41. Meaning Of Cooper See Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley cooper. 2. Hugh Lincoln, 1865–1937, US hydraulicengineer. 4. leon N., born 1930, US physicist nobel prize 1972. http://www.factmonster.com/cgi-bin/id/A0387202

Dictionary Pronunciation: (k OO u u r), [key] n. a person who makes or repairs casks, barrels, etc. v.t. to make or repair (casks, barrels, etc.). to furnish or fix (usually fol. by up v.i. to work as a cooper. Pronunciation: (k OO u u r), [key] n. Anthony Ashley. See Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper. Hugh Lincoln, Pronunciation: u O [key] Leon N., born 1930, U.S. physicist: Nobel prize 1972. Peter, co-op cooperage AD AD AD AD AD Print this page Cite this page Awards and Press Link to Fact Monster Add Fact Monster search ... Privacy

42. Nobel Prize For Physics nobel Prize for Physics. 1971 Dennis Gabor (UK), for invention of holographic methodof threedimensional imagery 1972 John Bardeen, leon N. cooper, and John http://www.factmonster.com/ipa/A0105785.html

Huge assortment of web cameras, spycams and live surveillance products - at great prices ! Bargain.com.. Movies , videos with your favorite celebrity ! Magazines, newsletters, stories and pics from around the world! All Infoplease All Almanacs General Entertainment Sports Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Infoplease Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Fact Monster Kids' reference Info:Daily Fun facts Homework Center Newsletter You've got info! Help Site Map Visit related sites from: Family Education Network Arts and Entertainment Awards Nobel Prizes Nobel Prize for Physics For years not listed, no award was made. Wilhelm K. Roentgen (Germany), for discovery of Roentgen rays Hendrik A. Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman (Netherlands), for work on influence of magnetism upon radiation A. Henri Becquerel (France), for work on spontaneous radioactivity; and Pierre and Marie Curie (France), for study of radiation John Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) (U.K.), for discovery of argon in investigating gas density Philipp Lenard (Germany), for work with cathode rays Sir Joseph Thomson (U.K.), for investigations on passage of electricity through gases

43. 20th Century Awards- 1972 nobel Prize for Physics. The prize was awarded jointly to BARDEEN, JOHN, USA, Universityof Illinois, Urbana, IL, b. 1908, d. 1991; cooper, leon N., USA, Brown http://www.multied.com/20th/1972_awards.html

Pulitzer Prize Winners Fiction Wallace Stegner... "Angel of Repose" History Carl N. Degler... "Neither Black Nor White" International Reporting Peter R. Kann... "Wall Street Journal" National Reporting Jack Anderson... "United Feature Syndicate" Public Service "New York Times" Nobel Prize for Chemistry The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: ANFINSEN, CHRISTIAN B., U.S.A., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, b. 1916, d. 1995: "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"; and the other half jointly to: MOORE, STANFORD, U.S.A., Rockefeller University, New York, NY, b. 1913, d. 1982; and STEIN, WILLIAM H., U.S.A., Rockefeller University, New York, NY, b. 1911, d. 1980: "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" Nobel Prize for Literature The prize was divided equally between: JOHNSON, EYVIND, Sweden, b. 1900, d. 1976: "for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"; and MARTINSON, HARRY, Sweden, b. 1904, d. 1978: "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"

44. The Nobel Prize For Physics (1901-1996) The following is a complete listing of nobel Prize awards, from the of holography1972 John Bardeen Theory of superconductivity leon N. cooper J. Robert http://physics.hallym.ac.kr/education/faq/nobel.html

[Physics FAQ] updated 9-OCT-1996 by PEG updated 12-OCT-1994 by SIC original by Scott I. Chase The Nobel Prize for Physics (1901-1996) The following is a complete listing of Nobel Prize awards, from the first award in 1901. Prizes were not awarded in every year. The description following the names is an abbreviation of the official citation.

45. The Nobel Prize For Physics (1901-1996) The following is a complete listing of nobel Prize awards, from the first awardin 1901. 1972, John Bardeen leon N. cooper J. Robert Schrieffer, Theory of http://physics.hallym.ac.kr/education/faq/nobel_html.html

The Nobel Prize for Physics (1901-1996) The following is a complete listing of Nobel Prize awards, from the first award in 1901. Prizes were not awarded in every year. The description following the names is an abbreviation of the official citation. Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen X-rays Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Pieter Zeeman Magnetism in radiation phenomena Antoine Henri Bequerel Pierre Curie Marie Sklodowska-Curie Spontaneous radioactivity Lord Rayleigh (a.k.a. John William Strutt) Density of gases and discovery of argon Pilipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Cathode rays Joseph John Thomson Conduction of electricity by gases Albert Abraham Michelson Precision meteorological investigations Gabriel Lippman Reproducing colors photographically based on the phenomenon of interference Guglielmo Marconi Carl Ferdinand Braun Wireless telegraphy Johannes Diderik van der Waals Equation of state of fluids Wilhelm Wien Laws of radiation of heat Nils Gustaf Dalen Automatic gas flow regulators Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Matter at low temperature Max von Laue Crystal diffraction of X-rays William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg X-ray analysis of crystal structure no award Charles Glover Barkla Characteristic X-ray spectra of elements Max Planck Energy quanta Johannes Stark Splitting of spectral lines in E fields Charles-Edouard Guillaume Anomalies in nickel steel alloys Albert Einstein Photoelectric Effect Niels Bohr Structure of atoms Robert Andrew Millikan Elementary charge of electricity Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn

46. NOBEL Per La FISICA Translate this page nobel per la FISICA Solvay 1927 1901. Röentgen, Wilhelm C. (Germania). 1902. 1972.Bardeen, John (USA). cooper, leon N. (USA). Schrieffer, John R. (USA). 1973. http://digilander.libero.it/andreawentura/fisica/nobel.htm

NOBEL per la FISICA Solvay 1927 Röentgen, Wilhelm C. (Germania) Lorentz, Hendrik A. (Paesi Bassi) Zeeman, Pieter (Paesi Bassi) Curie, Pierre (Francia) Curie, Marie (Francia) Becquerel, Antoine H. (Francia) Rayleigh, John W. (Gran Bretagna) Lenard, Philipp (Germania) Thomson, Joseph John (Gran Bretagna) Michelson, Albert A. (USA) Lippmann, Gabriel (Francia) Marconi, Guglielmo (Italia) Braun, Karl F. (Germania) Waals, Johannes D. van der (Paesi Bassi) Wien, Wilhelm (Germania) Dalén, Nils Gustaf (Svezia) Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike (Paesi Bassi) Laue, Max von (Germania) Bragg, William H. (Gran Bretagna) Bragg, William L. (Gran Bretagna) Non assegnato Barkla, Charles G. (Gran Bretagna) Planck, Max Karl E.L. (Germania) Stark, Johannes (Germania) Guillaume, Charles E. (Francia) Einstein, Albert (USA) Bohr, Niels Henrik D. (Danimarca) Millikan, Robert A. (USA) Siegbahn, Karl M.G. (Svezia) Franck, James (Germania) Herz, Gustav (Germania)

47. American Nobel Laureates Make A Stand For Peace In addition to winning nobel prizes, 18 of the signers have received the NationalMedal of Science, the nations highest science honor. leon N. cooper P. http://www.arabia.com/newsfeed/article/english/0,14183,377167,00.html

Mersal instant messenger Wanees mediaplayer ... Printer-friendly format American Nobel Laureates Make a Stand for Peace March 08, 2003, 09:56 AM The following is a declaration signed by 41 American Nobel Laureates who are opposed to war with Iraq. In addition to winning Nobel prizes, 18 of the signers have received the National Medal of Science, the nations highest science honor. The Declaration Reads: "The undersigned oppose a preventive war against Iraq without broad international support. Military operations against Iraq may indeed lead to a relatively swift victory in the short term. But war is characterized by surprise, human loss and unintended consequences. Even with a victory, we believe that the medical, economic, environmental, moral, spiritual, political and legal consequences of an American preventive attack on Iraq would undermine, not protect, U.S. security and standing in the world." The signers are these, with E designating economics; P, physics; C, chemistry; and M, medicine or physiology: George A. Akerlof E

48. The Scientist - Laureates Meet At Lindau leon N. cooper, cowinner of the 1972 nobel Prize in physics for the theory of superconductivity,hasn't attended the meeting since the 1970s, but thought this http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2000/jun/russo1_p12_000612.html

The Scientist 14[12]:12, Jun. 12, 2000 NEWS Laureates Meet at Lindau 50th anniversary of Nobel laureate meeting brings together winners and graduate students from several science disciplines By Eugene Russo In 1951, a wealthy Swedish count named Leonard Bernadotte organized a meeting of Nobel laureates in the scenic town of Lindau, Germany. His goal was to attract foreign scientists to a country whose own scientists had become isolated as a result of World War II. In the 50 years since, the purpose of the annual meetings, which alternate their focus among the Nobel categories of chemistry, physics, and physiology or medicine, has changed significantly. No longer just a mechanism for attracting foreign scientists to Germany, it's become an opportunity for laureates to meet not only with one another, but with science graduate students from all over the world. The conference, now run by Leonard's wife, Sonja Bernadotte , aims to both celebrate science and enlighten young scientists. Leon N. Cooper , co-winner of the 1972 Nobel Prize in physics for the theory of superconductivity, hasn't attended the meeting since the 1970s, but thought this year's multidisciplinary theme would be particularly stimulating, especially in light of his own career path. After winning the Nobel, Cooper, now the director of the Brain Science Program and Institute for Brain and Neural Systems at Brown University, decided to leave the field of superconductivity and make a foray into the biological basis of learning and memory. "Superconductivity was done at the time," he says. "It was getting very technical." His lab at Brown studies synaptic plasticity, the cellular mechanisms that underlie learning and memory storage, and the transfer of information from short- to long-term memory.

49. The Hindu : Nobel Laureates In Physics: Down Memory Lane Science Tech Previous Next nobel Laureates in physics Down memory lane. 1972JOHN BARDEEN, leon N. cooper and J. ROBERT SCHRIEFFER for their developed http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/10/11/stories/08110005.htm

Online edition of India's National Newspaper Thursday, October 11, 2001 Front Page National Southern States Other States ... Next Nobel Laureates in physics: Down memory lane 2001 WOLFGANG KETTERLE, ERIC CORNELL AND CARL WEIMANN for their achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates. 2000-1991 2000 ZHORES I. ALFEROV, and HERBERT KROEMER for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto- electronics and JACK ST. CLAIR KILBY for his part in invention of the integrated circuit. 1999 GERARDUS 'T HOOFT, and MARTINUS J.G. VELTMAN for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics. 1998 ROBERT B. LAUGHLIN, HORST L. STORMER and DANIEL C. TSUI for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations. 1997 STEVEN CHU, CLAUDE COHEN-TANNOUDJI and WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light. 1996 DAVID M. LEE, DOUGLAS D. OSHEROFF and ROBERT C. RICHARDSON for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3.

50. Jewish Nobel Prize Winners 1971 - Dennis Gabor; 1972- leon N. cooper; 1973 - Brian David Josephson; http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Judaism/nobels.html

Jewish Nobel Prize Winners The Nobel Prizes are awarded by the Nobel Foundation of Sweden to men and women who have rendered the greatest service to humankind. Between 1901 and 1995, 663 Nobel Prizes were handed out. Of these, 140 are Jews or people of Jewish descent. Literature 1910 - Paul Heyse 1927 - Henri Bergson 1958 - Boris Pasternak Shmuel Yosef Agnon 1966 - Nelly Sachs 1976 - Saul Bellow Isaac Bashevis Singer 1981 - Elias Canetti 1987 - Joseph Brodsky Nadine Gordimer 2001- Imre Kertesz World Peace 1911 - Alfred Fried Tobias Michael Carel Asser 1968 - Rene Cassin Henry Kissinger Menachem Begin Elie Wiesel Shimon Peres ... Yitzhak Rabin Chemistry 1905 - Adolph Von Baeyer 1906 - Henri Moissan 1910 - Otto Wallach 1915 - Richard Willstaetter 1918 - Fritz Haber 1943 - George Charles de Hevesy 1961 - Melvin Calvin 1962 - Max Ferdinand Perutz 1972 - William Howard Stein Ilya Prigogine 1979 - Herbert Charles Brown 1980 - Paul Berg Walter Gilbert 1981 - Roald Hoffmann 1982 - Aaron Klug 1985 - Albert A. Hauptman

51. Nobel Prize In Physics Winners 1999- nobel Prize in Physics Winners 19991901. 1972, The prize was awarded jointly toJOHN BARDEEN, leon N. cooper and J. ROBERT SCHRIEFFER for their jointly http://www.fizik.itu.edu.tr/eng/phy_nobel.html

Nobel Prize in Physics Winners 1999-1901 The prize was awarded jointly to: ZHORES ALFEROV , and HERBERT KROEMER for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics The prize was awarded jointly to: GERARDUS 'T HOOFT , and MARTINUS J.G. VELTMAN for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics. The prize was awarded jointly to: ROBERT B. LAUGHLIN HORST L. STORMER and DANIEL C. TSUI for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations. The prize was awarded jointly to: STEVEN CHU CLAUDE COHEN-TANNOUDJI and WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light. The prize was awarded jointly to: DAVID M. LEE DOUGLAS D. OSHEROFF and ROBERT C. RICHARDSON for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3. The prize was awarded for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics, with one half to: MARTIN L. PERL

52. The Nobel Prize For Physics (1901-1997) is to watch the nobel Foundation web site at http//www.nobel.se of holography 19721957 John Bardeen Theory of superconductivity leon N. cooper J. Robert http://www.weburbia.demon.co.uk/physics/nobel.html

[Physics FAQ] updated 15-OCT-1997 by PEG updated 9-OCT-1996 by PEG updated 12-OCT-1994 by SIC original by Scott I. Chase The Nobel Prize for Physics (1901-1997) The following is a complete listing of Nobel Prize awards, from the first award in 1901. Prizes were not awarded in every year. The date in brackets is the approximate date of the work. The description following the names is an abbreviation of the official citation. The Physics prize is announced near the beginning of October each year. One of the quickest ways to get the announcement is to watch the Nobel Foundation web site at http://www.nobel.se/

53. 32 Nobel Laureates In Physics Back Atomic Test Ban from the grave that of Henry W. Kendall, a nobel laureate at the University of California;Steven Chu, Stanford University; leon N. cooper, Brown University http://tms.physics.lsa.umich.edu/214/other/news/100699nobels-test-ban.html

October 6, 1999 32 Nobel Laureates in Physics Back Atomic Test Ban Related Article Both Parties Seek Graceful Way to Put Off Nuclear Treaty Vote By WILLIAM J. BROAD group of 32 Nobel laureates in physics on Tuesday urged the Senate to approve the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, calling it "central to future efforts to halt the spread of nuclear weapons." U.S. approval is imperative, the scientists said, and would mark "an important advance in uniting the world in an effort to contain and reduce the dangers of nuclear arms." The plea was conveyed by the American Physical Society, the world's leading group of physicists, which sent letters Tuesday to every senator. Representatives of the group said they knew of no instance in which so many prominent American physicists had shown such unity. "To line up this many physics Nobel laureates is unprecedented," said Dr. Robert L. Park, a physicist at the University of Maryland who directs the group's Washington office. The 32 signers range from hawks to doves, Park pointed out, making the appeal wide and deep. A few are former designers of nuclear arms, a field dominated by physicists. Jerome I. Friedman, the president of the physics group, a Nobel laureate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an organizer of the letter, said the test ban "is important for the future of humankind, and therefore has to be taken extremely seriously."

54. Premi Nobel Fisica Translate this page 1973, LEO ESAKI - IVAR GIAEVER - BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON. 1972, JOHN BARDEEN - leon N.cooper - J. ROBERT SCHRIEFFER. 1971, DENNIS GABOR. 1970, HANNES ALFVEN - LOUIS NEEL. http://www.econofisica.com/premi nobel fisica.htm

ANNO PREMIATO ZHORES I. ALFEROV - HERBERT KROEMER JACK ST. CLAIR KILBY GERARDUS 'T HOOFT - MARTINUS J.G. VELTMAN ROBERT B. LAUGHLIN - HORST L. STORMER - DANIEL C. TSUI STEVEN CHU - CLAUDE COHEN TANNOUDJI - WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS DAVID M. LEE - DOUGLAS D. OSHEROFF - ROBERT C. RICHARDSON MARTIN L. PERL - FREDERICK REINES BERTRAM N. BROCKHOUSE - CLIFFORD G. SHULL RUSSEL A. HULSE - JOSERPH H. TAYLOR JR GEORGES CHARPAK PIERRE-GILLES DE GENNES JEROME I. FRIEDMAN - HENRY W. KENDALL - RICHARD E. TAYLOR NORMAN F. RAMSEY - HANS G. DEHMELT - WOLFGANG PAUL LEON M. LEDERMAN - MELVIN SCHWARTZ - JACK STEINBERGER J. GEORG BEDNORZ - K. ALEXANDER MULLER ERNST RUSKA - GERD BINNIG - HEINRICH ROHRER KLAUS VON KLITZING CARLO RUBBIA - SIMON VAN DER MEER SUBRAMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR - WILLIAM A. FOWLER KENNETH G. WILSON NICOLAAS BLOEMBERGEN - ARTHUR L. SCHAWLOW - KAI M. SIEGBAHN JAMES W. CRONIN - VAL L. FITCH SHELDON L. GLASHOW - ABDUS SALAM - STEVEN WEINBERG

55. ”_‹Æ‚̐¶•¨HŠw‚ðŽxŽ‚·‚é‰ÈŠwŽÒˆê“¯h‚̐鐾 Medicine, 1995. 14, leon N. cooper, nobel Prize in Physics, 1972. 15,Paul D. Boyer , nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1997. 16. Eric Wieschaus http://web-mcb.agr.ehime-u.ac.jp/agbio/Nobel_winners.htm

h”_‹Æ‚̐¶•¨HŠw‚ðŽxŽ‚·‚é‰ÈŠwŽÒˆê“¯ h‚̐鐾iAgBioworld)‚ɏ–¼‚µ‚½ƒm[ƒxƒ‹ÜŽóÜŽÒ‚Ì‘SƒŠƒXƒg Complete List of Nobel Laureates Endorsing AgBioWorld Declaration as of Dec 21, 2001The following NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS have signed the AgBioworld Declaration of Support for Agricultural Biotechnology: ”_‹ÆƒoƒCƒIƒeƒNƒmƒƒW[‚Ì‚½‚߂̐鐾‚ðŽxŽF 1. Norman Borlaug, Nobel Peace Prize, 1970 2. James Watson, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1962 3. Peter C. Doherty, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1996 4. Paul Berg, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1980 5. Mario Molina, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1995 6. Douglas D. Osheroff, Nobel Prize in Physics, 1996 7. Phillip A. Sharp, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1993 8. Donald A. Glaser, Nobel Prize in Physics, 1960 9. Arthur Kornberg, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1959 10. Richard E. Smalley, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1996 11. Marshall Nirenberg, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1968 12. Sheldon Glashow, Nobel Prize in Physics, 1979 13, Edward Lewis, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1995 14, Leon N. Cooper, Nobel Prize in Physics, 1972

56. University Of Chicago News: Nobel Laureates The nobel Prize in Physics 1972 with John Bardeen and leon N. cooper “for theirjointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCStheory http://www-news.uchicago.edu/resources/nobel/physics.html

University of Chicago News: Resources University of Chicago Physics Nobel Laureates Seventy-four Laureates have been faculty, students or researchers at the University of Chicago. Twenty-five of those Laureates won prizes in Physics. Masatoshi Koshiba Research Associate in the Enrico Fermi Institute The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 with Raymond Davis Jr. and Riccardo Giacconi Daniel C. Tsui S.M., 1963; Ph.D., 1967. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 Jerome I. Friedman A.B., 1950; S.M., 1953; Ph.D., 1956. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 with Henry Kendall and Richard Taylor Jack Steinberger S.B., 1942; Ph.D., 1949. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 with Leon Lederman and Dr. Melvin Schwartz Leon M. Lederman Frank L. Sulzberger Professor in the College The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 with Dr. Jack Steinberger and Dr. Melvin Schwartz Subramanyan Chandrasekhar Research Associate in the , 1937-1938; Assistant Professor, 1938-1942; Associate Professor, 1942-1943; Professor, 1943-1952; Morton D. Hull Distinguished Service Professor in the Physics , and the Enrico Fermi Institute The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 with William Fowler James W. Cronin

57. Letter From Nobel Laureates To Congress Supporting CTBT leon N. cooper BROWN UNIVERSITY 1972 nobel Prize, Arno Penzias BELLLABS 1978 nobel Prize, Daniel C. Tsui PRINCETON 1998 nobel Prize. http://www.ceip.org/files/projects/npp/resources/ctbtnobel.htm

Letter from Nobel Laureates to Congress Supporting CTBT To Senators of the 106th Congress: We urge you to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty is central to future efforts to halt the spread of nuclear weapons. Ratification of the Treaty will mark an important advance in uniting the world in an effort to contain and reduce the dangers of nuclear arms. It is imperative that the CTBT be ratified. Philip W. Anderson PRINCETON UNIVERSITY 1977 Nobel Prize Henry W. Kendall MIT 1990 Nobel Prize Arthur L. Schawlow STANFORD UNIVERSITY 1981 Nobel Prize Hans A. Bethe CORNELL UNIVERSITY 1967 Nobel Prize Leon M. Lederman ILLINOIS INSITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1988 Nobel Prize J. Robert Schrieffer FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY 1972 Nobel Prize Nicolaas Bloembergen HARVARD UNIVERSITY 1981 Nobel Prize David M. Lee CORNELL UNIVERSITY 1996 Nobel Prize Mel Schwartz COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 1988 Nobel Prize Owen Chamberlain UC, BERKELEY

58. The Manila Times Internet Edition | LIFE & TIMES > Nobel Laureates Oppose War Ag Fortyone American nobel laureates have signed a declaration opposing war with HansA. Bethe, Nicolaas Bloembergen, Owen Chamberlain, leon N. cooper, James W http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2003/mar/11/life/20030311lif4.html

Home About Us Contact Us Subscribe ... Sports Tuesday, March 11, 2003 SCIENCE Nobel laureates oppose war against Iraq By Belle Dumé Forty-one American Nobel laureates have signed a declaration opposing war with Iraq. The declaration was organized by Walter Kohn, a theoretical physicist at the University of California at Santa Barbara, and former adviser to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency at the Pentagon. The signatories include 19 winners of the physics prize. The declaration reads: “The undersigned oppose a preventive war against Iraq without broad international support. Military operations against Iraq may indeed lead to a relatively swift victory in the short term. But war is characterized by surprise, human loss and unintended consequences. Even with a victory, we believe that the medical, economic, environmental, moral, spiritual, political and legal consequences of an American preventive attack on Iraq would undermine, not protect, US security and standing in the world.” The signatories include Norman Ramsey, who worked on the Manhattan Project, and Charles Townes, a former research director of the Institute for Defense Analyses at the Pentagon. Townes was also chairman of a federal panel that studied nuclear warheads.

59. Nobel Laureates: Nuclear Disarmament: Greenpeace USA medicine. leon N. cooper BROWN UNIVERSITY 1972 nobel Prize in physics.EJ Corey HARVARD UNIVERSITY 1990 nobel Prize in chemistry. James http://www.greenpeaceusa.org/nuclear/laureatetext.htm

letter from nobel laureates July 6, 2000 President William Jefferson Clinton The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20502 Dear Mr. President: We urge you not to make the decision to deploy an anti-ballistic missile system during the remaining months of your administration. The system would offer little protection and would do grave harm to this nation's core security interests. We and other independent scientists have long argued that anti-ballistic missile systems, particularly those attempting to intercept reentry vehicles in space, will inevitably lose in an arms race of improvements to offensive missiles. North Korea has taken dramatic steps toward reconciliation with South Korea. Other dangerous states will arise. But what would such a state gain by attacking the United States except its own destruction? While the benefits of the proposed anti-ballistic missile system are dubious, the dangers created by a decision to deploy are clear. It would be difficult to persuade Russia or China that the United States is wasting tens of billions of dollars on an ineffective missile system against small states that are unlikely to launch a missile attack on the U.S. The Russians and Chinese must therefore conclude that the presently planned system is a stage in developing a bigger system directed against them. They may respond by restarting an arms race in ballistic missiles and having missiles in a dangerous "launch-on-warning" mode. Even if the next planned test of the proposed anti-ballistic missile system works as planned, any movement toward deployment would be premature, wasteful and dangerous.

60. Physics Nobel Laureates 1950 - 1974 The first nobel prize in physics was awarded to Wilhelm Röntgen in 1901. Physics1950. cooper, leon N., USA, Brown University, Providence, RI, * 1930; and. http://www1.physik.tu-muenchen.de/~gammel/matpack/html/Chronics/physics_laureate

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien Physics 1950 POWELL, CECIL FRANK, Great Britain, Bristol University, "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method". Physics 1951 The prize was awarded jointly to: COCKCROFT, Sir JOHN DOUGLAS, Great Britain, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Didcot, Berks., + 1967; and WALTON, ERNEST THOMAS SINTON, Ireland, Dublin University, "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially acce lerated atomic particles". Physics 1952 The prize was awarded jointly to: BLOCH, FELIX, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, * 1905 (in Zürich, Switzerland), + 1983; and PURCELL, EDWARD MILLS, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith". Physics 1953 ZERNIKE, FRITS (FREDERIK), the Netherlands, Groningen University, "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope".

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