Sir William H. Bragg Sir William L. Bragg Great Brittain Great Britain No Award Made Charles G. Barkla Great Britain M. Planck Germany J. Stark Germany C. E. Guillaume France Albert Einstein Germany N. Bohr Denmark R. A. Millikan USA M. Siegbahn Sweden J. Franck G. Hertz Germany Germany J. Perrin

77. GetFound Search Results klitzing, klaus von 1985 nobel Prize von klitzing became a nobelphysics laureate for his discovery of the quantized Hall effect. http://casinoblackjackroulette.us/chnl0.asp?keywords=Icq Banners

78. Campus-germany.de - Studying In Würzburg Nobel Prize Without A From Xrays to klitzing The university also became Fischer and Eduard Buchner pickedup nobel Prizes. the coveted prize, is the physicist klaus von Klitzig New http://www.campus-germany.de/english/4.22.3.2242.html

79. Nobel Prize Translate this page nobel Prize. Rund hundert Jahre später wiederholte 1980 der deutsche PhysikerKlaus von klitzing dieses Experiment und studierte dabei mit sehr präzisen http://large.stanford.edu/rbl/nobel/news/welt.htm

Nobel Prize R.B. Laughlin Department of Physics Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Die Welt Dienstag, 14. Oktober 1998 BIZARRE EIGENSCHAFTEN VON ELEKTRONEN IM MAGNETFELD Der Physik-Nobelpreis 1998 geht an einen deutsche und zwei amerikanische Forscher - Entdeckung von Bruchteilen der Elektronenladung von Norbert Lossau Stockholm Die drei Physiker erhalten den insgesamt mit umgerechnet 1,5 Millionen Mark dotierten Preis für die Entdeckung des sogenannten „Fraktionierten Quanten-Hall-Effekts", der exotische Eigenschaften von Elektronen in extrem starken Magnetfeldern bei gleichzeitig tiefen Temperaturen offenbarte. Unter diesen Bedingungen können demnach Elektronen in Gestalt neuartiger Teilchen auftreten, die nur Bruchteile der elektischen Ladung eines Elektron besitzen. Bislang galt in der Physik die Ladung eines Elektrons als unteilbare Elementarladung. Rund hundert Jahre später wiederholte 1980 der deutsche Physiker Klaus von Klitzing dieses Experiment und studierte dabei mit sehr präzisen Meßinstrumenten die Abhängigkeit des elektrischen Widerstandes eines stromdurchflossenen Plättchens von der Stärke des angelegten Magnetfeldes. Das erstaunliche Resultat: Bei ganz bestimmten Magnetfeldstärken änderte der Widerstand sprunghaft seinen Wert, um dann bis zum nächsten Sprung konstant auf einem Plateau zu verharren. Der „Quanten-Hall-Effekt" war entdeckt und ermöglichte einen neuen, deutlich präziseren internationalen Standart für die Bestimmung von elektrischen Widerständen. Seit 1990 wird er in der Maßeinheit „Klitzing" angegeben. Für seine bahnbrechende Entdeckung wurde Klaus von Klitzing 1985 mit dem Physik-Nobelpreis ausgezeichnet.

80. Klaus Von Klizting Language English. klaus von klitzing 1943. klaus von klitzing was born in 1943in Sroda near Poznan, Poland. He finished Artland-Gymnasium in Quakenbruck. http://indykfi.atomki.hu/indyKFI/MT/klitzing.htm

Language: English Klaus von Klitzing Galvanomagnetic Properties of Tellurium in Strong Magnetic Fields Klaus von Klitzing discovered precise steps in the behavior of electrons under certain applications in semiconductor electronics, a field of importance in computer science and other present-day technology. The discovery permits more precise measurement of electrical resistance and more accurate testing of theories about electronic movements within atoms. His experiments were performed in a magnetic field up to 20 tesla at the High Magnetic Field Laboratory in Grenoble, France. This magnetic field is roughly 400,000 times stronger than that of the earth's surface magnetism. He found a solution of the Hall Effect during night on February 4/5, 1980 in Grenoble. The Hall resistance in semiconductors is just the ratio of the electrical current and the voltage at right angles to each other, which happens because the electrons are bent round in circles by the magnetic force. He discovered that this resistance was a fundamental quantum of nature, which could be used to define the atomic fine structure constant, and which would be used to define the international value of the ohm. Related links Klaus von Klitzing Klaus von Klitzing - 1985 Nobel Laureate in Physics Klaus von Klitzing in Polish Hall Effect Source http://hum.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/sci/kvk.htm

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